Autoimmune hepatitis

MacSween's Pathology of the Liver

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 467-490

  Washington, M Kay ^a   Manns, Michael P ^b  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882912672     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-3398-8.00009-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (154)

1. Manns MP, Vogel A Autoimmune hepatitis, from mechanisms to therapy. Hepatology 2006, 43(2 Suppl 1):S132-S144.
2. Czaja AJ, Manns MP Advances in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2010, 139:58-72.
3. Beuers U Hepatic overlap syndromes. J Hepatol 2005, 42:S93-S99.
4. Mackay IR Historical reflections on autoimmune hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14:3292-3300.
5. Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG Meeting report: International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. Hepatology 1993, 18:998-1005.
6. Boberg KM, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, et al. Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998, 33:99-103.
7. Werner M, Prytz H, Ohlsson B, et al. Epidemiology and the initial presentation of autoimmune hepatitis in Sweden: a nationwide study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008, 43:1232-1240.
8. Boberg KM Prevalence and epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2002, 6:347-359.
9. Hurlburt KJ, McMahon BJ, Deubner H, et al. Prevalence of autoimmune liver disease in Alaska Natives. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:2402-2407.
10. Heringlake S, Schutte A, Flemming P, et al. Presumed cryptogenic liver disease in Germany: High prevalence of autoantibody-negative autoimmune hepatitis, low prevalence of NASH, no evidence for occult viral etiology. Zeitsch Gastroenterol 2009, 47:417-423.
11. Czaja AJ, Cassani F, Cataleta M, et al. Antinuclear antibodies and patterns of nuclear immunofluorescence in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis and Sci 1997, 42:1688-1696.
12. Strettell MD, Donaldson PT, Thomson LJ, et al. Allelic basis for HLA-encoded susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1997, 112:2028-2035.
13. Seki T, Ota M, Furuta S, et al. HLA class II molecules and autoimmune hepatitis susceptibility in Japanese patients. Gastroenterology 1992, 103:1041-1047.
14. Yoshizawa K, Ota M, Katsuyama Y, et al. Genetic analysis of the HLA region of Japanese patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2005, 42:578-584.
15. Marcos Y, Fainboim HA, Capucchio M, et al. Two-locus involvement in the association of human leukocyte antigen with the extrahepatic manifestations of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1994, 19:1371-1374.
16. Pando M, Larriba J, Fernandez GC, et al. Pediatric and adult forms of type I autoimmune hepatitis in Argentina: evidence for differential genetic predisposition. Hepatology 1999, 30:1374-1380.
17. Al-Chalabi T, Underhill JA, Portmann BC, et al. Impact of gender on the long-term outcome and survival of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2008, 48:140-147.
18. Gregorio GV, Portmann B, Reid F, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in childhood: a 20-year experience. Hepatology 1997, 25:541-547.
19. Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D Autoimmune hepatitis in children: what is different from adult AIH?. Semin Liver Dis 2009, 29:297-306.
20. D'Souza R, Sinnott P, Glynn MJ, et al. An unusual form of autoimmune hepatitis in young Somalian men. Liver Int 2005, 25:325-330.
21. Minuk GY, Liu S, Kaita K, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in a North American Aboriginal/First Nations population. Can J Gastroenterol 2008, 22:829-834.
22. Zolfino T, Heneghan MA, Norris S, et al. Characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in patients who are not of European Caucasoid ethnic origin. Gut 2002, 50:713-717.
23. Al-Chalabi T, Boccato S, Portmann BC, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the elderly: a systematic retrospective analysis of a large group of consecutive patients with definite AIH followed at a tertiary referral centre. J Hepatol 2006, 45:575-583.
24. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Hepatology 2006, 43:532-538.
25. Holdener M, Hintermann E, Bayer M, et al. Breaking tolerance to the natural human liver autoantigen cytochrome P450 2D6 by virus infection. J Exp Med 2008, 205:1409-1422.
