Sleep and dreaming are for important matters

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 4, Issue JUL, 2013, Pages

  Perogamvros, L ^a,b   Dang Vu, T T ^c   Desseilles, M ^d,e   Schwartz, S ^b  

^a GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^c and Applied Physiology   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NAMUR   (Belgium)

^e Alexian Brother Psychiatry Clinic   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Creativity; Dreaming; Emotion; Learning; Memory; Reward system; Sleep

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882687038     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00474     Document Type: Review

References (256)

1. Abler, B., Greenhouse, I., Ongur, D., Walter, H., and Heckers, S. (2008). Abnormal reward system activation in mania. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2217-2227. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301620
2. Adcock, R. A., Thangavel, A., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Knutson, B., and Gabrieli, J. D. (2006). Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron 50, 507-517. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.036
3. Agargun, M. Y., Besiroglu, L., Cilli, A. S., Gulec, M., Aydin, A., Inci, R., et al. (2007). Nightmares, suicide attempts, and melancholic features in patients with unipolar major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 98, 267-270. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.005
4. Akbari Chermahini, S., and Hommel, B. (2010). The (b)link between creativity and dopamine: spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent thinking. Cognition 115, 458-465. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.03.007
5. Alcaro, A., and Panksepp, J. (2011). The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 1805-1820. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002
6. Altena, E., Vrenken, H., Van Der Werf, Y. D., Van Den Heuvel, O. A., and Van Someren, E. J. (2010). Reduced orbitofrontal and parietal gray matter in chronic insomnia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 182-185. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.003
7. Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2012). The brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation. Neuroscientist 18, 251-270. doi: 10.1177/1073858411403316
8. Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Born, J., Hohaus, K., Faasch, F., and Hohagen, F. (2006). Impaired declarative memory consolidation during sleep in patients with primary insomnia: influence of sleep architecture and nocturnal cortisol release. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 1324-1330. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.051
9. Balon, R. (1996). Bupropion and nightmares. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 579-580.
10. Banks, S., and Dinges, D. F. (2007). Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 3, 519-528.
11. Barbini, B., Colombo, C., Benedetti, F., Campori, E., Bellodi, L., and Smeraldi, E. (1998). The unipolar-bipolar dichotomy and the response to sleep deprivation. Psychiatry Res. 79, 43-50. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00020-1
12. Bassetti, C., Vella, S., Donati, F., Wielepp, P., and Weder, B. (2000). SPECT during sleepwalking. Lancet 356, 484-485. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02561-7
13. Bauer, M., Grof, P., Rasgon, N., Bschor, T., Glenn, T., and Whybrow, P. C. (2006). Temporal relation between sleep and mood in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 8, 160-167. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00294.x
14. Benedict, C., Brooks, S. J., O'Daly, O. G., Almen, M. S., Morell, A., Aberg, K., et al. (2012). Acute sleep deprivation enhances the brain's response to hedonic food stimuli: an fMRI study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, E443-E447. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2759
15. Bergmann, T. O., Molle, M., Marshall, L., Kaya-Yildiz, L., Born, J., and Roman Siebner, H. (2008). A local signature of LTP- and LTD-like plasticity in human NREM sleep. Eur. J. Neurosci. 27, 2241-2249. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06178.x
16. Berridge, K. C. (2007). The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology 191, 391-431. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x
17. Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., and Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: 'liking', 'wanting', and learning. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 9, 65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014
18. Blood, A. J., Iosifescu, D. V., Makris, N., Perlis, R. H., Kennedy, D. N., Dougherty, D. D., et al. (2010). Microstructural abnormalities in subcortical reward circuitry of subjects with major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE 5:e13945. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013945
19. Blumberg, H. P., Stern, E., Martinez, D., Ricketts, S., De Asis, J., White, T., et al. (2000). Increased anterior cingulate and caudate activity in bipolar mania. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 1045-1052. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00962-8
20. Boivin, D. B., Czeisler, C. A., Dijk, D. J., Duffy, J. F., Folkard, S., Minors, D. S., et al. (1997). Complex interaction of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian phase modulates mood in healthy subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54, 145-152. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140055010
21. Borbely, A. A., and Wirz-Justice, A. (1982). Sleep, sleep deprivation and depression. A hypothesis derived from a model of sleep regulation. Hum. Neurobiol. 1, 205-210.
22. Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesenten, N. J., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., et al. (1997). Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study. Brain 120(Pt 7), 1173-1197. doi: 10.1093/brain/120.7.1173
23. Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1124, 1-38. doi: 10.1196/annals.1440.011
24. Bunzeck, N., and Duzel, E. (2006). Absolute coding of stimulus novelty in the human substantia nigra/VTA. Neuron 51, 369-379. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.021
25. Bush, G., Vogt, B. A., Holmes, J., Dale, A. M., Greve, D., Jenike, M. A., et al. (2002). Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: a role in reward-based decision making. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 523-528. doi: 10.1073/pnas.012470999
26. Buysse, D. J., Angst, J., Gamma, A., Ajdacic, V., Eich, D., and Rossler, W. (2008). Prevalence, course, and comorbidity of insomnia and depression in young adults. Sleep 31, 473-480.
27. Cai, D. J., Mednick, S. A., Harrison, E. M., Kanady, J. C., and Mednick, S. C. (2009). REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 10130-10134. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900271106
28. Cantero, J. L., Atienza, M., Stickgold, R., Kahana, M. J., Madsen, J. R., and Kocsis, B. (2003). Sleep-dependent theta oscillations in the human hippocampus and neocortex. J. Neurosci. 23, 10897-10903.
29. Carter, R. M., Macinnes, J. J., Huettel, S. A., and Adcock, R. A. (2009). Activation in the VTA and nucleus accumbens increases in anticipation of both gains and losses. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3:21. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.021.2009
30. Cartwright, R., Agargun, M. Y., Kirkby, J., and Friedman, J. K. (2006). Relation of dreams to waking concerns. Psychiatry Res. 141, 261-270. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.05.013
31. Cartwright, R., Luten, A., Young, M., Mercer, P., and Bears, M. (1998). Role of REM sleep and dream affect in overnight mood regulation: a study of normal volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 81, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00089-4
32. Cartwright, R. D., Lloyd, S., Knight, S., and Trenholme, I. (1984). Broken dreams: a study of the effects of divorce and depression on dream content. Psychiatry 47, 251-259.
