Colonisation processes

Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 35-54

  Hughes, K A ^a   Ott, S ^b   Bolter M ^c   Convey, P ^a  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889957789     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5277-4_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (129)

1. Arnold, R. J., Convey, P., Hughes, K. A., and Wynn-Williams, D. D. (2003) Seasonal periodicity of physical factors, inorganic nutrients and microalgae in Antarctic fellfields, Polar Biology 26, 396-403.
2. Bailey, R.H. and James, P. W. (1979) Birds and the dispersal of lichen propagules, Lichenologist11, 105.
3. Barber, H.N., Dadswell, H.E. and Ingle, H.D. (1959) Transport of driftwood from South America to Tasmania and Macquarie Island. Nature 184, 203-204.
4. Bargagli, R., Broady, P.A. and Walton, D.W.H. (1996) Preliminary investigation of the thermal biosystem of Mount Rittmann fumaroles (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica), Antarctic Science8, 121-126.
5. Barnes, D.K.A. (2002) Invasions by marine life on plastic debris, Nature 416, 808-809.
6. Barnes, D.K.A. and Fraser, K.P.P. (2003) Rafting by five phyla on man-made flotsam in the Southern Ocean, Marine Ecology Progress Series 262, 289-291.
7. Barnes, D.K.A., Hodgson, D.A., Convey, P., Allen, C. and Clarke, A. (2006) Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future, Global Ecology and Biogeography 15, 121-142.
8. Barnes, D.K.A., Warren, N., Webb, K., Phalan, B. and Reid, K. (2004) Polar pedunculate barnacles piggy-back on pycnogona, penguins, pinniped seals and plastics, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 284, 305-310.
9. Benninghoff, W.S. and Benninghoff, A.S. (1985) Wind transport of electrostatically charged particles and minute organisms in Antarctica. In W.R. Siegfried, P.R. Condy and R.M. Laws (eds.) Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Germany, pp 592-596.
10. Bergstrom, D.M. and Chown, S.L. (1999) Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 472-477.
11. Bergstrom, D.M., Hodgson, D.A. and Convey, P. (2006) The physical setting of the Antarctic, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
12. Block, W. (1984) Terrestrial Microbiology, Invertebrates and Ecosystems, in R.M. Laws (ed.), Antarctic Ecology Volume 1. Academic Press, London, pp. 163-236.
13. Block, W. (1990) Cold tolerance of insects and other arthropods, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 326, 613-633.
14. Block, W. (1996) Cold or drought - the lesser of two evils for terrestrial arthropods? European Journal of Entomology 93, 325-339.
15. Bölter, M. (1990) Microbial ecology of soils from Wilkes Land, Antarctica. II. Patterns of microbial activity and related organic and inorganic matter, Proceedings of the NIPR Symposia on Polar Biology 3, 120-132.
16. Bölter, M. (1992) Environmental conditions and microbiological properties from soils and lichens from Antarctica (Casey Station, Wilkes Land), Polar Biology 11, 591-599.
17. Bölter, M. (2004a) Soil: an extreme habitat for microorganisms? Pedosphere14, 137-144.
18. Bölter, M. (2004b) Ecophysiology of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microorganisms. In S. Shivaji (ed.) Microbes from cold habitats: biodiversity, biotechnology and cold adaptation. Cellular and Molecular Biology Special Issue50, 563-573.
19. Bölter, M. and Stonehouse, B. (2002) Uses, preservation, and protection of Antarctic coastal regions. In: Beyer, L. and Bölter, M. (eds.) Geoecology of Antarctic ice-free coastal landscapes. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, Ecological Studies 154, 393-407.
20. Bölter, M., Beyer, L. and Stonehouse, B. (2002) Antarctic coastal landscapes: characteristics, ecology and research. In L. Beyer and M. Bölter (eds) Geoecology of Antarctic ice-free coastal landscapes.Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, Ecological Studies 154, 5-22.