26. McFarlane IG Autoimmune hepatitis: diagnostic criteria, subclassifications, and clinical features. Clin Liver Dis 2002, 6:317-333.
27. Feld JJ, Dinh H, Arenovich T, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis: effect of symptoms and cirrhosis on natural history and outcome. Hepatology 2005, 42:53-62.
28. Nikias GA, Batts KP, Czaja AJ The nature and prognostic implications of autoimmune hepatitis with an acute presentation. J Hepatol 1994, 21:866-871.
29. Kessler WR, Cummings OW, Eckert G, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 2:625-631.
30. Alvarez F, Berg PA, Bianchi FB, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 1999, 31:929-938.
31. Ichai P, Duclos-Vallee J-C, Guettier C, et al. Usefulness of corticosteroids for the treatment of severe and fulminant forms of autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Transpl 2007, 13:996-1003.
32. Hennes EM, Zeniya M, Czaja AJ, et al. Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2008, 48:169-176.
33. Czaja AJ Performance parameters of the diagnostic scoring systems for autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2008, 48:1540-1548.
34. Yeoman AD, Westbrook RH, Al-Chalabi T, et al. Diagnostic value and utility of the simplified International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) criteria in acute and chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2009, 50:538-545.
35. Eyraud V, Chazouilleres O, Ballot E, et al. Significance of antibodies to soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas: a large French study. Liver Int 2009, 29:857-864.
36. Kanzler S, Weidemann C, Gerken G, et al. Clinical significance of autoantibodies to soluble liver antigen in autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 1999, 31:635-640.
37. Czaja AJ, Manns MP, Homburger HA Frequency and significance of antibodies to liver/kidney microsome type 1 in adults with chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1992, 103:1290-1295.
38. Homberg JC, Abuaf N, Bernard O, et al. Chronic active hepatitis associated with antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1: a second type of 'autoimmune' hepatitis. Hepatology 1987, 7:1333-1339.
39. Bittencourt PL, Goldberg AC, Cancado EL, et al. Genetic heterogeneity in susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis types 1 and 2. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:1906-1913.
40. Czaja AJ, Kruger M, Santrach PJ, et al. Genetic distinctions between types 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997, 92:2197-2200.
41. Obermayer-Straub P, Perheentupa J, Braun S, et al. Hepatic autoantigens in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. Gastroenterology 2001, 121:668-677.
42. Vogel A, Strassburg CP, Obermayer-Straub P, et al. The genetic background of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy and its autoimmune disease components. J Mol Med 2002, 80:201-211.
43. Ahonen P, Myllarniemi S, Sipila I, Perheentupa J Clinical variation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) in a series of 68 patients. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1829-1836.
44. Perheentupa J Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2006, 91:2843-2850.
45. Manns M, Gerken G, Kyriatsoulis A, et al. Characterisation of a new subgroup of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis by autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen. Lancet 1987, 1:292-294.
46. Ma Y, Okamoto M, Thomas MG, et al. Antibodies to conformational epitopes of soluble liver antigen define a severe form of autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology 2002, 35:658-664.
47. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA Sensitivity, specificity, and predictability of biopsy interpretations in chronic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1993, 105:1824-1832.
48. Abe M, Onji M, Kawai-Ninomiya K, et al. Clinicopathologic features of the severe form of acute type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 5:255-258.
49. Daniels JA, Torbenson M, Anders RA, Boitnott JK Immunostaining of plasma cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2009, 131:243-249.
50. De Biasio MB, Periolo N, Avagnina A, et al. Liver infiltrating mononuclear cells in children with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Pathol 2006, 59:417-423.
51. Eggink HF, Houthoff HJ, Huitema S, et al. Cellular and humoral immune reactions in chronic active liver disease. I. Lymphocyte subsets in liver biopsies of patients with untreated idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis B and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1982, 50:17-24.