33. Cirelli, C., and Tononi, G. (2008). Is sleep essential? PLoS Biol. 6:e216. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216
34. Clemens, Z., Molle, M., Eross, L., Jakus, R., Rasonyi, G., Halasz, P., et al. (2011). Fine-tuned coupling between human parahippocampal ripples and sleep spindles. Eur. J. Neurosci. 33, 511-520. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07505.x
35. Clemens, Z., Weiss, B., Szucs, A., Eross, L., Rasonyi, G., and Halasz, P. (2009). Phase coupling between rhythmic slow activity and gamma characterizes mesiotemporal rapid-eye-movement sleep in humans. Neuroscience 163, 388-396. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.044
36. Colace, C., Claps, M., Antognoli, A., Sperandio, R., Sardi, D., and Benedetti, A. (2010). Limbic system activity and drug dreaming in drug-addicted subjects. Neuropsychoanalysis 12, 201-206.
37. Colombo, C., Benedetti, F., Barbini, B., Campori, E., and Smeraldi, E. (1999). Rate of switch from depression into mania after therapeutic sleep deprivation in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 86, 267-270. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(99)00036-0
38. Cooper, J. C., and Knutson, B. (2008). Valence and salience contribute to nucleus accumbens activation. Neuroimage 39, 538-547. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.009
39. Dahan, L., Astier, B., Vautrelle, N., Urbain, N., Kocsis, B., and Chouvet, G. (2007). Prominent burst firing of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area during paradoxical sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 1232-1241. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301251
40. Dang-Vu, T. T., Schabus, M., Desseilles, M., Albouy, G., Boly, M., Darsaud, A., et al. (2008). Spontaneous neural activity during human slow wave sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 15160-15165. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801819105
41. Dang-Vu, T. T., Schabus, M., Desseilles, M., Sterpenich, V., Bonjean, M., and Maquet, P. (2010). Functional neuroimaging insights into the physiology of human sleep. Sleep 33, 1589-1603.
42. Danilenko, K. V., Cajochen, C., and Wirz-Justice, A. (2003). Is sleep per se a zeitgeber in humans? J. Biol. Rhythms 18, 170-178. doi: 10.1177/0748730403251732
43. Das, G., Gopalakrishnan, A., Faisal, M., and Mallick, B. N. (2008). Stimulatory role of calcium in rapid eye movement sleep deprivation-induced noradrenaline-mediated increase in Na-K-ATPase activity in rat brain. Neuroscience 155, 76-89. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.069
44. David, D., De Faria, L., Lapeyra, O., and Mellman, T. A. (2004). Adjunctive risperidone treatment in combat veterans with chronic PTSD. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 24, 556-559. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000138771.46353.59
45. Der-Avakian, A., and Markou, A. (2012). The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits. Trends Neurosci. 35, 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.005
46. Desseilles, M., Dang-Vu, T. T., Sterpenich, V., and Schwartz, S. (2011). Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. Conscious. Cogn. 20, 998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005
47. Desseilles, M., Vu, T. D., Laureys, S., Peigneux, P., Degueldre, C., Phillips, C., et al. (2006). A prominent role for amygdaloid complexes in the Variability in Heart Rate (VHR) during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep relative to wakefulness. Neuroimage 32, 1008-1015. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.008
48. Diekelmann, S., and Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 114-126.
49. Diekelmann, S., Buchel, C., Born, J., and Rasch, B. (2011). Labile or stable: opposing consequences for memory when reactivated during waking and sleep. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 381-386. doi: 10.1038/nn.2744
50. Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., et al. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night. Sleep 20, 267-277.
51. Domhoff, G. (2011). The neural substrate for dreaming: is it a subsystem of the default network? Conscious. Cogn. 20, 1163-1174. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.001
52. Doricchi, F., and Violani, C. (2000). Mesolimbic dopamine and the neuropsychology of dreaming: some caution and reconsiderations. Behav. Brain Sci. 23:6, 930-931. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00374027
53. Ebert, D., and Berger, M. (1998). Neurobiological similarities in antidepressant sleep deprivation and psychostimulant use: a psychostimulant theory of antidepressant sleep deprivation. Psychopharmacology 140, 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s002130050732
54. Endo, T., Schwierin, B., Borbély, A., and Tobler, I. (1997). Selective and total sleep deprivation: effect on the sleep EEG in the rat. Psychiatry Res. 66, 97-110. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(96)03029-6
55. Ernst, M., and Paulus, M. P. (2005). Neurobiology of decision making: a selective review from a neurocognitive and clinical perspective. Biol. Psychiatry 58, 597-604. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.004
56. Fischer, S., and Born, J. (2009). Anticipated reward enhances offline learning during sleep. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 35, 1586-1593. doi: 10.1037/a0017256
57. Fogel, S. M., and Smith, C. T. (2011). The function of the sleep spindle: a physiological index of intelligence and a mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 1154-1165. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.003
58. Fortier-Brochu, E., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Ivers, H., and Morin, C. M. (2012). Insomnia and daytime cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 16, 83-94. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.03.008
59. Fosse, M. J., Fosse, R., Hobson, J. A., and Stickgold, R. J. (2003). Dreaming and episodic memory: a functional dissociation? J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15, 1-9. doi: 10.1162/089892903321107774
60. Fosse, R., Stickgold, R., and Hobson, J. A. (2004). Thinking and hallucinating: reciprocal changes in sleep. Psychophysiology 41, 298-305. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00146.x
61. Gaillard, J. M., and Moneme, A. (1977). Modification of dream content after preferential blockade of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. J. Psychiatr. Res. 13, 247-256. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3956(77)90020-6
62. Giedke, H., and Schwarzler, F. (2002). Therapeutic use of sleep deprivation in depression. Sleep Med. Rev. 6, 361-377.
63. Giles, D. E., Kupfer, D. J., Rush, A. J., and Roffwarg, H. P. (1998). Controlled comparison of electrophysiological sleep in families of probands with unipolar depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 192-199.