21. Bowman, J.P., Rea, S.M., Brown, M.V., McCammon, S.A., Smith, M.C. and McMeekin, T.A. (1999) Community structure and psychrophily in Antarctic microbial ecosystems. In C.R. Bell, M. Brylinsky and P. Johnson-Green (eds.) Microbial biosystems: new frontiers. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology, Halifax, Canada.
22. Burger, A.E., Williams, A.J. and Sinclair, J.C. (1980) Vagrants and the paucity of land bird species at the Prince Edward Islands, Journal of Biogeography 7, 305-310.
23. Chevrier, M., Vernon, P. and Frenot, Y. (1997) Potential effects of two alien insects on a subantarctic wingless fly in the Kerguelen Islands. In B. Battaglia, J. Valencia and D.W.H. Walton (eds.), Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 424-431.
24. Clarke, A. (2003) Evolution, adaptation and diversity: global ecology in an Antarctic context. In: A.H.L. Huiskes, W.W.C. Gieskes, J. Rozema, R.M.L. Schorno, S.M. van der Vries and W.J. Wolff (eds.), Antarctic Biology in a Global Context, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 3-17.
25. Clarke, A., Barnes, D.K.A. and Hodgson, D.A. (2005) How isolated is Antarctica? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20, 1-3.
26. Cockell, C.S. and Knowland, J. (1999) Ultraviolet radiation screening compounds, Biological Reviews 74, 311-345.
27. Cockell, C.S., Rettberg, P., Horneck, G., Wynn-Williams, D.D., Scherer, K. and Gugg-Helminger, A. (2002) Influence of ice and snow covers on the UV exposure of terrestrial microbial communities: dosimetric studies, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 68, 23-32.
28. Cockell, C.S. and Stokes, M.D. (2004) Widespread colonization by polar hypoliths, Nature431, 414.
29. Convey, P. (1996a) The influence of environmental characteristics on life history attributes of Antarctic terrestrial biota, Biological Reviews71, 191-225.
30. Convey, P. (1996b) Overwintering strategies of terrestrial invertebrates from Antarctica - the ignificance of flexibility in extremely seasonal environments, European Journal of Entomology93, 489-505.
31. Convey, P. (1997) Environmental change: possible consequences for the life histories of Antarctic terrestrial biota, Korean Journal of Polar Research 8, 127-144.
32. Convey, P. (2001a) Antarctic Ecosystems. In S. Levin (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity, vol 1., Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 171-184.
33. Convey, P. (2001b) Terrestrial ecosystem response to climate changes in the Antarctic. In G.-R. Walther, C.A. Burga and P.J. Edwards (eds.), "Fingerprints"of climate change - adapted behaviour and shifting species ranges, Kluwer, New York, pp 17-42.
34. Convey, P. (2003) Maritime Antarctic climate change: signals from terrestrial biology. In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby and R. Bindschadler (eds.), Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 79, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 145-158.
35. Convey, P. (2005) Recent lepidopteran records from sub-Antarctic South Georgia, Polar Biology 28, 108-10.
36. Convey, P. (2006) Antarctic climate change and its influences on terrestrial ecosystems, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator. Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
37. Convey, P. and McInnes, S.J. (2005) Exceptional, tardigrade dominated, ecosystems from Ellsworth Land, Antarctica, Ecology 86, 519-527.
38. Convey, P. and Smith, R.I.L. (1993) Investment in sexual reproduction by Antarctic mosses, Oikos 68, 293-302.
39. Convey, P., Barnes, D.K.A. and Morton, A. (2002a) Artefact accumulation on Antarctic oceanic island shores, Polar Biology25, 612-617.
40. Convey, P., Block, W. and Peat, H.J. (2003) Soil arthropods as indicators of water stress in Antarctic terrestrial habitats? Global Change Biology 9, 1718-1730.
41. Convey, P., Smith, R.I.L., Hodgson, D.A. and Peat, H.J. (2000) The flora of the South Sandwich Islands, with particular reference to the influence of geothermal heating, Journal of Biogeography 27, 1279-1295.
