Role of attention in the generation and modulation of tinnitus

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 37, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1754-1773

  Roberts, Larry E ^a   Husain, Fatima T ^b   Eggermont, Jos J ^c,d  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Auditory attention; Cholingeric neuromodulation; Hyperacusis; Neural mechanisms of tinnitus; Neural plasticity; Neural synchrony

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; AUDITORY SYSTEM; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN RADIOGRAPHY; BRAIN REGION; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; COCHLEA; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; FOREBRAIN; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HEARING; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HUMAN; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THALAMUS; TINNITUS;

AUDITORY ATTENTION; CHOLINGERIC NEUROMODULATION; HYPERACUSIS; NEURAL MECHANISMS OF TINNITUS; NEURAL PLASTICITY; NEURAL SYNCHRONY;

ATTENTION; AUDITORY PATHWAYS; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; COCHLEA; HUMANS; TINNITUS;

EID: 84881514554     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.007     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Abeles M. Corticonics: Neural Circuits of the Cerebral Cortex 1991, Cambridge University Press, New-York.
2. Adjamian P., Sereda M., Hall D.A. The mechanisms of tinnitus: perspectives from human functional neuroimaging. Hear. Res. 2009, 253:15-31.
3. Adjamian P., Sereda M., Zobay O., Hall D.A., Palmer A.R. Neuromagnetic indicators of tinnitus and tinnitus masking in patients with and without Hearing Loss. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 2012, 13:715-731.
4. Bendixen A., San Miguel I., Schröger E. Early electrophysiological indicators for predictive processing in audition: a review. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2012, 83:120-131.
5. Bendixen A., Schröger E., Winkler I. I heard that coming: event-related potential evidence for stimulus-driven prediction in the auditory system. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:8447-8451.
6. Biferno M.A., Dawson M.E. The onset of contingency awareness and electrodermal classical conditioning: an analysis of temporal relationships during acquisition and extinction. Psychophysiology 1977, 14:164-171.
7. Bosnyak D.J., Eaton R.A., Roberts L.E. Distributed auditory cortical representations are modified when non-musicians are trained at pitch discrimination with 40Hz amplitude modulated tones. Cereb. Cortex 2004, 14:1088-1099.
8. Brown M., Irvine D.R., Park V.N. Perceptual learning on an auditory frequency discrimination task by cats: association with changes in primary auditory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 2004, 14:952-965.
9. Buonomano D.V., Merzenich M.M. Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1998, 21:149-186.
10. Burton H., Wineland A., Bhattacharya M., Nicklaus J., Garcia K.S., Piccirillo J.F. Altered networks in bothersome tinnitus: a functional connectivity study. BMC Neurosci. 2012, 13:3.
11. Carter M.E., de Lecea L., Adamantidis A. Functional wiring of hypocretin and LC-NE neurons: implications for arousal. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2013, 7:43. 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00043.
12. Caspary D.M., Ling L., Turner J.G., Hughes L.F. Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the mammalian central auditory system. J. Exp. Biol. 2008, 211:1781-1791.
13. Chrostowski M., Yang L., Wilson H.R., Bruce I.C., Becker S. Can homeostatic plasticity in deafferented primary auditory cortex lead to traveling waves of excitation?. J. Comput. Neurosci. 2011, 30:279-299.
14. Corbetta M., Shulman G.L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2002, 3:201-215.
15. Creutzig F., Benda J., Wohlgemuth S., Stumper A., Ronacher B., Herz A.V.M. Time scale-invariant pattern recognition by feedforward inhibition and parallel signal processing. Neural Comput. 2010, 22:1493-1510.
16. Cuny C., Noreña A., El Massioui F., Chéry-Croze S. Reduced attention shift in response to auditory changes in subjects with tinnitus. Audiol. Neurootol. 2004, 9:294-302.
17. Dahmen J.C., King A.J. Learning to hear: plasticity of auditory cortical processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2007, 17:456-464.
