Meat Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste

Waste Management for the Food Industries

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 765-800

  Arvanitoyannis, Ioannis S ^a   Ladas, Demetrios ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882897473     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012373654-3.50015-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (159)

1. Abdel-Halim S., Shehata A., El-Shahat M. Removal of lead ions from industrial wasterwater by different types of natural materials. Water Res 2003, 37:1678-1683.
2. Adel R., Boushy E., Van der Poel A. Handbook of poultry feed from waste. Processing and use: review. Bioresource Technol 2002, 84:303.
3. Aguilar M., Saez J., Llorens M., Soler A., Ortuno J. Microscopic observation of particle reduction in slaughterhouse wasterwater by coagulation-flocculation using ferric sulphate as coagulant and different coagulant aids. Water Res 2003, 37:2233-2241.
4. Aguilar M., Saez J., Llorens M., et al. Improvement of coagulation-flocculation process using anionic polyacrylamide as coagulant aid. Chemosphere 2005, 58:47-56.
5. Al-Masri M. Productive performance of broiler chickes fed diets containing irradiated meat-bone meal. Bioresource Technol 2003, 90:317-322.
6. Al-Mutairi N., Hamoda M., Al-Ghusain I. Coagulant selection and sludge conditioning in a slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant. Bioresource Technol 2004, 95:115-119.
7. Andersen H., Aalund O. Intensive animal production in Denmark: some environmental aspects. Agricult Environ 1975, 2:65-73.
8. Angelidaki I., Ahring B. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of livestock waste: effect of ammonia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993, 38:560-564.
9. Angelidaki I., Ellegaard L., Ahring B. A mathematical model for dynamic simulation of anaerobic digestion of complex substrates: focusing on ammonia inhibition. Biotechnol Bioengin 1993, 42:159-166.
10. Arkhipchenko I., Salkinoja-Salonen M., Karyakina J., Tsitko I. Study of three fertilizers produced from farm waste. Appl Soil Ecol 2005, 30:126-132.
11. Balint B., Bagi Z., Rakhely G., Perei K., Kovacs K.L. Utilization of keratin-containing biowaste to produce biohydrogen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 69:404-410.
12. Barone J.R., Schmidt W.F. Effect of formic acid exposure on keratin fiber derived from poultry feather biomass. Bioresource Technol 2006, 97:233-242.
13. Beck J., Brandenstein J., Unterberger S., Hein K.R.G. Effects of sewage sludge and meat and bone meal Co-combustion on SCR catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environment 2004, 49(1):15-25.
14. Beffa T., Blane M., Marilley L., Fischer J., Lyon P., Arangno M. Taxonomic and metabolic microbial diversity during composting. The science of composting 1996, Chapman and Hall, London.
15. Benka-Coker M., Ojioro O. Effect of slaughterhouse wastes on the water quality of Ikpoba river, Nigeria. Bioresource Technol 1995, 52:5-12.
16. Bhaskar N., Modi V.K., Govindaraju K., Lalitha R.G. Utilization of meat industry by products: protein hydrolysate from sheep visceral mass. Bioresource Technol 2007, 98:388-394.
17. Bainchi M., Cherubini F., De Pascale A., Peretto A., Elmegaard B. Cogeneration from poultry industry wastes: indirectly fired gas turbine application. Energy 2005, 2:1-20.
18. Boeing P., Larsen V. Anaerobic fluidized bed whey treatment. Biotechnol Bioengin 1982, 24:2539-2556.
19. Bohdziewicz J., Sroka E. Integrated system of activated sludge-reverse osmosis in the treatment of the wastewater from the meat industry. Process Biochem 2005, 40:1517-1523.
20. Bonhotal J., Telega L., Petzen J. Natural rendering: composting livestock mortality and butcher waste 2002, Cornell Waste Management Institute, New York.
