Hydrogenases, Hydrogen Production, and Anoxia

The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook 3-Vol set

Volumn 2, Issue , 2009, Pages 217-255

  Posewitz, Matthew C ^a   Dubini, Alexandra ^a,b   Meuser, Jonathan E ^a   Seibert, Michael ^b   Ghirardi, Maria L ^b  

^a Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering   (United States)

^b NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882882968     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-370873-1.00015-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Abeles F.B. Cell-free hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas. Plant Physiol. 1964, 39:169-176.
2. Adams M.W.W. The structure and mechanism of iron-hydrogenases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1990, 1020:115-145.
3. Amos, W. (2004). Updated cost analysis of photobiological hydrogen production from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii green algae. NREL/MP-560-35593. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35593.pdf.
4. 2 consumption activities in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003, 1607:153-160.
5. Aparicio P.J., Azuara M.P., Ballesteros A., Fernandez V.M. Effects of light intensity and oxidized nitrogen sources on hydrogen production by Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Plant Physiol. 1985, 78:803-806.
6. Armstrong F.A. Hydrogenases: Active site puzzles and progress. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol 2004, 8:133-140.
7. Atteia A., Van Lis R., Gelius-Dietrich G., Adrait A., Garin J., Joyard J., Rolland N., Martin W. Pyruvate formate-lyase and a novel route of eukaryotic ATP synthesis in Chlamydomonas mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:9909-9918.
8. Balk J., Pierik A.J., Netz D.J., Muhienhoff U., Lill R. The hydrogenase-like Nar1p is essential for maturation of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulphur proteins. EMBO J. 2004, 23:2105-2115.
9. 2 evolution by anaerobically adapted Chlamydomonas reinhardtii F-60. Plant Physiol. 1982, 69:1268-1273.
10. Bedard J., Jarvis P. Recognition and envelope translocation of chloroplast preproteins. J. Exp. Bot. 2005, 56:2287-2320.
11. 2 evolution by preparations from Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus and spinach. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1975, 64:355-359.
12. Bennoun P. Evidence for a respiratory chain in the chloroplast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1982, 79:4352-4356.
13. Bennoun P. Chlororespiration, sixteen years later. The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas 1998, 675-683. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers. J.D. Rochaix, M. Goldschmidt-Clermont, S. Merchant (Eds.).
14. Bernard L., Desplats C., Mus F., Cuine S., Cournac L., Peltier G. Agrobacterium tumefaciens type II NADH dehydrogenase. Characterization and interactions with bacterial and thylakoid membranes. FEBS J. 2006, 273:3625-3637.
15. Bock A., King P.W., Blokesch M., Posewitz M.C. Maturation of hydrogenases. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 2006, 51:1-71.
16. Boichenko V.A., Hoffmann P. Photosynthetic hydrogen production in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Occurrence, mechanism, and functions. Photosynthetica 1994, 30:527-552.
17. Boichenko V.A., Greenbaum E., Seibert M. Hydrogen production by photosynthetic microorganisms. Photoconversion of Solar Energy, Molecular to Global Photosynthesis 2004, Vol. 2:397-452. Imperial College Press, London. M.D. Archer, J. Barber (Eds.).
18. Brand J.J., Wright J.N., Lien S. Hydrogen production by eukaryotic algae. Biotech. Bioeng. 1989, 33:1482-1488.
19. Brazzolotto X., Rubach J.K., Gaillard J., Gambarelli S., Atta M., Fontecave M. The [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase maturation protein HydF from Thermotoga maritima is a GTPase with an iron-sulfur cluster. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:769-774.
20. 2-sensing [NiFe] hydrogenase from Ralstonia eutropha H16 is based on limited access of oxygen to the active site. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:23791-23796.
21. Casalot L., Rousset M. Maturation of the [NiFe] hydrogenases. Trends Microbiol. 2001, 9:228-237.
22. Chen C., Gibbs M. Coupling of carbon-dioxide fixation to the oxyhydrogen reaction in the isolated chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 1992, 100:1361-1365.