52. Umemura T, Zen Y, Hamano H, et al. Immunoglobin G4-hepatopathy: association of immunoglobin G4-bearing plasma cells in liver with autoimmune pancreatitis. Hepatology 2007, 46:463-471.
53. Gorelik M, Debski R, Frangoul H Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with giant cell hepatitis: case report and review of the literature. J Ped Hematol Oncol 2004, 26:837-839.
54. Estradas J, Pascual-Ramos V, Martinez B, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis with giant-cell transformation. Ann Hepatol 2009, 8:68-70.
55. Yeoman AD, Al-Chalabi T, Karani JB, et al. Evaluation of risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis: Implications for follow-up and screening. Hepatology 2008, 48:863-870.
56. Hofer H, Oesterreicher C, Wrba F, et al. Centrilobular necrosis in autoimmune hepatitis: a histological feature associated with acute clinical presentation. J Clin Pathol 2006, 59:246-249.
57. Misdraji J, Thiim M, Graeme-Cook FM Autoimmune hepatitis with centrilobular necrosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2004, 28:471-478.
58. Pratt DS, Frwaz KA, Rabson A, et al. A novel histological lesion in glucocorticoid-responsive chronic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:664-668.
59. Zen Y, Notsumata K, Tanaka N, Nakanuma Y Hepatic centrilobular zonal necrosis with positive antinuclear antibody: a unique subtype or early disease of autoimmune hepatitis?. Hum Pathol 2007, 38:1669-1675.
60. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA Autoimmune hepatitis with incidental features of bile duct injury. Hepatology 2001, 34:659-665.
61. Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F The histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis. Hepatology 1992, 15:572-577.
62. Zen Y, Harada K, Sasaki M, et al. Are bile duct lesions of primary biliary cirrhosis distinguishable from those of autoimmune hepatitis? Interobserver histological agreement on trimmed bile ducts. J Gastroenterol 2005, 40:164-170.
63. Czaja AJ, Muratori P, Muratori L, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of bile duct injury in autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int 2004, 24:322-329.
64. Batts KP, Ludwig J Chronic hepatitis: an update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 1995, 19:1409-1417.
65. Scheuer PJ Classification of chronic viral hepatitis: a need for reassessment. J Hepatol 1991, 13:372-374.
66. Group FMCS Intraobserver and interobserver variations in liver biopsy interpretation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The French METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology 1994, 20(1 Pt 1):15-20.
67. Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1995, 22:696-699.
68. Carpenter HA, Czaja AJ The role of histologic evaluation in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis and its variants. Clin Liver Dis 2002, 6:397-417.
69. Ferreira AR, Roquete ML, Toppa NH, et al. Effect of treatment of hepatic histopathology in children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 2008, 46:65-70.
70. Verma S, Guuwan B, Mendler M, et al. Factors predicting relapse and poor outcome in type I autoimmune hepatitis: role of cirrhosis development, patterns of transaminases during remission and plasma cell activity in the liver biopsy. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:1510-1516.
71. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA Histological features associated with relapse after corticosteroid withdrawal in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int 2003, 23:116-123.
72. Dufour JF, DeLellis R, Kaplan MM Reversibility of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1997, 127:981-985.
73. Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, et al. Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis and the success of aggressive corticosteroid withdrawal. Liver Transpl 2008, 14:1281-1286.
74. Ayata G, Gordon FD, Lewis WD, et al. Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: a long-term pathologic study. Hepatology 2000, 32:185-192.
75. Gonzalez-Koch A, Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, et al. Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001, 7:302-310.
76. Duclos-Vallee JC, Sebagh M, Rifai K, et al. A 10 year follow up study of patients transplanted for autoimmune hepatitis: histological recurrence precedes clinical and biochemical recurrence. Gut 2003, 52:893-897.
77. Vogel A, Heinrich E, Bahr MJ, et al. Long-term outcome of liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Transpl 2004, 18:62-69.