18. Davis P.B., Paki B., Hanley P.J. Neuromonics tinnitus treatment: third clinical trial. Ear Hear. 2007, 28:242-259.
19. Davis P.B., Wilde R.A., Steed L.G., Hanley P.J. Treatment of tinnitus with a customized acoustic neural stimulus: a controlled clinical study. Ear Nose Throat J. 2008, 87:330-339.
20. De Ridder D., Elgoyhen A.B., Romo R., Langguth B. Phantom percepts: tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:8075-8080.
21. de Villers-Sidani E., Chang E.F., Bao S., Merzenich M.M. Critical period window for spectral tuning defined in the primary auditory cortex (A1) in the rat. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:180-189.
22. Dehaene S., Changeux J.P. Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron 2011, 70:200-227.
23. Dehmel S., Pradhan S., Koehler S.D., Bledsoe S., Shore S.E. Noise over-exposure alters long-term somatosensory-auditory processing in the dorsal cochlear nucleus - possible basis for tinnitus-related hyperactivity?. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:660-671.
24. Degerman A., Rinne T., Salmi J., Salonen O., Alho K. Selective attention to sound location or pitch studied with fMRI. Brain Res. 2006, 1077:123-134.
25. Diesch E., Andermann M., Rupp A. Is the effect of tinnitus on auditory steady-state response amplitude mediated by attention?. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6:38. 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00038.
26. Dietrich V., Nieschalk M., Stoll W., Rajan R., Pantev C. Cortical reorganization in patients with high frequency cochlear hearing loss. Hear Res. 2001, 158:95-101.
27. Doesburg S.M., Vinette S.A., Cheung M.J., Pang E.W. Theta-modulated gamma-band synchronization among activated regions during a verb generation task. Front. Psychology 2012, 3:195. 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00195.
28. Dosenbach N.U., Fair D.A., Miezin F.M., Cohen A.L., Wenger K.K., Dosenbach R.A., Fox M.D., Snyder A.Z., Vincent J.L., Raichle M.E., Schlaggar B.L., Petersen S.E. Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104:11073-11078.
29. Dosenbach N.U., Visscher K.M., Palmer E.D., Miezin F.M., Wenger K.K., Kang H.C., Burgund E.D., Grimes A.L., Schlaggar B.L., Petersen S.E. A core system for the implementation of task sets. Neuron 2006, 50:799-812.
30. Douglas R.J., Martin K.A.C. Neocortex. The Synaptic Organization of the Brain 1990, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. G.M. Shepard (Ed.).
31. Edeline J.M. The thalamo-cortical auditory receptive fields: regulation by the states of vigilance, learning and the neuromodulatory systems. Exp. Brain Res. 2003, 153:554-572.
32. Eggermont J.J. The Neuroscience of Tinnitus 2012, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
33. Eggermont J.J., Komiya H. Moderate noise trauma in juvenile cats results in profound cortical topographic map changes in adulthood. Hear. Res. 2000, 142:89-101.
34. Eggermont J.J., Moore J.K. Morphological and functional development of the auditory nervous system. Human Auditory Development, Springer Handbook 61 of Auditory Research 2012, vol. 42:61-105. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 10.1007/978-1-4614-1421-6_3.
35. Eggermont J.J., Roberts L.E. The neuroscience of tinnitus. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27:676-682.
36. Elgoyhen A.B., Langguth B., Vanneste S., De Ridder D. Tinnitus: network pathophysiology-network pharmacology. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6. 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00001.
37. Engineer N.D., Riley J.R., Seale J.D., Vrana W.A., Shetake J.A., Sudanagunta S.P., Borland M.S., Kilgard M.P. Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity. Nature 2011, 470:101-104.
38. Esber G.R., Haselgrove M. Reconciling the influence of predictiveness and uncertainty on stimulus salience: a model of attention in associative learning. Proc. R. Soc. B 2011, 10.1098/rspb.2011.0836.
39. Finlayson P.G., Kaltenbach J.A. Alterations in the spontaneous discharge patterns of single units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus following intense sound exposure. Hear. Res. 2009, 256:104-117.