23. Chen H.C., Melis A. Localization and function of SulP, a nuclear-encoded chloroplast sulfate permease in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Planta 2004, 220:198-210.
24. Chen H.C., Yokthongwattana K., Newton A.J., Melis A. SulP, a nuclear gene encoding a putative chloroplast-targeted sulfate permease in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Planta 2003, 218:98-106.
25. 2 evolution in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth. Res. 2005, 84:289-296.
26. Cinco R., Macinnis J., Greenbaum E. The role of carbon-dioxide in light-activated hydrogen-production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth. Res. 1993, 38:27-33.
27. 2 diffusion in [Fe]-hydrogenase. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2005, 33:80-82.
28. 2 transport in CpI [FeFe]-hydrogenase and the role of packing defects. Structure 2005, 13:1321-1329.
29. Cournac L., Redding K., Ravenel J., Rumeau D., Josse E.M., Kuntz M., Peltier G. Electron flow between photosystem II and oxygen in chloroplasts of photosystem I-deficient algae is mediated by a quinol oxidase involved in chlororespiration. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:17256-17262.
30. Cournac L., Mus F., Bernard L., Guedeney G., Vignais P., Peltier G. Limiting steps of hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Synechocystis PCC 6803 as analysed by light-induced gas exchange transients. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2002, 27:1229-1237.
31. De Lacey A., Fernandez V., Rousset M. Native and mutant nickel-iron hydrogenases: Unravelling structure and function. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2005, 249:1596-1608.
32. de Vitry C., Ouyang Y., Finazzi G., Wollman F.A., Kallas T. The chloroplast Rieske iron-sulfur protein. At the crossroad of electron transport and signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:44621-44627.
33. Dos Santos P., Dean D., Hu Y., Ribbe M. Formation and insertion of the nitrogenase iron-molybdenum cofactor. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104:1159-1173.
34. 2 sensitive without affecting its transductory activity. FEBS J. 2005, 272:3899-3908.
35. Dyall S.D., Yan W., Delgadillo-Correa M.G., Lunceford A., Loo J.A., Clarke C.F., Johnson P.J. Non-mitochondrial complex I proteins in a hydrogenosomal oxidoreductase complex. Nature 2004, 431:1103-1107.
36. Erbes D., King D., Gibbs M. Inactivation of hydrogenase in cell-free-extracts and whole cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by oxygen. Plant Physiol. 1979, 63:1138-1142.
37. Escoubas J.M., Lomas M., Laroche J., Falkowski P.G. Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995, 92:10237-10241.
38. Fedorov A., Kosourov S., Ghirardi M., Seibert M. Continuous hydrogen photoproduction by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2005, 121:403-412.
39. Florin L., Tsokoglou A., Happe T. A novel type of iron hydrogenase in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus is linked to the photosynthetic electron transport chain. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:6125-6132.
40. 2-producing strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by sequential applications of chemical mutagenesis and selection. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2002, 27:1421-1430.
41. Fontecave M., Mulliez E., Ollagnier-De-Choudens S. Adenosylmethionine as a source of 5′-deoxyadenosyl radicals. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2001, 5:506-511.
42. Forestier M., King P., Zhang L., Posewitz M., Schwarzer S., Happe T., Ghirardi M.L., Seibert M. Expression of two [Fe]-hydrogenases in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under anaerobic conditions. Eur. J. Biochem. 2003, 270:2750-2758.
43. Fouchard S., Hemschemeier A., Caruana A., Pruvost J., Legrand J., Happe T., Peltier G., Cournac L. Autotrophic and mixotrophic hydrogen photoproduction in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71:6199-6205.
44. Frey M. Hydrogenases: Hydrogen-activating enzymes. Chembiochem. 2002, 3:153-160.
45. Frey P.A. The role of radicals in enzymatic processes. Chem. Rec. 2001, 1:277-289.
46. Gaffron H. Reduction of carbon dioxide coupled with the oxyhydrogen reaction in algae. J. Gen. Physiol. 1942, 26:241-267.