78. Fiel MI, Agarwal K, Stanca C, et al. Posttransplant plasma cell hepatitis (de novo autoimmune hepatitis) is a variant of rejection and may lead to a negative outcome in patients with hepatitis C virus. Liver Transpl 2008, 14:861-871.
79. Gibson T, Myers A Subclinical liver disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1981, 8:752-759.
80. Leggett BA The liver in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993, 8:84-88.
81. Yousef WI, Tavill AS Connective tissues diseases and the liver. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002, 35:345-349.
82. Chowdhary VR, Crowson CS, Poterucha JJ, Moder KG Liver involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: case review of 40 patients. J Rheumatol 2008, 35:2159-2164.
83. Boberg KM, Chapman RW, Hirschfield GM, et al. Overlap syndromes: the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) position statement on a controversial issue. J Hepatol 2011, 54:374-385.
84. Heurgue A, Vitry F, Diebold M-D, et al. Overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective study of 115 cases of autoimmune liver disease. Gastroentérol Clin et Biol 2007, 31:17-25.
85. Lindgren S, Glaumann H, Almer S, et al. Transitions between variant forms of primary biliary cirrhosis during long-term follow-up. Eur J Intal Med 2009, 20:398-402.
86. Miloh T, Arnon R, Shneider B, et al. A retrospective single-center review of primary sclerosing cholangitis in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 7:239-245.
87. Gregorio GV, Portmann B, Karani J, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome in childhood: a 16-year prospective study. Hepatology 2001, 33:544-553.
88. Joshi S, Cauch-Dudek K, Wanless IR, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis with additional features of autoimmune hepatitis: response to therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 2002, 35:409-413.
89. Talwalkar JA, Keach JC, Angulo P, Lindor KD Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: an evaluation of a modified scoring system. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:1191-1197.
90. Czaja AJ Frequency and nature of the variant syndromes of autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology 1998, 28:360-365.
91. Chazouilleres O, Wendum D, Serfaty L, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis- autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome: clinical features and response to therapy. Hepatology 1998, 28:296-301.
92. Suzuki S, Arase Y, Ikeda K, et al. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of the autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 19:699-706.
93. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Manns MP Antibodies to soluble liver antigen, P450IID6, and mitochondrial complexes in chronic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1993, 105:1522-1528.
94. Muratori P, Granito A, Pappas G, et al. The serological profile of the autoimmune hepatitis/primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2009, 104:1420-1425.
95. Angulo P, El-Amin O, Carpenter HA, Lindor KD Development of autoimmune hepatitis in the setting of long-standing primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 3021-3027.
96. Gossard AA, Lindor KD Development of autoimmune hepatitis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int 2007, 27:1086-1090.
97. Poupon R, Chazouilleres O, Corpechot C, Chretien Y Development of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with typical primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006, 44:85-90.
98. Poupon R Autoimmune overlapping syndromes. Clin Liver Dis 2003, 7:865-878.
99. Chazouilleres O, Wendum D, Serfaty L, et al. Long term outcome and response to therapy of primary biliary cirrhosis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome. J Hepatol 2006, 44:400-406.
100. Silveira MG, Talwalkar JA, Angulo P, Lindor KD Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: long-term outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102:1244-1250.
101. Terracciano LM, Patzina RA, Lehmann FS, et al. A spectrum of histopathologic findings in autoimmune liver disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2000, 114:705-711.
102. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Santrach PJ, Moore SB Autoimmune cholangitis within the spectrum of autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology 2000, 31:1231-1238.
103. Kim WR, Poterucha JJ, Jorgensen RA, et al. Does antimitochondrial antibody status affect response to treatment in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis? Outcomes of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy and liver transplantation. Hepatology 1997, 26:22-26.
104. Miyakawa H, Tanaka A, Kikuchi K, et al. Detection of antimitochondrial autoantibodies in immunofluorescent AMA-negative patients with primary biliary cirrhosis using recombinant autoantigens. Hepatology 2001, 34:243-248.