64. Gottesmann, C., and Gottesman, I. (2007). The neurobiological characteristics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are candidate endophenotypes of depression, schizophrenia, mental retardation and dementia. Prog. Neurobiol. 81, 237-250. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.004
65. Gujar, N., McDonald, S. A., Nishida, M., and Walker, M. P. (2011a). A role for REM sleep in recalibrating the sensitivity of the human brain to specific emotions. Cereb. Cortex 21, 115-123. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq064
66. Gujar, N., Yoo, S. S., Hu, P., and Walker, M. P. (2011b). Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences. J. Neurosci. 31, 4466-4474. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3220-10.2011
67. Haber, S. N., and Knutson, B. (2010). The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 4-26. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.129
68. Harris, G. C., Wimmer, M., and Aston-Jones, G. (2005). A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking. Nature 437, 556-559. doi: 10.1038/nature04071
69. Harvey, A. G. (2008). Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 820-829. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010098
70. Hasler, B. P., Buysse, D. J., Kupfer, D. J., and Germain, A. (2010). Phase relationships between core body temperature, melatonin, and sleep are associated with depression severity: further evidence for circadian misalignment in non-seasonal depression. Psychiatry Res. 178, 205-207. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.027
71. Hasler, B. P., and Clark, D. B. (2013). Circadian misalignment, reward-related brain function, and adolescent alcohol involvement. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 37, 558-565. doi: 10.1111/acer.12003
72. Hobson, J. A. (2009). REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 803-813.
73. Hobson, J. A., and Friston, K. J. (2012). Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations. Prog. Neurobiol. 98, 82-98. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.003
74. Hobson, J. A., and Pace-Schott, E. F. (1999). Reply to solms, braun and reiser. Neuropsychoanalysis 1, 206-224.
75. Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F., and Stickgold, R. (2000). Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 793-842. discussion: 904-1121. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00003976
76. Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F., Stickgold, R., and Kahn, D. (1998). To dream or not to dream? Relevant data from new neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8, 239-244. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80146-3
77. Holsboer, F. (2000). The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23, 477-501. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00159-7
78. Home, J. (1988). Sleep loss and "divergent" thinking ability. Sleep 11, 528-536.
79. Horikawa, T., Tamaki, M., Miyawaki, Y., and Kamitani, Y. (2013). Neural decoding of visual imagery during sleep. Science 340, 639-642. doi: 10.1126/science.1234330
80. Horovitz, S. G., Braun, A. R., Carr, W. S., Picchioni, D., Balkin, T. J., Fukunaga, M., et al. (2009). Decoupling of the brain's default mode network during deep sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 11376-11381. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901435106
81. Horovitz, S. G., Fukunaga, M., De Zwart, J. A., Van Gelderen, P., Fulton, S. C., Balkin, T. J., et al. (2008). Low frequency BOLD fluctuations during resting wakefulness and light sleep: a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29, 671-682. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20428
82. Howell, M. J. (2012). Parasomnias: an updated review. Neurotherapeutics 9, 753-775. doi: 10.1007/s13311-012-0143-8
83. Huber, R., Ghilardi, M. F., Massimini, M., and Tononi, G. (2004). Local sleep and learning. Nature 430, 78-81. doi: 10.1038/nature02663
84. Inzelberg, R. (2013). The awakening of artistic creativity and parkinson's disease. Behav. Neurosci. 127, 256-261. doi: 10.1037/a0031052
85. Jackson, A., Cavanagh, J., and Scott, J. (2003). A systematic review of manic and depressive prodromes. J. Affect. Disord. 74, 209-217. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00266-5
86. Jakovljevic, M., Sagud, M., and Mihaljevic-Peles, A. (2003). Olanzapine in the treatment-resistant, combat-related PTSD-a series of case reports. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 107, 394-396. discussion: 396. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00065.x
87. Johnson, B. (2001). Drug dreams: a neuropsychoanalytic hypothesis. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 49, 75-96. doi: 10.1177/00030651010490011101
88. Johnson, E. O., Roth, T., and Breslau, N. (2006). The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: exploration of the direction of risk. J. Psychiatr. Res. 40, 700-708. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.07.008
89. Jouvet, M. (1999). The Paradox of Sleep: The Story of Dreaming. Cambridge: MIT Press.
90. Kahn, D., and Hobson, J. (2005). Theory of mind in dreaming: awareness of feelings and thoughts of others in dreams. Dreaming 15, 48-57. doi: 10.1037/1053-0797.15.1.48
91. Kamphuis, J., Meerlo, P., Koolhaas, J. M., and Lancel, M. (2012). Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence. Sleep Med. 13, 327-334. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.12.006
92. Killgore, W. D., Balkin, T. J., and Wesensten, N. J. (2006). Impaired decision making following 49 h of sleep deprivation. J. Sleep Res. 15, 7-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00487.x
93. Killgore, W. D., Kahn-Greene, E. T., Lipizzi, E. L., Newman, R. A., Kamimori, G. H., and Balkin, T. J. (2008). Sleep deprivation reduces perceived emotional intelligence and constructive thinking skills. Sleep Med. 9, 517-526. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.07.003
94. Koike, T., Kan, S., Misaki, M., and Miyauchi, S. (2011). Connectivity pattern changes in default-mode network with deep non-REM and REM sleep. Neurosci. Res. 69, 322-330. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.018
95. Kolla, B. P., and Auger, R. R. (2011). Jet lag and shift work sleep disorders: how to help reset the internal clock. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 78, 675-684. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.78a.10083
96. Koob, G. F. (2009). Dynamics of neuronal circuits in addiction: reward, antireward, and emotional memory. Pharmacopsychiatry 42(Suppl. 1), S32-S41. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1216356
97. Koob, G. F., and Volkow, N. D. (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 217-238. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.110
98. Krebs, R. M., Heipertz, D., Schuetze, H., and Duzel, E. (2011). Novelty increases the mesolimbic functional connectivity of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) during reward anticipation: evidence from high-resolution fMRI. Neuroimage 58, 647-655. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.038
99. Lambert, M. T. (2006). Aripiprazole in the management of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in returning Global War on Terrorism veterans. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 21, 185-187. doi: 10.1097/01.yic.0000185021.48279.00
100. Lansink, C. S., Goltstein, P. M., Lankelma, J. V., Joosten, R. N., McNaughton, B. L., and Pennartz, C. M. (2008). Preferential reactivation of motivationally relevant information in the ventral striatum. J. Neurosci. 28, 6372-6382. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1054-08.2008
101. Lansink, C. S., Goltstein, P. M., Lankelma, J. V., McNaughton, B. L., and Pennartz, C. M. (2009). Hippocampus leads ventral striatum in replay of place-reward information. PLoS Biol. 7:e1000173. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000173
102. Lara-Carrasco, J., Nielsen, T. A., Solomonova, E., Levrier, K., and Popova, A. (2009). Overnight emotional adaptation to negative stimuli is altered by REM sleep deprivation and is correlated with intervening dream emotions. J. Sleep Res. 18, 178-187. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00709.x
103. Larson-Prior, L. J., Zempel, J. M., Nolan, T. S., Prior, F. W., Snyder, A. Z., and Raichle, M. E. (2009). Cortical network functional connectivity in the descent to sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 4489-4494. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900924106
104. Laufs, H., Walker, M. C., and Lund, T. E. (2007). 'Brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: an EEG/fMRI study'-its limitations and an alternative approach. Brain 130:e75; author reply e76.