42. Convey, P., Pugh, P. J. A., Jackson, C., Murray, A. W., Ruhland, C. T., Xiong, F. S. and Day, T. A. (2002b) Response of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods to multifactorial climate manipulation over a four year period. Ecology83, 3130-3140.
43. Copson, G. and Whinam, J. (2001) Review of ecological restoration programme on subantarctic Macquarie Island: pest management progress and future directions, Ecological Management and Restoration 2, 129-138.
44. Corner, R.W.M. and Smith, R.I.L. (1973) Botanical evidence of ice recession in the Argentine Islands, British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 35, 83-86.
45. Coulson, S.J., Hodkinson, I.D., Webb, N.R. and Harrison, J.A. (2002) Survival of terrestrial soil-dwelling arthropods on and in seawater: implications for trans-oceanic dispersal, Functional Ecology 16, 353-356.
46. Davey, M.C., Davidson, H.P.B., Richard, K.J. and Wynn-Williams, D.D. (1991) Attachment and growth of Antarctic soil cyanobacteria and algae on natural and artificial substrata, Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23, 185-191.
47. Davey, M.C. and Rothery, P. (1993) Primary colonization by microalgae in relation to spatial variation in edaphic factors on antarctic fellfield soils, Journal of Ecology 8, 335-343.
48. Day, T.A., Ruhland, C.T., Grobe, C.W. and Xiong, F. (1999) Growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular plants in response to warming and UV radiation reductions in the field, Oecologia 119, 24-35.
49. Demars, B.G. and Boerner, R.E.J. (1995) Mycorrhizal status of Deschampsia antarcticain the Palmer Station area, Antarctica, Mycologia 87, 451-453.
50. During, H.J. (1979) Life strategies of bryophytes: a preliminary review, Lindbergia 5, 2-18.
51. Edwards, H.G.M., Garcia-Pichel, F., Newton, E.M. and Wynn-Williams, D.D. (2000) Vibrational Raman spectroscopic study of scytonemin, the UV-protective cyanobacterial pigment, Spectrochimica Acta Part A - Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 56, 193-200.
52. Ellis-Evans, J.C. and Walton, D. (1990) The process of colonization in Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 3, 151-163.
53. Ernsting, G., Brandjes, G.J., Block, W. and Isaaks, J.A. (1999) Life-history consequences of predation for a subantarctic beetle: evaluating the contribution of direct and indirect effects, Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 741-752.
54. Fike, D.A., Cockell, C., Pearce, D. and Lee, P. (2002) Heterotrophic microbial colonization of the interior of impact-shocked rocks from Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic, International Journal of Astrobiology 1, 311-323.
55. Finlay, B.J. (2002) Global dispersal of free-living microbial eukaryote species, Science 296, 1061-1063.
56. Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. and Bergstrom, D. (2005) Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications, Biological Reviews, 80, 45-72.
57. Friedmann, E. I. (1982) Endolithic microorganisms in the Antarctic cold desert Science 215, 1045-1053.
58. Fowbert, J.A. and Smith, R.I.L. (1994) Rapid population increases in native vascular plants in the Argentine Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, Arctic and Alpine Research 26, 290-296.
59. Fox, A.J. and Cooper, A.P.R. (1998) Climate-change indicators from archival aerial photography of the Antarctic Peninsula, Annals of Glaciology 27, 636-642.
60. Galloway, D. (1987) Austral lichen genera: some biographical problems, Progress and Problems in Lichenology in the Eighties. Bibl. Lichenol. 25, 385-399.
61. J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart, Germany. Gauthier-Clerc, M., Jiguet, F. and Lambert, N. (2002) Vagrant birds at Possession Island, Crozet Islands and Kerguelen Island from December 1995 to December 1997, Marine Ornithology 30, 38-39.
62. Gilichinsky, D.A. (2001) Permafrost a model of extraterrestrial habitat. In G. Horneck and C. BaumstarkKhan (eds.) Astrobiology. The quest for conditions of life. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 125-142.
63. Greenslade, P., Farrow, R.A. and Smith, J.M.B. (1999) Long distance migration of insects to a subantarctic island, Journal of Biogeography 26, 1161-1167.