21. Borja R., Banks C., Martin A. Influence of the organic volumetric loading rate on soluble chemical oxygen demand removal in a down-flow fixed-bed reactor treating abattoir wastewater. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1995, 64:361-366.
22. Borja R., Banks C., Wang Z. Effect of organic loading on anaerobic treatment of slaughterhouses wastewater in a fluidised-bed reactor. Bioresource Technol 1995, 52:157-162.
23. Brenes M., Garcia P., Romero C., Garrido A. Treatment of green table olive waste waters by an activated-sludge process. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2000, 75:459-463.
24. Caixeta C., Cammarota M., Xavier A. Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment evaluation of a new three-phase separation system in a UASB reactor. Bioresource Technol 2002, 81:61-69.
25. Callaghan F., Wase D., Thayanithy K., Forster C. Co-digestion of waste organic solids: batch studies. Bioresource Technol 1999, 67:117-122.
26. Cambardella C., Richard T., Russell A. Compost mineralization in soil as a function of composting process conditions. Eur J Soil Biol 2003, 39:117-127.
27. Carawan R., Chambers J., Zall R. Meat processing water and wastewater management. North Carolina agricultural extension service. Special Report No AM-18c 1979.
28. Cassidy D., Belia E. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from an abatteir wastewater in a SBR with aerobic granular sludge. Water Res 2005, 39:4817-4823.
29. Chaala A., Roy C. Recylcing of meat and bone meal animal feed by vacuum pyrolysis. Environ Sci Technol 2003, 37:4517-4522.
30. Chan Y., Hashimoto A. Substrate utilization kinetic model for biological treatment processes. Biotechnol Bioengin 1980, 22:2081-2095.
31. Cheung C., Porter J., McKay G. Sorption kinetic analysis for the removal of cadmium ions from effluents using bone char. Water Resources Res 2001, 35:605-612.
32. Cheung C., Porter J., McKay G. Removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions by sorption onto bone char using batch agitation. Langmuir 2002, 18:650-656.
33. Chojnacka K. Equilibrium and kinetic modelling of chromium(III) sorption by animal bones. Chemosphere 2005, 59:315-320.
34. Clanton C., Goodrich P., Morris H., Backus B.D. Anaerobic digestion of cheese whey. Proceedings of the Firth International Symposium on Agricultural Wastes 1985, 475-482. ASAE, St Joseph.
35. Commission of the European Communities Council Directive90/667/EEC. Official journal 1990, No. L363(27.12):51.
36. Conesa J., Fullana A., Font R. Dioxin production during the thermal treatment of meat and bone meal residues. Chemosphere 2005, 59:85-90.
37. Conesa J., Fullana A., Font R. Thermal decomposition of meat and bone meal. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2003, 70:619-630.
38. Connor J., Yule W., Herbert S., Kavanagh B. The value of activated sludges derived from abattori wastes in chicken diets. Agricult Wastes 1983, 6:235-248.
39. Contreras E., Giannuzi L., Zaritzky N. Growth kinetics of the filamentous microorganism Spltaerotilus natans in a model system of a food industry wastewater. Water Resources Res 2000, 34:4455-4463.
40. COWI Internal data 1999, Consulting Engineens and Planners AS, Denmark.
41. Cozzi G., Andrighetto I., Berzaghi P. In situ ruminal disappearance of essential amino acids in protein feedstuffs. J Dairy Sci 1995, 78:161-171.
42. Cunningham F. Using dehydrated poultry waste in poultry rations-a review. Agricult Environ 1976, 3:69-76.
43. Dávalos J., Victoria Roux M., Jiménez P. Evaluation of poultry litter as a feasible fuel. Thermochim Acta 2002, 394:261-266.
44. DeBaere L. Anaerobic digestion of solids waste: state of the art. Water Sci Technol 2000, 41:283-290.
45. Del Pozo R., Diez V., Beltran S. Anaerobic pre-treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater using fixed-film reactors. Bioresource Technol 2000, 71:143-149.
