Evidence-based guidelines for precision risk stratification- based screening (PRSBS) for colorectal cancer: Lessons learned from the us armed forces: Consensus and future directions

Journal of Cancer

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 172-192

  Avital, Itzhak ^a,b,c,d   Langan, Russell C ^e   Summers, Thomas A ^c,f   Steele, Scott R ^b,c,g   Waldman, Scott A ^h   Backman, Vadim ⁱ   Yee, Judy ^j   Nissan, Aviram ^c,d,k   Young, Patrick ^f   Womeldorph, Craig ^f   Mancusco, Paul ^l   Mueller, Renee ^l   Noto, Khristian ^l   Grundfest, Warren ^m   Bilchik, Anton J ^c,d,m,n,o   Protic, Mladjan ^c,d,p,q   Daumer, Martin ^d,r   Eberhardt, John ^s   Man, Yan Gao ^t   Brücher, Björn LDM ^a,b,d,u   Stojadinovic, Alexander ^a,b,c,d,f   more..

^a Bon Secours Cancer Institute   (United States)

^b Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center   (United States)

^c United States Military Cancer Institute   (United States)

^d International Consortium of Research Excellence   (Germany)

^e GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g MADIGAN ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^h THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ Northwestern University   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^k HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^l M D ANDERSON CANCER CENTER ORLANDO   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

ⁿ JOHN WAYNE CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^o California Center for Population Research   (United States)

^p Clinical Center of Vojvodina   (Serbia)

^q UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD   (Serbia)

^r Sylvia Lawry Centre   (Germany)

^s DecisionQ Corporation   (United States)

^t Diagnostic and Translational Research Center   (United States)

^u Theodor Billroth Academy   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Cancer screening; Colon; Colorectal cancer; Consensus; Evidence based medicine; Rectal; Risk identification

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CLUSTERIN; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; COLLAGEN TYPE 4; DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE BETA; K RAS PROTEIN; MICRORNA; PROTEIN P53; SMALL UNTRANSLATED RNA; SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE;