64. Gressitt, J.L. (1964) Insects of Campbell Island, Pacific Insects Monograph 7, 1-663.
65. Gressitt, J.L., Larch, R.E. and O'Brien, C.W. 1960. Trapping air-borne insects in the Antarctic area. Pacific Insects2, 245-250.
66. Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Glasgoe, J. and Sato, M. (1999) GISS analysis of surface temperature change, Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 30997-31022.
67. Hennion, F., Huiskes, A.H.L., Robinson, S. and Convey, P. (2006) Physiological traits or organisms in a changing environment, in D.M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, and A.H.L. Huiskes (eds.), Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator, Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
68. Hodkinson, I.D., Webb, N.R. and Coulson, S.J. (2002) Primary community assembly on land - the missing stages: why are the heterotrophic organisms always there first? Journal of Ecology 90, 569-577.
69. Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noquer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K. and Johnson, C.A. (eds) (2001) Climate change 2001: The scientific basis: contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
70. Hughes, K. A. and Lawley, B. (2003) A novel Antarctic microbial endolithic community within gypsum crustEnvironmental Microbiology 5, 555-565.
71. Hughes, K. A., Lawley, B. and Newsham, K. K. (2003) Solar UV-B radiation inhibits the growth of Antarctic terrestrial fungi Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 1488-1491.
72. Hughes, K. A., McCartney, H. A., Lachlan-Cope, T. A. and Pearce D. A. (2004) A preliminary study of airborne microbial biodiversity over peninsular Antarctica, Cellular and Molecular Biology 50, 537-542.
73. Huiskes, A.H.L., Convey, P. and Bergstrom, D.M. (2006) Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator In: Bergstrom, D.M., Convey, P. and Huiskes, A.H.L. (eds) Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems: Antarctica as a Global Indicator. Springer, Dordrecht (this volume).
74. Jahns, H.M. (1982) The cyclic development of mosses and the lichen Baeomyces rufusin an ecosystem, Lichenologist 14, 261-265.
75. Kappen, L. (2004) The diversity of lichens in Antarctica, a review and comments. Contributions to Lichenology. Festschrift in Honour of Hannes Hertel. P. Döbbeler and G. Rambold (eds.) Bibl. Lichenol. 88, 331-343.
76. J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart. Kennedy, A.D. (1993) Water as a limiting factor in the Antarctic terrestrial environment: a biogeographical synthesis Arctic and Alpine Research 25, 308-315.
77. Kennedy, A. (1995) Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem response to global environmental change, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, 683-704.
78. King, J.C., Turner, J., Marshall, G.J., Connolley, W.M. and Lachlan-Cope, T.A. (2003) Antarctic Peninsula climate variability and its causes as revealed by analysis of instrumental records, Antarctic Research Series 79, 17-30.
79. Kottmeier, C. and Fay, B. (1998) Trajectories in the Antarctic lower troposphere, Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 10947-10959.
80. Lawley, B., Ripley, S., Bridge, P. and Convey, P. (2004) Molecular analysis of geographic patterns in eukaryotic diversity of Antarctic soils, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 5963-5972.
81. Linskens, H.F., Bargagli, R., Cresti, M. and Focardi, S. (1993) Entrapment of long-distance transported pollen grains by various moss species in coastal Victoria Land, Antarctica, Polar Biology 13, 81-87.
82. Longton, R.E. (1988) The biology of polar bryophytes and lichens, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 391 pp.
83. Lud, D., Huiskes, A.H.L., Moerdijk, T.C.W. and Rozema, J. (2001) The effects of altered levels of UV-B radiation on an Antarctic grass and lichen, Plant Ecology 154, 87-99.
84. Marshall, W.A. (1996) Biological particles over Antarctica, Nature, 383, 680.
85. Marshall, W.A. and Convey, P. (1997) Dispersal of moss propagules on Signy Island, maritime Antarctic, Polar Biology 18, 376-383.