46. Del Pozo R., Diez V. Integrated anaerobic-aerobic fixed-film reactor for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. Water Res 2005, 39:1114-1122.
47. Desai M., Madamwar D. Anaerobic digestion of a mixture of cheese whey, poultry waste and cattle dung: a study of the use of adsorbents to improve digester performance. Environ Pollut 1994, 86:337-340.
48. Desai M., Patel V., Madamwar D. Effect of temperature and retention time on biomethanation of cheese whey poultry waste-cuttle dung. Environ Pollut 1994, 83:311-315.
49. Deydier E., Guilet R., Sharrock P. Beneficial use of meat and bone meal combustion residue: an efficient low cost material to remove lead from aqueous effluent. J Hazard Mater 2003, 101:55-64.
50. Deydier E., Guilet R., Sarda S., Sharrock P. Physical and chemical characterisation of crude meat and bone meal combustion residue: 'waste or raw material?'. J Hazard Mater 2005, 121:141-148.
51. Dong X., Tollner E. Evaluation of Anammox and denitrification during anaerobic digestion of poultry manure. Bioresource Technol 2003, 86:139-145.
52. Dormont D. Prions, BSE and food. Int J Food Microbiol 2002, 78:181-189.
53. Edström M., Nordberg A., Thyselius L. Anaerobic treatment of animal byproducts from slaughterhouses at laboratory and pilot scale. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2004, 109:127-138.
54. European Commission Integrated pollution prevention and control. Draft reference document on best available technologies in the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries. Final draft 2003, EC, Brussels. http://eippcb.jre.es/pages/BActivities.cfm.
55. Everaert K., Baeyens J. The formation and emission of dioxins in large scale thermal processes. Chemosphere 2002, 46:439-448.
56. Fallows S., Wheelock V. By products from the U.K. food system 2. The meat in dustry. Conservat Recyc 1982, 5:173-182.
57. Fransen N., Van den Elzen A., Urlings H., Bijker P. Pathogenic micro-organisms in slaughterhouse sludge-a survey. Int J Food Microbiol 1994, 33:245-256.
58. Fransen N., Urlings H., Bijker P., Logtestijn J. Fermentation of aerobically slaughterhouse sludge for purposes. Bioresource Technol 1998, 65:145-150.
59. Fuchs W., Binder H., Mavrias G., Braun R. Anaerobic treatment of wastewater with high organic content using a stirred tank reactor coupled with a membrane filtration unit. Water Res 2003, 37:902-908.
60. Fullana A., Font R., Conesa J.A., Blasco P. Evolution of products in the combustion of scrap tires in a horizontal laboratory scale reactor. Environ Sci Technol 2000, 34:2091-2099.
61. Garcia A., Esteban M., Marquez M., Ramos P. Biodegradable municipal solid waste: characterization and potential use as animal feedstuffs. Waste Manage 2005, 25:780-787.
62. Gault N.E.S., Lawrie R.A. Efficiency of protein extraction and recovery from meat industry by-products. Meat Sci 1980, 4(3):167-190.
63. Gavrilesku M. Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption. Engin Life Sci 2004, 4:219-232.
64. Gomez-Juarez C., Castellanosa R., Ponce-Noyolaa T., Calderonb V., Figueroaa J. Protein recovery from slaughterhouse wastes. Bioresource Technol 1999, 70:129-133.
65. Gomez-Lahoz C., Fernández-Giménez B., Garcia-Herruzo F., Rodriguez-Maroto J.M., Vereda-Alonso C. Biomethanization of mixtures of fruits and vegetables solid wastes and sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health-Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 2007, 42(4):481-487.
66. Goyal S., Dhull S., Kapoor K. Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity. Bioresource Technol 2005, 96:1584-1591.
67. Grismer M.E., Ross C.C., Valentine G.E., Smith B.M., Walsh J.L. Food Processing Wastes. Water Environ Res 2002, 74(4):377-384.