47. Gaffron H. Photosynthesis, photoreduction, and dark reduction of carbon dioxide in certain algae. Biol. Rev. 1944, 19:1-20.
48. Gaffron H., Rubin J. Fermentative and photochemical production of hydrogen in algae. J. Gen. Physiol. 1942, 26:219-240.
49. Garcin E., Montet Y., Volbeda A., Hatchikian C., Frey M., Fontecilla-Camps J.C. Structural bases for the catalytic mechanism of [NiFe] hydrogenases. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1998, 26:396-401.
50. Gfeller R.P., Gibbs M. Fermentative metabolism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, I: Analysis of fermentative products from starch in dark and light. Plant Physiol. 1984, 75:212-218.
51. Ghirardi M.L. Hydrogen production by photosynthetic green algae. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 2006, 43:201-210.
52. 2-production. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 1997, 63:141-151.
53. 2. Trends Biotechnol. 2000, 18:506-511.
54. 2-photoproducing organisms and processes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2005, 33:70-72.
55. Ghirardi, M.L., Cohen, J., King, P., Schulten, K., Kim, K., and Seibert, M. (2006). [FeFe]-hydrogenases and photobiological hydrogen production. Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology, San Diego, Proceedings, The International Society for Optical Engineering, # 63400X.
56. Ghirardi M.L., Posewitz M.C., Maness P.C., Dubini A., Yu J., Seibert M. Hydrogenases and hydrogen photoproduction in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2007, 58:71-91.
57. Gibbs M., Gfeller R.P., Chen C. Fermentative metabolism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. III: Photoassimilation of acetate. Plant Physiol. 1986, 82:160-166.
58. Godde D., Trebst A. NADH as electron donor for the photosynthetic membrane of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Arch. Microbiol. 1980, 127:245-252.
59. 2 in a mutant of Chlamydomonas lacking photosystem I. Nature 1995, 376:438-441.
60. 2 in a mutant of Chlamydomonas lacking photosystem I. Nature 1997, 388:808. (vol 376, pg 438, 1995).
61. Grossman A.R., Croft M., Gladyshev V.N., Merchant S.S., Posewitz M.C., Prochnik S., Spalding M.H. Novel metabolism in Chlaymdomonas through the lens of genomics. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2007, 10:190-198.
62. Guan Y., Deng M., Yu X., Zhang W. Two-stage photo-biological production of hydrogen by marine green alga Platymonas subcordiformis. Biochem. Eng. J. 2004, 19:69-73.
63. Hahn J.J., Ghiradi M.L., Jacoby W.A. Effect of process variable on photosynthetic algal hydrogen production. Biotechnol. Prog. 2004, 20:989-991.
64. Happe T., Kaminski A. Differential regulation of the Fe-hydrogenase during anaerobic adaptation in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 2002, 269:1022-1032.
65. Happe T., Naber J.D. Isolation, characterization and N-terminal amino acid sequence of hydrogenase from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 1993, 214:475-481.
66. Happe T., Mosler B., Naber J.D. Induction, localization and metal content of hydrogenase in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 222:769-774.
67. Happe T., Hemschemeier A., Winkler M., Kaminski A. Hydrogenases in green algae: Do they save the algae's life and solve our energy problems?. Trends Plant Sci. 2002, 7:246-250.
68. Healey F. Hydrogen evolution by several algae. Planta 1970, 91:220-226.
69. Hemschemeier A., Happe T. The exceptional photofermentative hydrogen metabolism of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2005, 33:39-41.
70. Homann P. Hydrogen metabolism of green algae: Discovery and early research - a tribute to Hans Gaffron and his coworkers. Photosynth. Res. 2003, 76:93-103.
71. Horner J., Wolinsky M. A power-law sensitivity analysis of the hydrogen-producing metabolic pathway in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2002, 27:1251-1255.
72. Horner D.S., Heil B., Happe T., Embley T.M. Iron hydrogenases - ancient enzymes in modern eukaryotes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002, 27:148-153.