86. Mason, B. J. (1971) Global atmospheric research programme, Nature 233, 382-388.
87. McGraw J.B. and Day, T.A. (1997) Size and characteristics of a natural seed bank in Antarctica, Arctic and Alpine Research 29, 213-216.
88. Miles, C.J. and Longton, R.E. (1992) Deposition of moss spores in relation to distance from parent gametophytes, Journal of Bryology 17, 355-368.
89. Moore, P.D. (2002) Springboards for springtails, Nature418, 381.
90. Muñoz, J., Felicísimo, A.M., Cabezas, F., Burgaz, A.R. and Martínez, I. (2004) Wind as a long-distance dispersal vehicle in the Southern Hemisphere, Science 304, 1144-1147.
91. Naeem, S. (1998) Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability, Conservation Biology 12, 39-45.
92. Newsham, K.K., Hodgson, D.A., Murray, A.W.A., Peat, H.J. and Smith, R.I.L. (2002) Response of two Antarctic bryophytes to stratospheric ozone depletion, Global Change Biology 8, 972-983.
93. Nienow, J.A. and Friedmann, E.I. (1993) Terrestrial lithophytic (rock) communities. In E.I. Friedmann (ed.) Antarctic microbiology. Wiley-Liss, New York, USA, pp. 343-412.
94. Ott, S. (2004) Early stages of development in Usnea antarcticaDu Rietz in the South Shetland Islands, northern maritime Antarctic, The Lichenologist, 36, 413-423.
95. Pearce, D.A., van der Gast, C.J., Lawley, B. and Ellis-Evans, J.C. (2003) Bacterioplankton community diversity in a maritime Antarctic lake, determined by culture-dependent and culture independent techniques, FEMS Microbial Ecology 45, 59-70.
96. Peck, L.S., Convey, P. and Barnes, D.K.A. (2006) Environmental constraints on life histories in Antarctic ecosystems: tempos, timings and predictability, Biological Reviews.
97. Potts, M. (1994) Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes, Microbiological Reviews 58, 755-805.
98. Pugh, P.J.A. (1997) Acarine colonization of Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean: the role of zoohoria, Polar Record 33, 113-122.
99. Pugh, P.J.A. (2003) Have mites (Acarina: Arachnida) colonised Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean via air currents? Polar Record 39, 239-244.
100. Quesada, A. and Vincent, W.F. (1997) Strategies of adaptation by Antarctic cyanobacteria to ultraviolet radiation, European Journal of Phycology 32, 335-342.
101. los Rios, A., Wierzchos, J., Sancho, L. and Ascaso, C. (2003) Acid microenvironments in microbial biofilms of Antarctic endolithic microecosystems, Environmental Microbiology 5, 231-237.
102. Romeike, J., Friedl, T., Helms, G. and Ott, S. (2002) Genetic diversity of algal and fungal partners in four species of Umbilicaria(lichenized Ascomycetes) along a transect of the Antarctic Peninsula, Molecular Evolution and Biology 19, 1209-1217.
103. Russell, N.J. (2000) Toward a molecular understanding of cold activity of enzymes from psychrophiles, Extremophiles 4, 83-90.
104. Sancho, L.G. and Pintado, A. (2004) Evidence of high annual growth rate for lichens in the maritime Antarctic, Polar Biology 27, 312-319.
105. Schaper, T. and Ott, S. (2003) Photobiont selectivity and interspecific interactions in lichen communities. I. Culture experiments with the mycobiont Fulgensia bracteata, Plant Biology 5, 441-450.
106. Schlichting, H.E., Speziale, B.J. and Zink, R.M. (1978) Dispersal of algae and protozoa by Antarctic flying birds, Antarctic Journal of the USA 13, 147-149.
107. Siebert, J., Hirsh, P., Hoffman, B., Gliesche, C.G., Peisse, K. and Jendrach, M. (1996) Cryptoendolithic microorganisms from Antarctic sandstones of Linnaeus Terrace (Asgard Range): diversity, properties and interactions, Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 1337-1363.