68. Guerra-Rodriguez E.M., Vázquez E., Díaz-Raviña M. Co-composting of barley wastes and solid poultry manure. Bioresource Technol 2000, 75:223-225.
69. Guerra-Rodríguez E.M., Vázquez E., Díaz-Raviña M. Dynamics of the co-composting of barley waste with liquid poultry manure. J Sci Food Agricult 2003, 83:166-172.
70. Gujer W., Zehner A. Conversion processes in anaerobic digestion. Water Sci Technol 1983, 15:127-167.
71. Gullett B.K., Bruce K.R., Beach L.O. The effect of metal catalysts on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran precursors. Chemosphere 1990, 20:1945-1952.
72. Hansen K., Angelidaki I., Ahring B. Anaerobic digestion of swine manure: inhibition by ammonia. Water Res 1998, 32:5-12.
73. Haruta S., Nakayama T., Nakamura K., et al. Microbial diversity in biodegradation and reutilization processes of garbage. J Biosci Bioengin 2005, 99:1-11.
74. Imbeah M. Composting piggery waste: a review. Bioresource Technol 1998, 63:197-203.
75. Ishii K., Fukui M., Takii S. Microbial succession during a composting process as evaluated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2000, 89:768-777.
76. Jian T., Zhang X. Bioprocessing for slaughterhouse wastewater and its computerized control and supervisory system. Resources Conservat Recyc 1999, 27:145-149.
77. Johns M.R. Developments in wastewater treatment in the meat processing industry: A review. Bioresource Technol 1995, 54:203-216.
78. Kargi F., Shuler M. An evaluation of various flocculants for the recovery of biomass grown on poultry waste. Agricult Wastes 1980, 2:1-12.
79. Kargi F., Shuler M., Vashon R., Seeley H., Henry J., Austic R. Continuous aerobic conversion of poultry waste into single-cell protein using a single reactor: kinetic analysis and determination of optimal conditions. Biotechnol Bioengin 1980, 22:1567-1600.
80. Karpati A., Szabo L. Suitable pretreatment of sewage resulting in pollution drop in meat processing. Food Industries and the Environment International Syrup 1984, 367-376. Elsevier, Amsterdam. J. Hollo (Ed.).
81. Kayhanian M. Ammonia inhibition in high-solids biogasification: an overview and practical solutions. Environ Technol 1999, 20:355-365.
82. Krylova N., Khabiboulline R., Naumova R., Nagel M. The influence of ammonium and methods for removal during the anaerobic treatment of poultry manure. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1997, 70:99-105.
83. Kuczius T., Buschmann A., Zhang W., et al. Cellular prion protein acquires resistance to proteolytic degradation following copper nion binding. Biol Chem 2004, 385:739-747.
84. Kuczius T., Midzie S., Silajdzie I., Bjelavac J. Cleaner production measures in small-scale slaughterhouse industry-case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina. J Cleaner Product 2007, 15:378-383.
85. Kupusovic T., Midzic S., Silajdzic I., Bjelavac J. Cleaner production measures in small-scale slaughterhouse industry-case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina. J Cleaner Product 2006, 15(4):378-383.
86. Landine R., Brown G. Anaerobic treatment of dairy waste water. Proceedings of the 42nd Industrial Waste Conference Purdue University. Extension Service 1988, 701.
87. Lau A., Lo K., Liao P., Yu J. Aeration experiments for swine waste composting. Bioresource Technol 1992, 41:145-152.
88. Li C., Shieh W., Asce A., Wu C., Huang J. Chemical/bio-fluidized bed treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater. J Environ Engin 1986, 112:718-728.
89. Liao P., Vizcarra A., Chen A., Lo K. Composting separated solid swine manure. J Environ Sci Hlth 1993, 28:1889-1901.
90. Lind C. Particle count performance and reduction with polyaluminum hydroxychloride coagulants. Proceedings of the Annual Conference 1996, 287-296. American Water Works Association (Management and Regulations), Toronto.