ACCURACY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARMY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CIRCULATING TUMOR CELL; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC COLONOGRAPHY; CONSENSUS; COST CONTROL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DNA METHYLATION; ETHNICITY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GOLD STANDARD; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRECISION RISK STRATIFICATION BASED SCREENING; PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SOCIOECONOMICS; TUMOR VOLUME; UNITED STATES; VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 84883027640     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18379664     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7150/jca.5834     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 212-236.
2. Bilchik AJ, DiNome M, Saha S et al. Prospective multicenter trial of staging adequacy in colon cancer: preliminary results. Arch Surg 2006; 141: 527-533.
3. Manfredi S, Bouvier AM, Lepage C et al. Incidence and patterns of recurrence after resection for cure of colonic cancer in a well defined population. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 1115-1122.
4. Singh H, Turner D, Xue L, et al. Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination: evidence for a 10-year interval between colonoscopies. JAMA 2006; 295: 2366-2373.
5. Pilati P, Mocellin S, Bertazza L, et al. Prognostic value of putative circulating cancer stem cells in patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19: 402-408.
6. Long JR, Frew MI, Brazaitis MP. Virtual colonoscopy in the US Army: current utilization at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Abdom Imaging 2011; 36: 149-152.
7. Brounts LR, Lehmann RK, Lesperance KE, et al. Improved rates of colorectal cancer screening in an equal access population. Am J Surg 2009; 197: 609-612.
8. Zhu K, Devesa SS, Wu H, et al. Cancer incidence in the U.S. military population: comparison with rates from the SEER program. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1740-1745.
9. Stojadinovic A, Bilchik A, Smith D, et al. Clinical Decision Support and Individualized Prediction of Survival in Colon Cancer: Bayesian Belief Network Model. Ann Surg Oncol 2013 Jan;20(1):161-74.
10. Fan J, Peng Z, Zhou C, et al. Gene-expression profiling in Chinese patients with colon cancer by coupling experimental and bioinformatic genomewide gene-expression analyses: identification and validation of IFITM3 as a biomarker of early colon carcinogenesis. Cancer 2008; 113: 266-275.
11. Force USPST. Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 627-637.
12. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi- Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1570-1595.
13. Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected]. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 739-750.
14. Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States by tumor location and stage, 1992-2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21: 411-416.
15. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990; 61: 759-767.
16. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 687-696.
17. Sacher-Huvelin S, Coron E, Gaudric M, et al. Colon capsule endoscopy vs. colonoscopy in patients at average or increased risk of colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1145-1153.
18. Sidransky D, Tokino T, Hamilton SR, et al. Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors. Science 1992; 256: 102-105.
19. Dong SM, Traverso G, Johnson C, et al. Detecting colorectal cancer in stool with the use of multiple genetic targets. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 858-865.
20. Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, et al. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2704-2714.
21. Lin OS, Kozarek RA, Schembre DB, et al. Risk stratification for colon neoplasia: screening strategies using colonoscopy and computerized tomographic colonography. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1011-1019.
22. Muller AD, Sonnenberg A. Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer. A case-control study among veterans. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1741-1748.
23. Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1766-1772.
24. Rex DK, Rahmani EY, Haseman JH, et al. Relative sensitivity of colonoscopy and barium enema for detection of colorectal cancer in clinical practice. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 17-23.
25. Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I, et al. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2191-2200.
26. Stoop EM, de Haan MC, de Wijkerslooth TR, et al. Participation and yield of colonoscopy versus non-cathartic CT colonography in population- based screening for colorectal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 55-64.
27. Rosman AS, Korsten MA. Meta-analysis comparing CT colonography, air contrast barium enema, and colonoscopy. Am J Med 2007; 120: 203-210. e4.
28. Perisinakis K, Seimenis I, Tzedakis A, et al. Screening computed tomography colonography with 256-slice scanning: should patient radiation burden and associated cancer risk constitute a major concern?. Invest Radiol 2012; 47: 451-456.
29. Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, et al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 2345-2357.
30. Adler A, Wegscheider K, Lieberman D, et al. Factors determining the quality of screening colonoscopy: a prospective study on adenoma detection rates, from 12 134 examinations (Berlin colonoscopy project 3, BECOP-3). Gut 2012.
31. Nissan A, Stojadinovic A, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S et al. Colon cancer associated transcript-1: a novel RNA expressed in malignant and pre-malignant human tissues. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1598-1606.
32. Arlen M, Tsang A, Wang T. Immunotherapy of colon cancer using chimeric mAb 31.1. Crit Rev Immunol 1998; 18: 133-138.
33. Arlen M, Wang X, Luka J, et al. The use of specific monoclonal antibodies to target immunogenic tumor membrane proteins in patients with recurrent pancreatic and colon cancer. Curr Drug Deliv 2012; 9: 52-56.
34. Damania D, Roy HK, Subramanian H, et al. Nanocytology of rectal colonocytes to assess risk of colon cancer based on field cancerization. Cancer Res 2012; 72: 2720-2727.
35. He J, Evers DL, O'Leary TJ, Mason JT. Immunoliposome-PCR: a generic ultrasensitive quantitative antigen detection system. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10: 26.
36. Pucci S, Bonanno E, Sesti F, et al. Clusterin in stool: a new biomarker for colon cancer screening?. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 2807-2815.
37. Di Marzio L, Di Leo A, Cinque B, et al. Detection of alkaline sphingomyelinase activity in human stool: proposed role as a new diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 856-862.
38. Corte H, Manceau G, Blons H, Laurent-Puig P. MicroRNA and colorectal cancer. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44: 195-200.
39. Berger BM, Ahlquist DA. Stool DNA screening for colorectal neoplasia: biological and technical basis for high detection rates. Pathology 2012; 44: 80-88.
40. Freeman HJ. Crypt region localization of intestinal stem cells in adults. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 7160-7162.
41. Dhawan P, Ahmad R, Srivastava AS, Singh AB. Cancer stem cells and colorectal cancer: an overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11: 1592-1598.
42. Buczacki S, Davies RJ, Winton DJ. Stem cells, quiescence and rectal carcinoma: an unexplored relationship and potential therapeutic target. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 1253-1259.
43. Rizk P, Barker N. Gut stem cells in tissue renewal and disease: methods, markers, and myths. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2012; 4: 475-496.
44. Draht MX, Riedl RR, Niessen H, et al. Promoter CpG island methylation markers in colorectal cancer: the road ahead. Epigenomics 2012; 4: 179-194.
45. Kim MS, Lee J, Sidransky D. DNA methylation markers in colorectal cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29: 181-206.
46. Patai AV, Molnar B, Kalmar A, et al. Role of DNA methylation in colorectal carcinogenesis. Dig Dis 2012; 30: 310-315.
47. Luo YX, Chen DK, Song SX, et al. Aberrant methylation of genes in stool samples as diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer or adenomas: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65: 1313-1320.
48. Cappell MS. From colonic polyps to colon cancer: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, screening and colonoscopic therapy. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2007; 53: 351-373.
49. Jenkinson F, Steele RJ. Colorectal cancer screening - methodology. Surgeon 2010; 8: 164-171.
50. Wang JY, Hsieh JS, Chang MY, et al. Molecular detection of APC, K- ras, and p53 mutations in the serum of colorectal cancer patients as circulating biomarkers. World J Surg 2004; 28: 721-726.
51. Minarik M, Minarikova L, Hrabikova M, et al. Application of cycling gradient capillary electrophoresis to detection of APC, K-ras, and DCC point mutations in patients with sporadic colorectal tumors. Electrophoresis 2004; 25: 1016-1021.
52. Pedersen JW, Gentry-Maharaj A, Fourkala EO, et al. Early detection of cancer in the general population: a blinded case-control study of p53 autoantibodies in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2012.
53. Jang SH, Min KW, Paik SS, Jang KS. Loss of SIRT1 histone deacetylase expression associates with tumour progression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2012; 65: 735-739.
54. Donigan KA, Sun KW, Nemec AA, et al. Human POLB gene is mutated in high percentage of colorectal tumors. J Biol Chem 2012; 287: 23830-23839.
55. Li BS, Wang XY, Xu AG, et al. High-Resolution Melting Assay (HRMA) is a Simple and Sensitive Stool-Based DNA Test for the Detection of Mutations in Colorectal Neoplasms. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2012; 11: 280-290.
56. Gerges N, Rak J, Jabado N. New technologies for the detection of circulating tumour cells. Br Med Bull 2010; 94: 49-64.
57. Gerges N, Jabado N. Biomarkers in cancer micrometastasis: where are we at?. Bioanalysis 2010; 2: 881-899.
58. Mahmoud W, Sukhanova A, Oleinikov V, et al. Emerging applications of fluorescent nanocrystals quantum dots for micrometastases detection. Proteomics 2010; 10: 700-716.