73. 2 sensing. Science 2001, 292:464-468.
74. Jarvis P., Soll J. Toc, Tic, and chloroplast protein import. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2002, 1590:177-189.
75. Jo J.H., Lee D.S., Park J.M. Modeling and optimization of photosynthetic hydrogen gas production by green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in sulfur-deprived circumstance. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22:431-437.
76. Kessler E. Hydrogenase, photoreduction and anaerobic growth. Algal Physiology and Biochemistry 1974, 456-473. Blackwell, Oxford. W.D.P. Stewart (Ed.).
77. King P.W., Posewitz M.C., Ghirardi M.L., Seibert M. Functional studies of [FeFe] hydrogenase maturation in an Escherichia coli biosynthetic system. J. Bacteriol. 2006, 188:2163-2172.
78. King, P.W., Svedruzic, D., Cohen, J., Schulten, K., Seibert, M., and Ghirardi, M.L. (2006b). Structural and functional investigations of biological catalysts for optimization of solar-driven, H2 production systems. Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology, San Diego, Proceedings, The International Society for Optical Engineering, #63400Y.
79. Kosourov S., Tsygankov A., Seibert M., Ghirardi M.L. Sustained hydrogen photoproduction by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Effects of culture parameters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2002, 78:731-740.
80. 2-producing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures. Plant Cell Physiol. 2003, 44:146-155.
81. Kreuzberg K. Starch fermentation via a formate producing pathway in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorogonium elongatum and Chlorella fusca. Physiol. Plant. 1984, 61:87-94.
82. 2 production in engineered green algal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:34170-34177.
83. Kruse O., Rupprecht J., Mussgnug J., Dismukes G., Hankamer B. Photosynthesis: A blueprint for solar energy capture and biohydrogen production technologies. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2005, 4:957-970.
84. Laurinavichene T., Tolstygina I., Tsygankov A. The effect of light intensity on hydrogen production by sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biotechnol. 2004, 114:143-151.
85. Laurinavichene T., Fedorov A., Ghirardi M., Seibert M., Tsygankov A. Demonstration of sustained hydrogen photoproduction by immobilized, sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2006, 31:659-667.
86. Layer G., Kervio E., Morlock G., Heinz D.W., Jahn D., Retey J., Schubert W.D. Structural and functional comparison of HemN to other radical SAM enzymes. Biol. Chem. 2005, 386:971-980.
87. 2 production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2003, 105-108:303-313.
88. Lee J.W., Tevault C.V., Owens T.G., Greenbaum E. Oxygenic photoautotrophic growth without photosystem I. Science 1996, 273:364-367.
89. Lien S., Pietro A.S. Effect of uncouplers on anaerobic adaptation of hydrogenase activity in C. reinhardtii. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1981, 103:139-147.
90. Ludwig M., Schulz-Friedrich R., Appel J. Occurrence of hydrogenases in cyanobacteria and anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: Implications for the phylogenetic origin of cyanobacterial and algal hydrogenases. J. Mol. Evol. 2006, 63:758-768.
91. Maione T., Gibbs M. Hydrogenase-mediated activities in isolated chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 1986, 80:360-363.
92. Maione T., Gibbs M. Association of the chloroplastic respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with photoreduction and the oxyhydrogen reaction. Plant Physiol. 1986, 80:364-368.
93. Makarova V.V., Kosourov S., Krendeleva T.E., Semin B.K., Kukarskikh G.P., Rubin A.B., Sayre R.T., Ghirardi M.L., Seibert M. Photoproduction of hydrogen by sulfur-deprived C. reinhardtii mutants with impaired Photosystem II photochemical activity. Photosynth. Res. 2007, 94:79-89.
94. Marsh E.N., Patwardhan A., Huhta M.S. S-adenosylmethionine radical enzymes. Bioorg. Chem. 2004, 32:326-340.
95. Melis A., Happe T. Hydrogen production. Green algae as a source of energy. Plant Physiol. 2001, 127:740-748.
96. Melis A., Happe T. Trails of green alga hydrogen research: From Hans Gaffron to new frontiers. Photosynth. Res. 2004, 80:401-409.