40. Freund T.F., Meskenaite V. g-aminobutyric acid-containing basal forebrain neurons innervate inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89:738-742.
41. Friederici A.D. Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2002, 6:78-84.
42. Frisina R.D. Aging changes in the central auditory system. The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: The Auditory Brain 2010, vol. 2:418-438. Oxford UP, Oxford.
43. Fritz J.B., Shamma S., Elhilali M., Klein D. Rapid task-related plasticity of spectrotemporal receptive fields in primary auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:1216-1223.
44. Fritz J.B., David S.V., Radtke-Schuller S., Yin P., Shamma S.A. Adaptive, behaviorally gated, persistent encoding of task-relevant auditory information in ferret frontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:1011-1019.
45. Fritz J.B., Elhilali M., David S.V., Shamma S.A. Auditory attention - focusing the searchlight on sound. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2007 2007, 17:437-455.
46. Fritz J.B., Elhilali M., Shamma S. Active listening: task-dependent plasticity of spectrotemporal receptive fields in primary auditory cortex. Hear. Res. 2005, 206:159-176.
47. Gander P.E., Bosnyak D.J., Roberts L.E. Evidence for modality-specific but not frequency-specific modulation of human primary auditory cortex by attention. Hear. Res. 2010, 268:213-226.
48. Gander P.E., Bosnyak D.J., Roberts L.E. Acoustic experience but not attention modifies neural population phase expressed in human primary auditory cortex. Hear. Res. 2010, 269:81-94.
49. Goto Y., Otani S., Grace A.A. The Yin and Yang of dopamine release: a new perspective. Neuropharmacology 2007, 53:583-587.
50. Grady C.L., Van Meter J.W., Maisog J.M., Pietrini P., Krasuski J., Rauschecker J.P. Attention-related modulation of activity in primary and secondary auditory cortex. Neuroreport 1997, 8:2511-2516.
51. Grimm S., Escera C., Slabu L., Costa-Faidella J. Electrophysiological evidence for the hierarchical organization of auditory change detection in the human brain. Psychophysiology 2011, 48:377-384.
52. Gu J.W., Herrmann B.S., Levine R.A., Melcher J.R. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials suggest a role for the ventral cochlear nucleus in tinnitus. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 2012, 10.1007/s10162-012-0344-1.
53. Gu J.W., Halpin C.F., Nam E.C., Levine R.A., Melcher J.R. Tinnitus, diminished sound-level tolerance, and elevated auditory activity in humans with clinically normal hearing sensitivity. J. Neurophysiol. 2010, 104:3361-3370. 2010.
54. Guillery R.W., Sherman S.M. Branched thalamic afferents: what are the messages that they relay to the cortex?. Brain Res. Rev. 2011, 66:205-219.
55. Hall D.A., Haggard M.P., Akeroyd M.A., Summerfield Q., Palmer A.R., Elliott M.R., Bowtell R.W. Modulation and task effects in auditory processing measured using fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2000, 10:107-119.
56. Hallanger A.E., Levey A.I., Lee H.J., Rye D.B., Wainer B.H. The origins of cholinergic and other subcortical efferents to the thalamus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1987, 262:105-124.
57. Hartmann T., Schlee W., Weisz N. It's only in your head: expectancy of aversive auditory stimulation modulates stimulus-induced auditory cortical alpha desynchronization. NeuroImage 2012, 60:170-178.
58. Harvey-Girard E., Lewis J., Maler L. Burst-induced anti-Hebbian depression acts through short-term synaptic dynamics to cancel redundant sensory signals. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:6152-6169.
59. Hébert S., Fournier P., Noreña A.J. The auditory sensitivity is increased in tinnitusears. J. Neurosci. 2013, 33:2356-2364.
60. Hennevin E., Huetz C., Edeline J.M. Neural representations during sleep: from sensory processing to memory traces. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2007, 87:416-440.