105. Lena, I., Parrot, S., Deschaux, O., Muffat-Joly, S., Sauvinet, V., Renaud, B., et al. (2005). Variations in extracellular levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and aspartate across the sleep-wake cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 81, 891-899. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20602
106. Leverich, G. S., Altshuler, L. L., Frye, M. A., Suppes, T., McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E., et al. (2006). Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 232-239. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.232
107. Levin, R., and Nielsen, T. A. (2007). Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: a review and neurocognitive model. Psychol. Bull. 133, 482-528. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482
108. Li, J. Z., Bunney, B. G., Meng, F., Hagenauer, M. H., Walsh, D. M., Vawter, M. P., et al. (2013). Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 9950-9955. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1305814110
109. Lisman, J. E., and Grace, A. A. (2005). The hippocampal-VTA loop: controlling the entry of information into long-term memory. Neuron 46, 703-713. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.002
110. Limb, C. J., and Braun, A. R. (2008). Neural substrates of spontaneous musical performance: an FMRI study of jazz improvisation. PLoS ONE 3:e1679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001679
111. Malcolm-Smith, S., Koopowitz, S., Pantelis, E., and Solms, M. (2012). Approach/avoidance in dreams. Conscious. Cogn. 21, 408-412. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.11.004
112. Maloney, K. J., Mainville, L., and Jones, B. E. (2002). c-Fos expression in dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum after paradoxical sleep deprivation and recovery. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 774-778. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01907.x
113. Maquet, P. (2001). The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science 294, 1048-1052. doi: 10.1126/science.1062856
114. Maquet, P., Laureys, S., Peigneux, P., Fuchs, S., Petiau, C., Phillips, C., et al. (2000). Experience-dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 831-836. doi: 10.1038/77744
115. Maquet, P., Peters, J., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., et al. (1996). Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature 383, 163-166. doi: 10.1038/383163a0
116. Maquet, P., Ruby, P., Maudoux, A., Albouy, G., Sterpenich, V., Dang-Vu, T., et al. (2005). Human cognition during REM sleep and the activity profile within frontal and parietal cortices: a reappraisal of functional neuroimaging data. Prog. Brain Res. 150, 219-227. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50016-5
117. Maquet, P., Schwartz, S., Passingham, R., and Frith, C. (2003). Sleep-related consolidation of a visuomotor skill: brain mechanisms as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 23, 1432-1440.
118. Marshall, L., Helgadottir, H., Molle, M., and Born, J. (2006). Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature 444, 610-613. doi: 10.1038/nature05278
119. Mason, L., O'Sullivan, N., Blackburn, M., Bentall, R., and El-Deredy, W. (2012). I want it now! Neural correlates of hypersensitivity to immediate reward in hypomania. Biol. Psychiatry 71, 530-537. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.008
120. Massimini, M., Ferrarelli, F., Huber, R., Esser, S. K., Singh, H., and Tononi, G. (2005). Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep. Science 309, 2228-2232. doi: 10.1126/science.1117256
121. Massimini, M., Ferrarelli, F., Murphy, M., Huber, R., Riedner, B., Casarotto, S., et al. (2010). Cortical reactivity and effective connectivity during REM sleep in humans. Cogn. Neurosci. 1, 176-183. doi: 10.1080/17588921003731578
122. McNamara, P., Auerbach, S., Johnson, P., Harris, E., and Doros, G. (2010). Impact of REM sleep on distortions of self-concept, mood and memory in depressed/anxious participants. J. Affect. Disord. 122, 198-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.030
123. McNamara, P., McLaren, D., Smith, D., Brown, A., and Stickgold, R. (2005). A "Jekyll and Hyde" within: aggressive versus friendly interactions in REM and non-REM dreams. Psychol. Sci. 16, 130-136. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00793.x
124. Menz, M. M., Buchel, C., and Peters, J. (2012). Sleep deprivation is associated with attenuated parametric valuation and control signals in the midbrain during value-based decision making. J. Neurosci. 32, 6937-6946. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3553-11.2012
125. Merritt, J., Stickgold, R., Pace-Schott, E., and Hobson, J. (1994). Emotion profiles in the dreams of men and women. Conscious. Cogn. 3, 46-60. doi: 10.1006/ccog.1994.1004
126. Mileykovskiy, B. Y., Kiyashchenko, L. I., and Siegel, J. M. (2005). Behavioral correlates of activity in identified hypocretin/orexin neurons. Neuron 46, 787-798. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.035
127. Morgan, P. T., Pace-Schott, E. F., Sahul, Z. H., Coric, V., Stickgold, R., and Malison, R. T. (2006). Sleep, sleep-dependent procedural learning and vigilance in chronic cocaine users: evidence for occult insomnia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 82, 238-249. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.014
128. Morrison, A. R., Sanford, L. D., Ball, W. A., Mann, G. L., and Ross, R. J. (1995). Stimulus-elicited behavior in rapid eye movement sleep without atonia. Behav. Neurosci. 109, 972-979. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.109.5.972
129. Morrissey, M. J., Duntley, S. P., Anch, A. M., and Nonneman, R. (2004). Active sleep and its role in the prevention of apoptosis in the developing brain. Med. Hypotheses 62, 876-879. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.01.014
130. Nielsen, T., Deslauriers, D., and Baylor, G. (1991). Emotions in dream and waking event reports. Dreaming 1, 287-300. doi: 10.1037/h0094340
131. Nielsen, T., and Levin, R. (2007). Nightmares: a new neurocognitive model. Sleep Med. Rev. 11, 295-310. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.03.004
132. Nofzinger, E. A., Buysse, D. J., Miewald, J. M., Meltzer, C. C., Price, J. C., Sembrat, R. C., et al. (2002). Human regional cerebral glucose metabolism during non-rapid eye movement sleep in relation to waking. Brain 125, 1105-1115. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf103
133. Nofzinger, E. A., Mintun, M. A., Wiseman, M., Kupfer, D. J., and Moore, R. Y. (1997). Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study. Brain Res. 770, 192-201. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00807-X
134. Nofzinger, E. A., Reynolds, C. F. 3rd., Thase, M. E., Frank, E., Jennings, J. R., Fasiczka, A. L., et al. (1995). REM sleep enhancement by bupropion in depressed men. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 274-276.