91. Mace S., Mata-Alvarez J. Utilization of SBR technology for wastewater treatment: an overview. Indust Engin Chem Res 2002, 41:5539-5553.
92. Madamwar D., Mithal B. Effect of pectin on anaerobic digestion of cattle dung. Biotechnol Bioengin 1986, 28:624-626.
93. Magbanua B., Thomas T., Johnston P. Anaerobic codigestion of hog and poultry waste. Bioresource Technol 2001, 76:165-168.
94. Manjunath N., Mehrotra I., Mathur R. Treatment of wastewater from slaughterhouse by DAF-UASB system. Water Res 2000, 34:1930-1936.
95. Masse L., Kennedy K., Chou S. Testing of alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments for fat particles in slaughterhouse wastewater. Bioresource Technol 2001, 77:145-155.
96. Masse L., Masse D., Kennedy K. Effect of hydrolysis pretreatment on fat degradation during anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse wastewater. Process Biochem 2003, 38:1365-1372.
97. McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D., Morgan C.A. Nutrition Animal 1999, 205-220. Acribia, Zaragoza. 5th edn.
98. McDonnell K., Desmond J., Leahy J., Howard-Hildige R., Ward S. Behaviour of meat and bone meal/peat pellets in a bench scale fluidised bed combustor. Energy 2001, 26:81-90.
99. Mejia A., Cisneros B. Particle size distribution (PSD) obtained in effluents from an advanced primary treatment process using different coagulants. Chemical of Water and Wastewater Treatment VI, Proceedings of the Ninth Gothenburg Symposium 2000, 257-268.
100. Merzouki M., Bernet N., Delgenes J., Benlemlih M. Effect of pre-fermentation on denitrifying phosphorus removal in slaughterhouse wastewater. Bioresource Technol 2005, 96:1317-1322.
101. Mittal G. Treatment of wastewater from abattoirs before land application-a review. Bioresource Technol 2006, 97:1119-1135.
102. Montalvo S. Treatment of swine wastes by a high-rate modified anaerobic processs. Bioresource Technol 1995, 53:207-210.
103. Motavalli J. The trouble with meat. Environ Mag 1998, 9:28-35.
104. Murto M., Bjornsson I., Mattiasson B. Impact of food industrial waste on anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and pig manure. J Environ Manage 2004, 70:101-107.
105. Nambi J., Mbugua P., Mitaru B. Nutritive evaluation of dried poultry excreta as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1992, 37:99-109.
106. Nikolaeva S., Sanchez S., Borja R., Travieso L., Weiland P., Milan Z. Treatment of piggery waste by anaerobic fixed bed reactor and zeolite bed filter in a tropical climate: a pilot scale study. Process Biochem 2002, 38:405-409.
107. Obaja D., Mace S., Costa J., Sans C., Mata-Alvarez J. Nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal in piggery wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor. Bioresource Technol 2003, 87:103-111.
108. Owens J., Evans M., Thacker F., Hissett R., Baines S. Aerobic treatment of piggery waste. Water Res 1973, 7:1745-1766.
109. Paisley L.G., Hostrup-Pedersen J. A quantitive assessment of the BSE risk associated with fly ash and slag from the incineration of meat-and-bone meal in a gas-fired power plant in Denmark. Prev Vet Med 2005, 68:263-275.
110. Pereira M., Pires O., Mota M., Alves M. Anaerobic biodegradation of oleic and palmitic acids: evidence of mass transfer limitations caused by long chain fatty acid accumulation onto the anaerobic sludge. Biotechnol Bioengin 2005, 92:15-23.
111. Piva G., Moschini M., Fiorentini L., Masoero F. Effect of temperature, pressure and alkaline treatments on meat meal quality. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001, 89:59-68.
112. Pohland F., Ghosh S. Developments in anaerobic stabilization of organic wastes-the two-phase concept. Environ Technol Lett 1971, 1:255-266.