59. Smith LE. Fiberoptic colonoscopy: complications of colonoscopy and polypectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1976; 19: 407-412.
60. Stevenson GW, Wilson JA, Wilkinson J, et al. Pain following colonoscopy: elimination with carbon dioxide. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 564-567.
61. Steine S. Which hurts the most? A comparison of pain rating during double-contrast barium enema examination and colonoscopy. Radiology 1994; 191: 99-101.
62. Orsoni P, Berdah S, Verrier C, et al. Colonic perforation due to colonoscopy: a retrospective study of 48 cases. Endoscopy 1997; 29: 160-164.
63. Rickert RR, Auerbach O, Garfinkel L, et al. Adenomatous lesions of the large bowel: an autopsy survey. Cancer 1979; 43: 1847-1857.
64. Granqvist S. Distribution of polyps in the large bowel in relation to age. A colonoscopic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16: 1025-1031.
65. Stryker SJ, Wolff BG, Culp CE, et al. Natural history of untreated colonic polyps. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 1009-1013.
66. Bressler B, Paszat LF, Vinden C, et al. Colonoscopic miss rates for right-sided colon cancer: a population-based analysis. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 452-456.
67. Pickhardt PJ, Nugent PA, Mysliwiec PA, et al. Location of adenomas missed by optical colonoscopy. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 352-359.
68. Heresbach D, Barrioz T, Lapalus MG, et al. Miss rate for colorectal neoplastic polyps: a prospective multicenter study of back-to-back video colonoscopies. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 284-290.
69. Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, et al. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1207-1217.
70. Regge D, Laudi C, Galatola G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomographic colonography for the detection of advanced neoplasia in individuals at increased risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 2009; 301: 2453-2461.
71. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography--an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2277-2284.
72. Wang J, Li T, Lu H, Liang Z. Penalized weighted least-squares approach to sinogram noise reduction and image reconstruction for low-dose X-ray computed tomography. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2006; 25: 1272-1283.
73. Wang J, Wang S, Li L, et al. Virtual Colonoscopy Screening with Ultra Low-Dose CT and Less-Stressful Bowel Preparation: A computer simulation study. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 2008; 55: 2566-2575.
74. Pappalardo G, Polettini E, Frattaroli FM, et al. Magnetic resonance colonography versus conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colonic endoluminal lesions. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 300-304.
75. Leung E, Ferjani AM, Kitchen A, et al. Risk-adjusted scoring systems can predict surgeons' performance in colorectal surgery. Surgeon 2011; 9: 3-7.
76. Freedman AN, Slattery ML, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Colorectal cancer risk prediction tool for white men and women without known susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 686-693.
77. Colditz GA, Atwood KA, Emmons K, et al. Harvard report on cancer prevention volume 4: Harvard Cancer Risk Index. Risk Index Working Group, Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11: 477-488.
78. Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY, et al. Using risk for advanced proximal colonic neoplasia to tailor endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 959-965.
79. Driver JA, Gaziano JM, Gelber RP, et al. Development of a risk score for colorectal cancer in men. Am J Med 2007; 120: 257-263.
80. Zeestraten EC, Kuppen PJ, van de Velde CJ, Marijnen CA. Prediction in rectal cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2012; 22: 175-183.
81. Win AK, Macinnis RJ, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA. Risk prediction models for colorectal cancer: a review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21: 398-410.
82. Simon MS, Thomson CA, Pettijohn E, et al. Racial differences in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 1368-1378.
83. Lieberman DA, Holub JL, Moravec MD, et al. Prevalence of colon polyps detected by colonoscopy screening in asymptomatic black and white patients. JAMA 2008; 300: 1417-1422.
84. Shinto E, Tsuda H, Ueno H, et al. Prognostic implication of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression in the invasive front of colorectal cancers, disclosed by area-specific four-point tissue microarrays. Lab Invest 2005; 85: 257-266.
85. Kirkland SC, Henderson K. Collagen IV synthesis is restricted to the enteroendocrine pathway during multilineage differentiation of human colorectal epithelial stem cells. J Cell Sci 2001; 114: 2055-2064.
86. Kirkland SC. Type I collagen inhibits differentiation and promotes a stem cell-like phenotype in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 320-326.
87. Mauney J, Volloch V. Collagen I matrix contributes to determination of adult human stem cell lineage via differential, structural conformation- specific elicitation of cellular stress response. Matrix Biol 2009; 28: 251-262.