105. Goodman ZD, McNally PR, Davis DR, Ishak KG Autoimmune cholangitis: a variant of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clinicopathologic and serologic correlations in 200 cases. Dig Dis Sci 1995, 40:1232-1242.
106. Gordon SC, Quattrociocchi-Longe TM, Khan BA, et al. Antibodies to carbonic anhydrase in patients with immune cholangiopathies. Gastroenterology 1995, 108:1802-1809.
107. Ohana M, Okazaki K, Hajiro K, Uchida K Antilactoferrin antibodies in autoimmune liver diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 1998, 93:1334-1339.
108. Comay D, Cauch-Dudek K, Hemphill D, et al. Are antibodies to carbonic anhydrase II specific for anti-mitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cirrhosis?. Dig Dis Sci 2000, 45:2018-2021.
109. Muratori L, Muratori P, Zauli D, et al. Antilactoferrin antibodies in autoimmune liver disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2001, 124:470-473.
110. Kaya M, Angulo P, Lindor KD Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: an evaluation of a modified scoring system. J Hepatol 2000, 33:537-542.
111. El-Shabrawi M, Wilkinson ML, Portmann B, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis in childhood. Gastroenterology 1987, 92(5 Pt 1):1226-1235.
112. Czaja AJ The variant forms of autoimmune hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125:588-598.
113. van Buuren HR, van Hoogstraten HJE, Terkivatan T, et al. High prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 2000, 33:543-548.
114. Al-Chalabi T, Portmann BC, Bernal W, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndromes: an evaluation of treatment response, long-term outcome and survival. Alim PharmacolTher 2008, 28:209-220.
115. Floreani A, Rizzotto ER, Ferrara F, et al. Clinical course and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2005, 100:1516-1522.
116. Abdalian R, Dhar P, Jhaveri K, et al. Prevalence of sclerosing cholangitis in adults with autoimmune hepatitis: evaluating the role of routine magnetic resonance imaging. Hepatology 2008, 47:949-957.
117. Lewin M, Vilgrain V, Ozenne V, et al. Prevalence of sclerosing cholangitis in adults with autoimmune hepatitis: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and histological study. Hepatology 2009, 50:528-537.
118. Abdo AA, Bain VG, Kichian K, Lee SS Evolution of autoimmune hepatitis to primary sclerosing cholangitis: A sequential syndrome. Hepatology 2002, 36:1393-1399.
119. Mehendiratta V, Mitroo P, Bombonati A, et al. Serologic markers do not predict histologic severity or response to treatment in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 7:98-103.
120. Gassert DJ, Garcia H, Tanaka K, Reinus JF Corticosteroid-responsive cryptogenic chronic hepatitis: evidence for seronegative autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2007, 52:2433-2437.
121. Zauli D, Ghetti S, Grassi A, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 1997, 25:1105-1107.
122. Montano-Loza AJ, Carpenter HA, Czaja AJ Frequency, behavior, and prognostic implications of antimitochondrial antibodies in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008, 42:1047-1053.
123. Nezu S, Tanaka A, Yasui H, et al. Presence of antimitochondrial autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 21:1448-1454.
124. O'Brien C, Joshi S, Feld JJ, et al. Long-term follow-up of antimitochondrial antibody-positive autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2008, 48:550-556.
125. Mitchison HC, Bassendine MF, Hendrick A, et al. Positive antimitochondrial antibody but normal alkaline phosphatase: is this primary biliary cirrhosis?. Hepatology 1986, 6:1279-1284.
126. Mattalia A, Quaranta S, Leung PS, et al. Characterization of antimitochondrial antibodies in health adults. Hepatology 1998, 27:656-661.
127. Marceau G, Lapierre P, Beland K, et al. LKM1 autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C infection: a case of molecular mimicry?. Hepatology 2005, 42:675-682.