135. Ohayon, M. M., and Roth, T. (2003). Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res. 37, 9-15. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00052-3
136. Opp, M. R. (2009). Sleeping to fuel the immune system: mammalian sleep and resistance to parasites. BMC Evol. Biol. 9:8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-8
137. Ott, G. E., Rao, U., Lin, K. M., Gertsik, L., and Poland, R. E. (2004). Effect of treatment with bupropion on EEG sleep: relationship to antidepressant response. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7, 275-281. doi: 10.1017/S1461145704004298
138. Oudiette, D., Constantinescu, I., Leclair-Visonneau, L., Vidailhet, M., Schwartz, S., and Arnulf, I. (2011). Evidence for the re-enactment of a recently learned behavior during sleepwalking. PLoS ONE 6:e18056. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018056
139. Oudiette, D., De Cock, V. C., Lavault, S., Leu, S., Vidailhet, M., and Arnulf, I. (2009). Nonviolent elaborate behaviors may also occur in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 72, 551-557. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000341936.78678.3a
140. Oudiette, D., and Paller, K. A. (2013). Upgrading the sleeping brain with targeted memory reactivation. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 142-149. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.01.006
141. Pace-Schott, E. (2001). Theory of mind, social cognition and dreaming. Sleep Res. Soc. Bull. 7, 33-36.
142. Pace-Schott, E. F. (2011). "The neurobiology of dreaming," in Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 5th Edn., eds M. H. Kryger, T. Roth, and W. C. Dement (Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier), 563-575. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00048-7
143. Pace-Schott, E. F. (2007). The Frontal Lobes and Dreaming. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
144. Pace-Schott, E. F. (2013). Dreaming as a story-telling instinct. Front. Psychol. 4:159. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00159
145. Pace-Schott, E. F., Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., Rauch, S. L., Stickgold, R., and Pitman, R. K. (2009). Sleep promotes generalization of extinction of conditioned fear. Sleep 32, 19-26.
146. Pace-Schott, E. F., Nave, G., Morgan, A., and Spencer, R. M. (2012a). Sleep-dependent modulation of affectively guided decision-making. J. Sleep Res. 21, 30-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00921.x
147. Pace-Schott, E. F., Verga, P. W., Bennett, T. S., and Spencer, R. M. (2012b). Sleep promotes consolidation and generalization of extinction learning in simulated exposure therapy for spider fear. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46, 1036-1044. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.015
148. Pace-Schott, E. F., Shepherd, E., Spencer, R. M., Marcello, M., Tucker, M., Propper, R. E., et al. (2011). Napping promotes inter-session habituation to emotional stimuli. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 95, 24-36. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.10.006
149. Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: the Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
150. Payne, J. D., and Kensinger, E. A. (2010). Sleep leads to changes in the emotional memory trace: evidence from fMRI. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 1285-1297. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21526
151. Payne, J. D., and Kensinger, E. A. (2011). Sleep leads to changes in the emotional memory trace: evidence from FMRI. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 1285-1297. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21526
152. Payne, J. L., Quiroz, J. A., Zarate, C. A., and Manji, H. K. (2002). Timing is everything: does the robust upregulation of noradrenergically regulated plasticity genes underlie the rapid antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation? Biol. Psychiatry 52, 921-926. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01676-1
153. Peigneux, P., Laureys, S., Fuchs, S., Collette, F., Perrin, F., Reggers, J., et al. (2004). Are spatial memories strengthened in the human hippocampus during slow wave sleep? Neuron 44, 535-545. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.007
154. Pennartz, C. M., Ito, R., Verschure, P. F., Battaglia, F. P., and Robbins, T. W. (2011). The hippocampal-striatal axis in learning, prediction and goal-directed behavior. Trends Neurosci. 34, 548-559. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.001
155. Pennartz, C. M., Lee, E., Verheul, J., Lipa, P., Barnes, C. A., and McNaughton, B. L. (2004). The ventral striatum in off-line processing: ensemble reactivation during sleep and modulation by hippocampal ripples. J. Neurosci. 24, 6446-6456. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0575-04.2004
156. Perlis, L., and Nielsen, T. (1993). Mood regulation, dreaming and nightmares: evaluation of a desensitization function. Dreaming 3, 243-257. doi: 10.1037/h0094383
157. Perogamvros, L. (2013). Consciousness and the invention of Morel. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:61. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00061
158. Perogamvros, L., Baud, P., Hasler, R., Cloninger, C. R., Schwartz, S., and Perrig, S. (2012). Active reward processing during human sleep: insights from sleep-related eating disorder. Front. Neurol. 3:168. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00168
159. Perogamvros, L., and Schwartz, S. (2012). The roles of the reward system in sleep and dreaming. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 1934-1951. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.010
160. Perry, E. K., and Piggott, M. A. (2000). Neurotransmitter mechanisms of dreaming: implication of modulatory systems based on dream intensity. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 990-992. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00774024
161. Pinter, M. M., Pogarell, O., and Oertel, W. H. (1999). Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the non-ergoline dopamine agonist pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 66, 436-441. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.66.4.436
162. Pizzagalli, D. A., Holmes, A. J., Dillon, D. G., Goetz, E. L., Birk, J. L., Bogdan, R., et al. (2009). Reduced caudate and nucleus accumbens response to rewards in unmedicated individuals with major depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 166, 702-710. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08081201
163. Plante, D. T., Jensen, J. E., Schoerning, L., and Winkelman, J. W. (2012). Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid in occipital and anterior cingulate cortices in primary insomnia: a link to major depressive disorder? Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 1548-1557. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.4
164. Plante, D. T., and Winkelman, J. W. (2008). Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder: therapeutic implications. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 830-843. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010077
165. Ponz, A., Khatami, R., Poryazova, R., Werth, E., Boesiger, P., Bassetti, C. L., et al. (2010a). Abnormal activity in reward brain circuits in human narcolepsy with cataplexy. Ann. Neurol. 67, 190-200. doi: 10.1002/ana.21825
166. Ponz, A., Khatami, R., Poryazova, R., Werth, E., Boesiger, P., Schwartz, S., et al. (2010b). Reduced amygdala activity during aversive conditioning in human narcolepsy. Ann. Neurol. 67, 394-398.