97. Melis A., Melnicki M. Integrated biological hydrogen production. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2006, 31:1563-1573.
98. Melis A., Neidhardt J., Benemann J. Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) with small chlorophyll antenna sizes exhibit higher photosynthetic productivities and photon use efficiencies than normally pigmented cells. J. Appl. Phycol. 1998, 10:515-525.
99. Melis A., Zhang L., Forestier M., Ghirardi M.L., Seibert M. Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evolution in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 2000, 122:127-136.
100. Melis A., Seibert M., Happe T. Genomics of green algal hydrogen research. Photosynth. Res. 2004, 82:277-288.
101. Melis A., Seibert M., Ghirardi M.L. Hydrogen fuel production by transgenic microalgae. Transgenic Microalgae as Green Cell Factories 2007, 110-121. Landes Bioscience, Austin. R. León, A. Galván, E. Fernández (Eds.).
102. Moseley J., Quinn J., Eriksson M., Merchant S. The Crd1 gene encodes a putative di-iron enzyme required for photosystem I accumulation in copper deficiency and hypoxia in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EMBO J. 2000, 19:2139-2151.
103. 2 photoproduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2005, 1708:322-332.
104. Mus F., Dubini A., Seibert M., Posewitz M.C., Grossman A.R. Anaerobic acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Anoxic gene expression, hydrogenase induction, and metabolic pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:25475-25486.
105. Nagy L.E., Meuser J.E., Plummer S., Seibert M., Ghirardi M.L., King P.W., Ahmann D., Posewitz M.C. Application of gene-shuffling for the rapid generation of novel [FeFe]-hydrogenase libraries. Biotechnol. Lett. 2007, 29:421-430.
106. Nicolet Y., Piras C., Legrand P., Hatchikian C.E., Fontecilla-Camps J.C. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans iron hydrogenase: The structure shows unusual coordination to an active site Fe binuclear center. Structure Fold Des. 1999, 7:13-23.
107. Nicolet Y., De Lacey A.L., Vernede X., Fernandez V.M., Hatchikian E.C., Fontecilla-Camps J.C. Crystallographic and FTIR spectroscopic evidence of changes in Fe coordination upon reduction of the active site of the Fe-only hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123:1596-1601.
108. Niyogi K.K. Photoprotection revisited: Genetic and molecular approaches. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1999, 50:333-359.
109. Ohta S., Miyamoto K., Miura Y. Hydrogen evolution as a consumption mode of reducing equivalents in green algal fermentation. Plant Physiol. 1987, 83:1022-1026.
110. Park W., Moon I. A discrete multi states model for the biological production of hydrogen by phototrophic microalga. Biochem. Eng. J. 2007, 36:19-27.
111. Peltier G., Cournac L. Chlororespiration. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2002, 53:523-550.
112. Peters J.W. Structure and mechanism of iron-only hydrogenases. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1999, 9:670-676.
113. Peters J.W., Lanzilotta W.N., Lemon B.J., Seefeldt L.C. X-ray crystal structure of the Fe-only hydrogenase (CpI) from Clostridium pasteurianum to 1.8 angstrom resolution. Science 1998, 282:1853-1858.
114. Peters J.W., Szilagyi R.K., Naumov A., Douglas T. A radical solution for the biosynthesis of the H-cluster of hydrogenase. FEBS Lett. 2006, 580:363-367.
115. Pfannschmidt T., Schutze K., Fey V., Sherameti I., Oelmuller R. Chloroplast redox control of nuclear gene expression: A new class of plastid signals in interorganellar communication. Antioxid. Redox Signal, 2003, 5:95-101.
116. Pollock S.V., Pootakham W., Shibagaki N., Moseley J.L., Grossman A.R. Insights into the acclimation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to sulfur deprivation. Photosynth. Res. 2005, 86:475-489.