128. Castell JV, Castell M Allergic hepatitis induced by drugs. Cur Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 6:258-265.
129. Veerappan GR, Mulhall BP, Holtzmuller KC Vaccination-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2005, 50:212-213.
130. Tabak F, Ozdemir F, Tabak O, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis induced by the prolonged hepatitis A virus infection. Ann Hepatol 2008, 7:177-179.
131. Berry PA, Smith-Laing G Hepatitis A vaccine associated with autoimmune hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007, 13:2238-2239.
132. Csepregi A, Treiber G, Rocken C, Malfertheiner P Acute exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis induce by Twinrix. World J Gastroenterol 2005, 11:4114-4116.
133. Lim JR, Faught PR, Chalasani NP, Molleston JP Severe liver injury after initiating therapy with atomoxetine in two children. J Ped 2006, 148:831-834.
134. Kacar S, Akdogan M, Kosar Y, et al. Estrogen and cyproterone acetate combination-induced autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002, 35:98-100.
135. Al Sobhi E, Zahrani Z, Zevallos E, Zuraiki A Imatinib-induced immune hepatitis: case report and literature review. Hematology 2007, 12:49-53.
136. Dhalluin-Venier V, Besson C, Dimet S, et al. Imatinib mesylate-induced acute hepatitis with autoimmune features. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 18:1235-1237.
137. Fairhurst DA, Sheehan-Dare R Autoimmune hepatitis associated with infliximab in a patient with palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009, 34:421-422.
138. Kogure T, Ueno Y, Fukushima K, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure in a case of autoimmune hepatitis in hepatitis C during peg-interferon-alpha 2b plus ribavirin treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2007, 13:4394-4397.
139. Lewis JJ, Iezzoni JC, Berg CL Methylphenidate-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2007, 52:594-597.
140. Teitelbaum JE, Perez-Atayde AR, Cohen M, et al. Minocycline-related autoimmune hepatitis: case series and literature review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998, 152:1132-1136.
141. Kosar Y, Sasmaz N, Oguz P, et al. Ornidazole-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001, 13:737-739.
142. Sipe WEB, Su M, Posselt A, et al. Propylthiouracil-associated liver failure presenting as probable autoimmune hepatitis in a child with Graves' disease. Ped Transpl 2006, 10:525-528.
143. Khokhar O, Gange C, Clement S, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis and thyroiditis associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide prophylaxis: an unusual reaction. Dig Dis Sci 2005, 50:207-211.
144. Alla V, Abraham J, Siddiqui J, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by statins. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006, 40:757-761.
145. van Heyningen C Drug-induced acute autoimmune hepatitis during combination therapy with atorvastatin and ezetimibe. Ann Clin Biochem 2005, 42(Pt 5):402-404.
146. Paredes AH, Lewis JH Terbinafine-induced acute autoimmune hepatitis in the setting of hepatitis B virus infection. Ann Pharmacother 2007, 41:880-884.
147. Cohen SM, O'Connor AM, Hart J, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: a case study. Menopause 2004, 11:575-577.
148. Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Int Med 2008, 19:148.
149. Musch E, Chrissafidou A, Malek M Acute hepatitis due to kava-kava and St John's Wort: an immune-mediated mechanism?. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2006, 131:1214-1217.
150. Manns MP, Obermayer-Straub P Cytochromes P450 and uridine triphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases: model autoantigens to study drug-induced, virus-induced, and autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology 1997, 26:1054-1066.
151. Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2010, 51:2193-2213.
152. Manns MP, Woynarowski M, Kreisel W, et al. Budesonide induces remission more effectively than prednisone in a controlled trial of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2010, 139:1198-1206.
153. Hennes EM, Oo YH, Schramm C, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as second line therapy in autoimmune hepatitis?. Am J of Gastroenterol 2008, 103:3063-3070.
154. Czaja AJ, Freese DK AASLD Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2002, 36:479-497.