167. Popa, D., Duvarci, S., Popescu, A. T., Lena, C., and Pare, D. (2010). Coherent amygdalocortical theta promotes fear memory consolidation during paradoxical sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 6516-6519. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913016107
168. Provini, F., Vetrugno, R., and Montagna, P. (2008). Sleep-related smoking syndrome. Sleep Med. 9, 903-905. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.10.021
169. Puhl, M. D., Fang, J., and Grigson, P. S. (2009). Acute sleep deprivation increases the rate and efficiency of cocaine self-administration, but not the perceived value of cocaine reward in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 94, 262-270. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.005
170. Rasch, B., Buchel, C., Gais, S., and Born, J. (2007). Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation. Science 315, 1426-1429. doi: 10.1126/science.1138581
171. Ravassard, P., Pachoud, B., Comte, J. C., Mejia-Perez, C., Scote-Blachon, C., Gay, N., et al. (2009). Paradoxical (REM) sleep deprivation causes a large and rapidly reversible decrease in long-term potentiation, synaptic transmission, glutamate receptor protein levels, and ERK/MAPK activation in the dorsal hippocampus. Sleep 32, 227-240.
172. Rechtschaffen, A., and Bergmann, B. M. (2001). Sleep deprivation and host defense. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280, R602-R603.
173. Redgrave, P., Prescott, T. J., and Gurney, K. (1999). Is the short-latency dopamine response too short to signal reward error? Trends Neurosci. 22, 146-151. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01373-3
174. Revonsuo, A. (2000). The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 877-901. discussion: 904-1121. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00004015
175. Ribeiro, S., Mello, C. V., Velho, T., Gardner, T. J., Jarvis, E. D., and Pavlides, C. (2002). Induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation during waking leads to increased extrahippocampal zif-268 expression during ensuing rapid-eye-movement sleep. J. Neurosci. 22, 10914-10923.
176. Ribeiro, S., and Nicolelis, M. A. (2004). Reverberation, storage, and postsynaptic propagation of memories during sleep. Learn. Mem. 11, 686-696. doi: 10.1101/lm.75604
177. Richardson, C. L., Tate, W. P., Mason, S. E., Lawlor, P. A., Dragunow, M., and Abraham, W. C. (1992). Correlation between the induction of an immediate early gene, zif/268, and long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Brain Res. 580, 147-154. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90938-6
178. Riemann, D., and Voderholzer, U. (2003). Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression? J. Affect. Disord. 76, 255-259. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00072-1
179. Riemann, D., Voderholzer, U., and Berger, M. (2002). Sleep and sleep-wake manipulations in bipolar depression. Neuropsychobiology 45(Suppl. 1), 7-12. doi: 10.1159/000049255
180. Riemann, D., Voderholzer, U., Spiegelhalder, K., Hornyak, M., Buysse, D. J., Nissen, C., et al. (2007). Chronic insomnia and MRI-measured hippocampal volumes: a pilot study. Sleep 30, 955-958.
181. Roane, B. M., and Taylor, D. J. (2008). Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse. Sleep 31, 1351-1356.
182. Rosanova, M., and Ulrich, D. (2005). Pattern-specific associative long-term potentiation induced by a sleep spindle-related spike train. J. Neurosci. 25, 9398-9405. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2149-05.2005
183. Roybal, K., Theobold, D., Graham, A., Dinieri, J. A., Russo, S. J., Krishnan, V., et al. (2007). Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 6406-6411. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609625104
184. Rubinsztein, J. S., Fletcher, P. C., Rogers, R. D., Ho, L. W., Aigbirhio, F. I., Paykel, E. S., et al. (2001). Decision-making in mania: a PET study. Brain 124, 2550-2563. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.12.2550
185. Rudoy, J. D., Voss, J. L., Westerberg, C. E., and Paller, K. A. (2009). Strengthening individual memories by reactivating them during sleep. Science 326, 1079. doi: 10.1126/science.1179013
186. Salvadore, G., Quiroz, J. A., Machado-Vieira, R., Henter, I. D., Manji, H. K., and Zarate, C. A. Jr. (2010). The neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: a review. J. Clin. Psychiatry 71, 1488-1501. doi: 10.4088/JCP.09r05259gre
187. Samann, P. G., Wehrle, R., Hoehn, D., Spoormaker, V. I., Peters, H., Tully, C., et al. (2011). Development of the brain's default mode network from wakefulness to slow wave sleep. Cereb. Cortex 21, 2082-2093. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq295
188. Schabus, M., Dang-Vu, T. T., Albouy, G., Balteau, E., Boly, M., Carrier, J., et al. (2007). Hemodynamic cerebral correlates of sleep spindles during human non-rapid eye movement sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 13164-13169. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703084104
189. Schenck, C. H., and Mahowald, M. W. (2002). REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in sleep. Sleep 25, 120-138.