117. Posewitz M.C., King P.W., Smolinski S.L., Zhang L., Seibert M., Ghirardi M.L. Discovery of two novel radical S-adenosylmethionine proteins required for the assembly of an active [Fe] hydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:25711-25720.
118. Posewitz M.C., Smolinski S.L., Kanakagiri S., Melis A., Seibert M., Ghirardi M.L. Hydrogen photoproduction is attenuated by disruption of an isoamylase gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 2004, 16:2151-2163.
119. Posewitz M.C., King P.W., Smolinski S.L., Smith R.D., Ginley A.R., Ghirardi M.L., Seibert M. Identification of genes required for hydrogenase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2005, 33:102-104.
120. Posewitz M.C., Mulder D.W., Peters J.W. New frontiers in hydrogenase structure and biosynthesis. Curr. Chem. Biol. 2008, 2. in press.
121. Quinn J.M., Eriksson M., Moseley J.L., Merchant S. Oxygen deficiency responsive gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through a copper-sensing signal transduction pathway. Plant Physiol. 2002, 128:463-471.
122. Rao K.K., Cammack R. Producing hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen as a Fuel 2001, 201-330. Taylor and Francis, London. R. Cammack, M. Frey, R. Robson (Eds.).
123. 2 photoproduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:10466-10473.
124. Roessler P., Lien S. Anionic modulation of the catalytic activity of hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1982, 213:37-44.
125. Roessler P.G., Lien S. Activation and de novo synthesis of hydrogenase in Chlamydomonas. Plant Physiol. 1984, 76:1086-1089.
126. Roessler P.G., Lien S. Purification of hydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 1984, 75:705-709.
127. Rubach J.K., Brazzolotto X., Gaillard J., Fontecave M. Biochemical characterization of the HydE and HydG iron-only hydrogenase maturation enzymes from Thermatoga maritima. FEBS Lett. 2005, 579:5055-5060.
128. Rubio L.M., Ludden P.W. Maturation of nitrogenase: A biochemical puzzle. J. Bacteriol. 2005, 187:405-414.
129. 2 production in microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 72:442-449.
130. Russell G.K., Gibbs M. Evidence for the participation of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle in photoreduction and the oxyhydrogen reaction. Plant Physiol. 1968, 43:649-652.
131. Rutter J., Reick M., Wu L.C., McKnight S.L. Regulation of clock and NPAS2 DNA binding by the redox state of NAD cofactors. Science 2001, 293:510-514.
132. Saint-Amans S., Girbal L., Andrade J., Ahrens K., Soucaille P. Regulation of carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum VPI 3266 grown on glucose-glycerol mixtures. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183:1748-1754.
133. Schofield C.J., Ratcliffe P.J. Signalling hypoxia by HIF hydroxylases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 338:617-626.
134. Schonfeld C., Wobbe L., Borgstadt R., Kienast A., Nixon P.J., Kruse O. The nucleus-encoded protein MOC1 is essential for mitochondrial light acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:50366-50374.
135. Seibert, M., Benson, D.K., and Flynn, T. (2001). Method and Apparatus for Rapid Biohydrogen Phenotypic Screening of Microorganisms Using a Chemochromic Sensor. U.S. Patent # 6,277,589, Midwest Research Institute.
136. Seibert, M., King, P.W., Posewitz, M.C., Melis, A., and Ghiradi, M.L. (2008). Photosynthetic water-splitting for hydrogen production. In: Bioenergy (J.D. Wall, C.S. Harwood, A. Demain, Eds.), pp. 273-291. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
137. 2 and anaerobic induction of the reversible hydrogenase. Plant Physiol. 2003, 131:1756-1764.
138. Steunou A.S., Bhaya D., Bateson M.M., Melendrez M.C., Ward D.M., Brecht E., Peters J.W., Kuhl M., Grossman A.R. In situ analysis of nitrogen fixation and metabolic switching in unicellular thermophilic cyanobacteria inhabiting hot spring microbial mats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:2398-2403.