113. Polprasert C., Kemmadamrong P., Tran F. Anaerobic baffle reactor (ABR) process for treating a slaughterhouse wastewater. Environ Technol 1992, 13:857-865.
114. Pontopiddan O., Hansen P. Cleaner technology in the poultry and cattle slaughtering branch. Project report (renere teknogi pa svine-og kreaturlagterier Resume-rapport). Environmental report No. 9, Danish EPA. 2001 2001, (in Danish). http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2000/87/7944.
115. Radoiu M., Martina D., Calinescu I., Iovu H. Preparation of polyelectrolytes for wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater 2004, 106:27-37.
116. Ramirez C.A., Patel M., Blok K. How much energy to process one pound of meat? A comparison of energy use and specific energy consumption in the meat industry of four European countries. Energy 2006, 31:2047-2063.
117. Ranganayaki M.D., Srinivasan T.S. Hygienic processing and utilization of animal by-products. Souvenir cum Proceedings of National Seminar on Processing of Meat, Poultry and By-products for value addition 1999, 187-195.
118. Resch C., Grasmug M., Smeets W., Braun R., Kirchmayr R. Optimised anaerobic treatment of house-sorted biodegradable waste and slaughterhouse waste in a high loaded half technical scale digester. Water Sci Technol 2006, 53:213-221.
119. Riesner D. Prions and their biophysical background. Biophys Chem 1997, 66:259-268.
120. Ruiz I., Veiga M., Santiago P., Blazquez R. Treatment of slaughterhouse waste-water in a UASB and an anaerobic filter. Bioresource Technol 1997, 60(3):251-258.
121. Russell J. Irrigation of primary treated and anaerobically treated meat-processing wastes onto pasture: lysimeter trials. Agricult Wastes 1986, 18:257-268.
122. Sachez E., Milina Z., Borjab R., Weiland P., Rodriguez X. Piggery waste treatment by anaerobie digestion and nutrient removal by ionic exchange. Resources Conservat Recyc 1995, 15:235-244.
123. Salminen E., Rinatala J. Anaerobic digestion of organic solid poultry slaughterhouse waste-a review. Bioresource Technol 2002, 83:13-26.
124. Samuel L., Turek M.D. Orthopaedies: Principles and Applications 1985, 113. J.B. Lippincott. 2nd Edn.
125. Samuel L., Turek M.D. Orthopaedics: Principles and Applications 1985, 136. J. B. Lippincott. 2nd Edn.
126. Sánchez E., Borja R., Weiland P., Travieso L., Martin A. Effect of substrate concentration and temperature on the anaerobic digestion of piggery waste in a tropical climate. Process Biochem 2001, 37(5):483-489.
127. Sancho P., Pinacho A., Ramos P., Tejedor C. Microbiological characterization of food residues for animal feeding. Waste Manage 2004, 24:919-926.
128. Sayed S., Van der Spoel H., Truijen G. A complete treatment of slaughter-house wastewater combined with sludge stabilisation using two stage high rate UASB Process. Water Sci Technol 1993, 27:83-90.
129. Sirianuntapiboon S., Yommee S. Application of a new type of moving biofilm in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (aerobic-SBR). J. Environ Manage 2006, 78:149-156.
130. Sistrunk W.A. Factors affecting the removal of suspended and dissolved solids in high strength wastewater from vegetable processing. Publication-Arkansas Water Resources Research Center, University of Arkansas PUB-108 1984, 64.
131. Skjelhaugen O., Donantoni L. Combined aerobic and electrolytic treatment of cattle slurry. J Agricult Engin Res 1998, 70:209-219.
132. Spencer C., Watson L. Optimize wastewater operations. Hydrocarbon Process 1997, 766:77-80.
133. Sroka E., Kamfliskib W., Bohdziewicz J. Biological treatment of meat industry wastewater. Desalination 2004, 162:85-91.