190. Schmider, J., Lammers, C. H., Gotthardt, U., Dettling, M., Holsboer, F., and Heuser, I. J. (1995). Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in acute and remitted manic patients, in acute depression, and in normal controls: I. Biol. Psychiatry 38, 797-802. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00064-X
191. Schredl, M., Berger, M., and Riemann, D. (2009). The effect of trimipramine on dream recall and dream emotions in depressive outpatients. Psychiatry Res. 167, 279-286. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.002
192. Schredl, M., and Hofmann, F. (2003). Continuity between waking activities and dream activities. Conscious. Cogn. 12, 298-308. doi: 10.1016/S1053-8100(02)00072-7
193. Schultz, W. (1997). Dopamine neurons and their role in reward mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7, 191-197. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(97)80007-4
194. Schultz, W. (2002). Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron 36, 241-263. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00967-4
195. Schultz, W. (2010a). Dopamine signals for reward value and risk: basic and recent data. Behav. Brain Funct. 6:24. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-24
196. Schultz, W. (2010b). Subjective neuronal coding of reward: temporal value discounting and risk. Eur. J. Neurosci. 31, 2124-2135. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07282.x
197. Schultz, W., and Dickinson, A. (2000). Neuronal coding of prediction errors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 473-500. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.473
198. Schwartz, S. (2003). Are life episodes replayed during dreaming? Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 325-327. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00162-1
199. Schwartz, S. (2004). What dreaming can reveal about cognitive and brain functions during sleep: a lexico-statistical analysis of dream reports. Psychol. Belg. 44, 5-42.
200. Schwartz, S., and Maquet, P. (2002). Sleep imaging and the neuro-psychological assessment of dreams. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 23-30. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01818-0
201. Schwartz, S., Maquet, P., and Frith, C. (2002). Neural correlates of perceptual learning: a functional MRI study of visual texture discrimination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 17137-17142. doi: 10.1073/pnas.242414599
202. Schwartz, S., Ponz, A., Poryazova, R., Werth, E., Boesiger, P., Khatami, R., et al. (2008). Abnormal activity in hypothalamus and amygdala during humour processing in human narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain 131, 514-522. doi: 10.1093/brain/awm292
203. Shaffery, J. P., Sinton, C. M., Bissette, G., Roffwarg, H. P., and Marks, G. A. (2002). Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation modifies expression of long-term potentiation in visual cortex of immature rats. Neuroscience 110, 431-443. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00589-9
204. Shapiro, C. M., Trajanovic, N. N., and Fedoroff, J. P. (2003). Sexsomnia-a new parasomnia? Can J. Psychiatry 48, 311-317.
205. Shohamy, D., and Adcock, R. A. (2010). Dopamine and adaptive memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 464-472. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.002
206. Singer, A. C., and Frank, L. M. (2009). Rewarded outcomes enhance reactivation of experience in the hippocampus. Neuron 64, 910-921. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.016
207. Smith, M. R., Antrobus, J. S., Gordon, E., Tucker, M. A., Hirota, Y., Wamsley, E. J., et al. (2004). Motivation and affect in REM sleep and the mentation reporting process. Conscious. Cogn. 13, 501-511. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2004.03.002
208. Solms, M. (1997). The Neuropsychology of Dreams: A Clinico-Anatomical Study. New Jersey, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
209. Solms, M. (2000). Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 843-850. discussion: 904-1121. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00003988
210. Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., and Van Cauter, E. (1999). Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354, 1435-1439. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8
211. Staner, L. (2010). Comorbidity of insomnia and depression. Sleep Med. Rev. 14, 35-46. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.09.003
212. Sterpenich, V., Albouy, G., Boly, M., Vandewalle, G., Darsaud, A., Balteau, E., et al. (2007). Sleep-related hippocampo-cortical interplay during emotional memory recollection. PLoS Biol. 5:e282. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050282
213. Sterpenich, V., Albouy, G., Darsaud, A., Schmidt, C., Vandewalle, G., Dang Vu, T. T., et al. (2009). Sleep promotes the neural reorganization of remote emotional memory. J. Neurosci. 29, 5143-5152. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0561-09.2009
214. Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature 437, 1272-1278. doi: 10.1038/nature04286
215. Stickgold, R., Scott, L., Rittenhouse, C., and Hobson, J. A. (1999). Sleep-induced changes in associative memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11, 182-193. doi: 10.1162/089892999563319
216. Stickgold, R., and Walker, M. P. (2007). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Sleep Med. 8, 331-343. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.011
217. Takahashi, K., Lin, J. S., and Sakai, K. (2008). Neuronal activity of orexin and non-orexin waking-active neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse. Neuroscience 153, 860-870. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.058
218. Takenouchi, K., Nishijo, H., Uwano, T., Tamura, R., Takigawa, M., and Ono, T. (1999). Emotional and behavioral correlates of the anterior cingulate cortex during associative learning in rats. Neuroscience 93, 1271-1287. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00216-X
219. Talamini, L. M., Bringmann, L. F., De Boer, M., and Hofman, W. F. (2013). Sleeping worries away or worrying away sleep? Physiological evidence on sleep-emotion interactions. PLoS ONE 8:e62480. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062480
220. Tassinari, C. A., Rubboli, G., Gardella, E., Cantalupo, G., Calandra-Buonaura, G., Vedovello, M., et al. (2005). Central pattern generators for a common semiology in fronto-limbic seizures and in parasomnias. A neuroethologic approach. Neurol. Sci. 26(Suppl. 3), S225-S232. doi: 10.1007/s10072-005-0492-8
221. Telzer, E. H., Fuligni, A. J., Lieberman, M. D., and Galvan, A. (2013). The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence. Neuroimage 71, 275-283. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.025
222. Thompson, D. F., and Pierce, D. R. (1999). Drug-induced nightmares. Ann. Pharmacother. 33, 93-98. doi: 10.1345/aph.18150
223. Thompson, J. L., and Borgland, S. L. (2011). A role for hypocretin/orexin in motivation. Behav. Brain Res. 217, 446-453. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.028
224. Tremblay, L. K., Naranjo, C. A., Graham, S. J., Herrmann, N., Mayberg, H. S., Hevenor, S., et al. (2005). Functional neuroanatomical substrates of altered reward processing in major depressive disorder revealed by a dopaminergic probe. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 1228-1236. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1228
225. Tucker, M. A., Tang, S. X., Uzoh, A., Morgan, A., and Stickgold, R. (2011). To sleep, to strive, or both: how best to optimize memory. PLoS ONE 6:e21737. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021737
226. Tufik, S., Troncone, L. R., Braz, S., Silva-Filho, A. R., and Neumann, B. G. (1987). Does REM sleep deprivation induce subsensitivity of presynaptic dopamine or postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors in the rat brain? Eur. J. Pharmacol. 140, 215-219. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90808-9
227. Van Cauter, E., Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., and Leproult, R. (2008). Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Med. 9(Suppl. 1), S23-S28. doi: 10.1016/S1389-9457(08)70013-3
228. Van Der Helm, E., Yao, J., Dutt, S., Rao, V., Saletin, J. M., and Walker, M. P. (2011). REM sleep depotentiates amygdala activity to previous emotional experiences. Curr. Biol. 21, 2029-2032. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.052
229. Van Dongen, H. P., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., and Dinges, D. F. (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 26, 117-126.