88. Schenke-Layland K, Angelis E, Rhodes KE, et al. Collagen IV induces trophoectoderm differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 1529-1538.
89. Almenoff JS, Williams SI, Scheving LA, et al. Ligand-based histochemical localization and capture of cells expressing heat-stable enterotoxin receptors. Mol Microbiol 1993; 8: 865-873.
90. Carrithers SL, Barber MT, Biswas S, et al. Guanylyl cyclase C is a selective marker for metastatic colorectal tumors in human extraintestinal tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 14827-14832.
91. Carrithers SL, Parkinson SJ, Goldstein S, et al. Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin receptors in human colonic tumors. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1653-1661.
92. Cohen MB, Guarino A, Shukla R, Giannella RA. Age-related differences in receptors for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin in the small and large intestine of children. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 367-373.
93. Cohen MB, Moyer MS, Luttrell M, Giannella RA. The immature rat small intestine exhibits an increased sensitivity and response to Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. Pediatr Res 1986; 20: 555-560.
94. Guarino A, Cohen M, Thompson M, et al. T84 cell receptor binding and guanyl cyclase activation by Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: G775-780.
95. Guarino A, Cohen MB, Giannella RA. Small and large intestinal guanylate cyclase activity in children: effect of age and stimulation by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. Pediatr Res 1987; 21: 551-555.
96. Guarino A, Cohen MB, Overmann G, et al. Binding of E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin to rat intestinal brush borders and to basolateral membranes. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 1017-1026.
97. Lucas KA, Pitari GM, Kazerounian S, et al. Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP. Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52: 375-414.
98. Rao MC, Guandalini S, Smith PL, Field M. Mode of action of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin. Tissue and subcellular specificities and role of cyclic GMP. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980; 632: 35-46.
99. Birbe R, Palazzo JP, Walters R, et al. Guanylyl cyclase C is a marker of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Hum Pathol 2005; 36: 170-179.
100. Cagir B, Gelmann A, Park J, et al. Guanylyl cyclase C messenger RNA is a biomarker for recurrent stage II colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 805-812.
101. Carrithers SL, Parkinson SJ, Goldstein SD, et al. Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin receptors. A novel marker for colorectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 171-181.
102. Frick GS, Pitari GM, Weinberg DS, et al. Guanylyl cyclase C: a molecular marker for staging and postoperative surveillance of patients with colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005; 5: 701-713.
103. Gelmann A, Desnoyers R, Cagir B, et al. Colorectal cancer staging and adjuvant chemotherapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2000; 1: 737-755.
104. Schulz S, Hyslop T, Haaf J, et al. A validated quantitative assay to detect occult micrometastases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of guanylyl cyclase C in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 4545-4552.
105. Witek ME, Nielsen K, Walters R, et al. The putative tumor suppressor Cdx2 is overexpressed by human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 8549-8556.
106. Waldman SA, Hyslop T, Schulz S, et al. Association of GUCY2C expression in lymph nodes with time to recurrence and disease-free survival in pN0 colorectal cancer. JAMA 2009; 301: 745-752.
107. Hyslop T, Weinberg D, Barkun A, et al. Occult tumor burden predicts chemotherapeutic benefit in pN0 colon cancer. Submitted 2011.
108. Hyslop T, Weinberg DS, Schulz S, et al. Occult tumor burden predicts disease recurrence in lymph node-negative colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 3293-3303.
109. Hyslop T, Weinberg DS, Schulz S, et al. Occult tumor burden contributes to racial disparities in stage-specific colorectal cancer outcomes. Cancer 2012 May 1;118(9):2532-40.
110. Hyslop T, Weinberg DS, Schulz S, et al. Staging colorectal cancer by occult tumor burden depends on number of lymph nodes analyzed. Submitted 2011.
111. White PM, Sahu M, Poles MA, Francois F. Colorectal cancer screening of high-risk populations: A national survey of physicians. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5: 64.
112. Barrison AF, Smith C, Oviedo J, et al. Colorectal cancer screening and familial risk: a survey of internal medicine residents' knowledge and practice patterns. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1410-1416.
113. Ramsey SD, McDermott CL, Clarke L, Blough DK. Health insurer policies toward risk-stratified colorectal cancer screening: a survey of health plan medical directors. J Insur Med 2012; 43: 92-101.
114. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62: 10-29.