134. Stampi S., Varoli O., De Luca G., Zanetti F. Occurrence, removal and seasonal variation of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy. Zbl Hyg Umweltmed 1992, 193:199-210.
135. Steinsberger S., Shih J. The construction and operation of a low-cost poultry waste digester. Biotechnol Bioengin 1984, 26:537-543.
136. Stephenson T., Lester J. Evaluation of startup and operation of four anaerobic processes treating a synthetic meat waste. Biotechnol Bioengin 1986, 28:372-380.
137. Suriyama S., Hirota A., Okada C., Yorita T., Sato K., Ohtsuki K. Effect of kiwifruit juice on beef collagen. J Nutrit Sci Vitaminol 2005, 51:27-33.
138. Svoboda I., Evans M. Heat from aeration of piggery slurry. J Agricult Engin Res 1987, 38:183-192.
139. Taylor D. Inactivation of the BSE agent. RC Biol 2002, 325:75-76.
140. Taylor D.M. Inactivation of BSE agent. Dev Biol Stand 1991, 75:97-102.
141. Taylor D.M., Woodgate S.L., Atkinson M.J. Inactivation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent by rendering procedures. Vet Rec 1995, 137:605-610.
142. Taylor J., Geyer R. Regulatory considerations in the use of animal waste as feed ingredients. J Anim Sci 1979, 48:218-222.
143. Tiquia S., Richard T., Honeyman M. Carbon, nitrogen and mass loss during composting. Nutrient Cyc Agroecosyst 2002, 62:15-24.
144. Tiquia S., Tam N. Characterization and composting of poultry litter in forcedaeration piles. Process Biochem 2002, 37:869-880.
145. Torkian A., Eqbali A., Hashemian S. The effect of organic loading rate on the performance of UASB reactor treating slaughterhouse effluent. Resources Conservat Recyc 2003, 40:1-11.
146. Travers S., Lovett D. Pressure flotation of slaughterhouse wastewaters using carbon dioxide. Water Res Res 1985, 19:1479-1482.
147. Tritt W. The anaerobic treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater in fixed-bed reactors. Bioresource Technol 1992, 41:201-207.
148. Urbaniak M., Sakson G. Preserving sludge from meat industry waste waters through lactic fermentation. Process Biochem 1999, 34:127-132.
149. Van der Plancken I., Van Remoortere M., Indrawati I., Van Loey A., Hendrickx M.E. Heat-induced changes in the susceptibility of egg white proteins to enzymatic hydrolysis: a kinetic study. J Agric Food Chem 2003, 51:3819-3823.
150. Vervoort R., Radcliffe D., Cabrera M., Latimore M. Nutrient losses in surface and subsurface flow from pasture applied poultry litter and composted poultry litter. Nutrient Cyc Agroecosys 1998, 50:287-290.
151. Viraraghavan T., Varadarajan R. Low-temperature kinetics of anaerobic-filter wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technol 1996, 57:165-171.
152. Walker W.J., Hentley S.L. A literature review of formation and release of PCDD/Fs from gas manufacturing: apreviously unidentified source?. Chemosphere 1997, 35:1409-1422.
153. Webster J.D., Ledward D.A., Lawrie R.A. Protein hydrolysates from meat industry by-products. Meat Sci 1982, 7:147-157.
154. Westendorf M.L., Schuler T., Zirkle E.W. Nutritional quality of recycled food plate waste in diets fed to swine. Profess Anim Sci 1999, 15(2):106-111.
155. Wong S., Wu M., Choi C. Upgrading an aerated lagoon to a sequencing batch reactor for piggery waste treatment. Biol Wastes 1990, 34:113-122.
156. Yan J., Liao P., Lo K. Methane production from cheese whey. Biomass 1988, 17:203-211.
157. http://www.cast.ilstu.edu/ksmick/363/363lexreport_05.htm.
158. http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/mao/abattoirs.htm.
159. http://www.gpa.uq.edu.au/CleanProd/Res/facts/FACT7.HTM.