139. Stiehl D.P., Wirthner R., Koditz J., Spielmann P., Camenisch G., Wenger R.H. Increased prolyl 4-hydroxylase domain proteins compensate for decreased oxygen levels. Evidence for an autoregulatory oxygen-sensing system. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:23482-23491.
140. Stirnberg M., Happe T. Identification of a cis-acting element controlling anaerobic expression of hydA gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biohydrogen III 2004, Elsevier, New York. J. Miyake, Y. Igarashi, M. Rogner (Eds.).
141. Tamagnini P., Axelsson R., Lindberg P., Oxelfelt F., Wunschiers R., Lindblad P. Hydrogenases and hydrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2002, 66:1-20.
142. Tsygankov A., Kosourov S., Seibert M., Ghirardi M. Hydrogen photoproduction under continuous illumination by sulfur-deprived, synchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2002, 27:1239-1244.
143. Tsygankov A., Kosourov S., Tolstygina I., Ghirardi M., Seibert M. Hydrogen production by sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under photoautotrophic conditions. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2006, 31:1574-1584.
144. Urbig T., Schulz R., Senger H. Inactivation and reactivation of the hydrogenases of the green-algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Z. Naturforsch. [C], 1993, 48:41-45.
145. Vignais P.M., Colbeau A. Molecular biology of microbial hydrogenases. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2004, 6:159-188.
146. Vignais P.M., Billoud B., Meyer J. Classification and phylogeny of hydrogenases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2001, 25:455-501.
147. Walsby C., Ortillo D., Yang J., Nnyepi M., Broderick W., Hoffman B., Broderick J. Spectroscopic approaches to elucidating novel iron-sulfur chemistry in the "Radical-SAM" protein superfamily. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44:727-741.
148. Weaver P.F., Lien S., Seibert M. Photobiological production of hydrogen. Solar Energy 1980, 24:3-45.
149. White A., Melis A. Biochemistry of hydrogen metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild type and a Rubisco-less mutant. Int. J. Hyd. Energy 2006, 31:455-464.
150. 2 from acetate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 1989, 90:788-791.
151. Winkler M., Heil B., Heil B., Happe T. Isolation and molecular characterization of the [Fe]-hydrogenase from the unicellular green alga Chlorella fusca. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2002, 1576:330-334.
152. Winkler M., Hemschemeier A., Gotor C., Melis A., Happe T. [Fe]-hydrogenases in green algae: Photo-fermentation and hydrogen evolution under sulfur deprivation. Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 2002, 27:1431-1439.
153. 2 productivity. Biohydrogen III 2004, 103-115. Elsevier, New York. J. Miyake, Y. Igarashi, M. Rogner (Eds.).
154. Wu L.F., Mandrand M.A. Microbial hydrogenases: Primary structure, classification, signatures and phylogeny. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1993, 10:243-269.
155. Wunschiers R., Stangier K., Senger H., Schulz R. Molecular evidence for a Fe-hydrogenase in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Curr. Microbiol. 2001, 42:353-360.
156. Wykoff D.D., Davies J.P., Melis A., Grossman A.R. The regulation of photosynthetic electron transport during nutrient deprivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 1998, 117:129-139.
157. Zabawinski C., Van Den Koornhuyse N., D'Hulst C., Schlichting R., Giersch C., Delrue B., Lacroix J.M., Preiss J., Ball S. Starchless mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lack the small subunit of a heterotetrameric ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183:1069-1077.
158. Zhang L., Melis A. Probing green algal hydrogen production. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2002, 357:1499-1507.
159. 2-producing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (green alga). Planta 2002, 214:552-561.
160. Zhang Z., Shrager J., Jain M., Chang C.W., Vallon O., Grossman A.R. Insights into the survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during sulfur starvation based on microarray analysis of gene expression. Eukaryotic Cell 2004, 3:1331-1348.
161. Zinn T., Schnackenberg J., Haak D., Romer S., Schulz R., Senger H. Evidence for nickel in the soluble hydrogenase from the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Z. Naturforsch. [C], 1994, 49:33-38.