108. Smith, A.M., Vaughan, D.G., Doake, C.S.M. and Johnson, A.C. (1999) Surface lowering of the ice ramp at Rothera Point, Antarctic Peninsula, in response to regional climate change, Annals of Glaciology 27, 113-118.
109. Smith, R.I.L. (1988) Recording bryophyte microclimate in remote and severe environments, In J.M. Glime (ed.), Methods in Bryology, Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan, Japan, pp. 275-284.
110. Smith, R.I.L. (1990) Signy Island as a paradigm of biological and environmental change in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, in K.R. Kerry and G. Hempel (eds), Antarctic Ecosystems, Ecological Change and Conservation, Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp32-50.
111. Smith, R.I.L. (1991) Exotic sporomorpha as indicators of potential immigrant colonists in Antarctica, Grana 30, 313-324.
112. Smith, R.I.L. (1993) The role of bryophyte propagule banks in primary succession: case-study of an Antarctic fellfield soil, in: J. Miles and D.W.H. Walton, (eds), Primary Succession on Land, British Ecological Society Special Publication, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, pp 55-78.
113. Smith, R.I.L. (1994) Vascular plants as indicators of regional warming in Antarctica, Oecologia 99, 322-328.
114. Smith, R.I.L. (1995) Colonization by lichens and the development of lichen-dominated communities in the maritime Antarctic, Lichenologist 27, 473-483.
115. Smith, R.I.L. (2000) Plants of extreme habitats in Antarctica, in B. Schroeter, M. Schlensog and T.G.A. Green (eds.), New Aspects in Cryptogamic Research. Contributions in Honour of Ludger Kappen. Bibl. Lichenol. 75: 405-419.J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart, Germany
116. Smith R.I.L. (2001) Plant colonization response to climate change in the Antarctic, Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masarykianae Brunensis, Geographia 25, 19-33.
117. Stevens, M.I., and Hogg, I.D. (2003) Long-term isolation and recent range expansion from glacial refugia revealed for the endemic springtail Gomphiocephalus hodgsonifrom Victoria Land, Antarctica, Molecular Ecology 12, 2357-2369.
118. Sun, H.J. and Friedmann, E.I. (1999) Growth on geological time scales in the Antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial community, Geomicrobiological Journal 16, 193-202.
119. Tindall, B.L. (2004) Prokaryotic diversity in the Antarctic: the tip of the iceberg, Microbial Ecology 47, 271-283.
120. Turner, J., Colwell, S.R. and Harangozo, S. (1997) Variability of precipitation over the coastal western Antarctic Peninsula from synoptic observations, Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 13999-14007.
121. Vaughan, D.G. and Doake, C.S.M. (1996) Recent atmospheric warming and retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, Nature 379, 328-331.
122. Vaughan, D.G., Marshall, G.J., Connolley, W.M., Parkinson, C., Mulvaney, R., Hodgson, D.A., King, J.C., Pudsey, C.J. and Turner, J. (2003) Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula, Climate Change 60, 243-274.
123. Wharton, D.A. (2002) Life at the limits: organisms in extreme environments, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 307 pp.
124. Wharton, D.A. and Ferns, D.J. (1995) Survival of intracellular freezing by the Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi, Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 1381-1387.
125. Whinam, J., Chilcott, N. and Bergstrom, D.M. (2005) Subantarctic hitchhikers: expeditioners as vectors for the introduction of alien organisms, Biological Conservation 121, 207-219.
126. Williams, P.G., Roser, D.J. and Seppelt, R.D. (1994) Mycorrhizas of hepatics in continental Antarctica, Mycological Research 98, 34-36.
127. Wynn-Williams, D.D. (1990) Microbial colonization processes in Antarctic fellfield soils - an experimental overview, Proceedings of the NIPR Symposia on Polar Biology 3, 164-178.
128. Wynn-Williams, D.D. (1991) Aerobiology and colonization over Antarctica - the BIOTAS programme, Grana 30, 380-393.
129. Wynn-Williams, D.D. (1993) Microbial processes and initial stabilization of fellfield soil. In J. Miles and D.W.H. Walton (eds.) Primary succession on land, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 17-32.