230. Vandekerckhove, M., and Cluydts, R. (2010). The emotional brain and sleep: an intimate relationship. Sleep Med. Rev. 14, 219-226. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.01.002
231. Venkatraman, V., Chuah, Y. M., Huettel, S. A., and Chee, M. W. (2007). Sleep deprivation elevates expectation of gains and attenuates response to losses following risky decisions. Sleep 30, 603-609.
232. Vetrugno, R., Manconi, M., Ferini-Strambi, L., Provini, F., Plazzi, G., and Montagna, P. (2006). Nocturnal eating: sleep-related eating disorder or night eating syndrome? A videopolysomnographic study. Sleep 29, 949-954.
233. Wagner, U., Fischer, S., and Born, J. (2002). Changes in emotional responses to aversive pictures across periods rich in slow-wave sleep versus rapid eye movement sleep. Psychosom. Med. 64, 627-634. doi: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000021940.35402.51
234. Wagner, U., Gais, S., and Born, J. (2001). Emotional memory formation is enhanced across sleep intervals with high amounts of rapid eye movement sleep. Learn. Mem. 8, 112-119. doi: 10.1101/lm.36801
235. Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R., and Born, J. (2004). Sleep inspires insight. Nature 427, 352-355. doi: 10.1038/nature02223
236. Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Morgan, A., Hobson, J. A., and Stickgold, R. (2002a). Practice with sleep makes perfect: sleep-dependent motor skill learning. Neuron 35, 205-211. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00746-8
237. Walker, M. P., Liston, C., Hobson, J. A., and Stickgold, R. (2002b). Cognitive flexibility across the sleep-wake cycle: REM-sleep enhancement of anagram problem solving. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 14, 317-324. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00134-9
238. Walker, M. P., and Van Der Helm, E. (2009). Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing. Psychol. Bull. 135, 731-748. doi: 10.1037/a0016570
239. Wamsley, E. J., Hirota, Y., Tucker, M. A., Smith, M. R., and Antrobus, J. S. (2007a). Circadian and ultradian influences on dreaming: a dual rhythm model. Brain Res. Bull. 71, 347-354. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.09.021
240. Wamsley, E. J., Hirota, Y., Tucker, M. A., Smith, M. R., and Antrobus, J. S. (2007b). Circadian and ultradian influences on dreaming: a dual rhythm model. Brain Res. Bull. 71, 347-354. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.09.021
241. Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M., Payne, J. D., Benavides, J. A., and Stickgold, R. (2010). Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Curr. Biol. 20, 850-855. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.027
242. Wang, S. H., and Morris, R. G. (2010). Hippocampal-neocortical interactions in memory formation, consolidation, and reconsolidation. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 61, 49-79, C41-C44.
243. Wehr, T., and Wirz-Justice, A. (1981). Internal Coincidence Model for Sleep Deprivation and Depression. Basel: Karger.
244. Wehr, T. A. (1991). Sleep-loss as a possible mediator of diverse causes of mania. Br. J. Psychiatry 159, 576-578. doi: 10.1192/bjp.159.4.576
245. Wehr, T. A., Goodwin, F. K., Wirz-Justice, A., Breitmaier, J., and Craig, C. (1982). 48-hour sleep-wake cycles in manic-depressive illness: naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 559-565. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290050037008
246. Wehr, T. A., Sack, D. A., and Rosenthal, N. E. (1987). Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania. Am. J. Psychiatry 144, 201-204.
247. Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., Molzow, I., Ayoub, A., Molle, M., and Born, J. (2011). Sleep selectively enhances memory expected to be of future relevance. J. Neurosci. 31, 1563-1569. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3575-10.2011
248. Winkelman, J. W. (2006). Sleep-related eating disorder and night eating syndrome: sleep disorders, eating disorders, or both? Sleep 29, 876-877.
249. Winson, J. (1972). Interspecies differences in the occurrence of theta. Behav. Biol. 7, 479-487. doi: 10.1016/S0091-6773(72)80210-4
250. Wirz-Justice, A. (2003). Chronobiology and mood disorders. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 5, 315-325.
251. Wittmann, B. C., Bunzeck, N., Dolan, R. J., and Duzel, E. (2007). Anticipation of novelty recruits reward system and hippocampus while promoting recollection. Neuroimage 38, 194-202. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.038
252. Wong, M. M., Brower, K. J., and Zucker, R. A. (2009). Childhood sleep problems, early onset of substance use and behavioral problems in adolescence. Sleep Med. 10, 787-796. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.06.015
253. Wurts, S. W., and Edgar, D. M. (2000). Circadian and homeostatic control of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: promotion of REM tendency by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Neurosci. 20, 4300-4310.
254. Yoo, S. S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F. A., and Walker, M. P. (2007). The human emotional brain without sleep-a prefrontal amygdala disconnect. Curr. Biol. 17, R877-R878. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.007
255. Zadra, A. (1996). Recurrent Dreams: Their Relation to Life Events. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
256. Zohar, D., Tzischinsky, O., Epstein, R., and Lavie, P. (2005). The effects of sleep loss on medical residents' emotional reactions to work events: a cognitive-energy model. Sleep 28, 47-54.