61. Herraiz C., Diges I., Cobo P., Aparicio J.M., Toledano A. Auditory discrimination training for tinnitus treatment: the effect of different paradigms. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2010, 267:1067-1074.
62. Hoare D.J., Kowalkowski V.L., Hall D.A. Effects of frequency discrimination training on tinnitus: results from two randomised controlled trials. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 2012, 13:543-559.
63. Hoke M., Feldmann H., Lütkenhöner B., Lehnertz K. Objective evidence of tinnitus in auditory evoked magnetic fields. Hear Res. 1989, 37:281-286.
64. House J.W., Brackmann D.E. Tinnitus: surgical treatment. Ciba Found. Symp. 1981, 85:204-216.
65. Husain F.T., Pajor N.M., Smith J.F., Kim H.J., Rudy S., Zalewski C., Brewer C., Horwitz B. Discrimination task reveals differences in neural bases of tinnitus and hearing impairment. PLoS One 2011, 6:e26639.
66. Irvine D.R., Rajan R., Smith S. Effects of restricted cochlear lesions in adult cats on the frequency organization of the inferior colliculus. J. Comp. Neurol. 2003, 467:354-374.
67. Jacobson G.P., McCaslin D.L. A reexamination of the long latency N1 response in patients with tinnitus. J. Am. Acad. Audiol. 2003, 14:393-400.
68. 200) measurements in tinnitus and normal groups. Hear Res. 1991, 56:44-52.
69. Jäncke L., Mirzazade S., Shah N.J. Attention modulates activity in the primary and the secondary auditory cortex: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human subjects. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 266:125-128.
70. Jastreboff P.J. Tinnitus as a phantom perception: theories and clinical applications. Mechanisms of Tinnitus 1995, 73-94. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. J. Vernon, A.R. Moeller (Eds.).
71. Jastreboff P.J., Jastreboff M.M. Tinnitus retraining therapy: a different view on tinnitus. ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. 2006, 6:23-30. 10.1159/000090487.
72. Jiménez-Capdeville M.E., Dykes R.W., Myasnikov A.A. Differential control of cortical activity by the basal forebrain in rats: a role for both cholinergic and inhibitory influences. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997, 381:53-67.
73. Jin Y.M., Godfrey D.A., Wang J., Kaltenbach J.A. Effects of intense tone exposure on choline acetyltransferase activity in the hamster cochlear nucleus. Hear Res. 2006, 216-217:168-175.
74. Johnson J.A., Zatorre R.J. Attention to simultaneous unrelated auditory and visual events: behavioral and neural correlates. Cereb. Cortex 2005, 15:1609-1620.
75. Johnson J.A., Zatorre R.J. Neural substrates for dividing and focusing attention between simultaneous auditory and visual events. NeuroImage 2006, 31:1673-1681.
76. Kadner A., Viirre E., Wester D.C., Walsh S.F., Hestenes J., Vankov A., Pineda J.A. Lateral inhibition in the auditory cortex: an EEG index of tinnitus?. Neuroreport 2002, 13:443-446.
77. Kaltenbach J.A., Zhang J. Intense sound-induced plasticity in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of rats: evidence for cholinergic receptor upregulation. Hear Res. 2007, 226:232-243.
78. Kaltenbach J.A., Zacharek M.A., Zhang J., Frederick S. Activity in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of hamsters previously tested for tinnitus following intense tone exposure. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 355:121-125.
79. Kamke M.R., Brown M., Irvine D.R.F. Plasticity in the tonotopic organization of the medial geniculate body in adult cats following restricted unilateral cochlear lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 2003, 459:355-367.
80. Kanold P.O., Young E.D. Proprioceptive information from the pinna provides somatosensory input to cat dorsal cochlear nucleus. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:7848-7858.
81. Kaas J.H., Hackett T.A. Subdivisions of auditory cortex and processing streams in primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97:11793-11799.
82. Kerlin J.R., Shahin A.J., Miller L.M. Attentional gain control of ongoing cortical speech representations in a "Cocktail Party". J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:620-628.
83. Kilgard M.P., Merzenich M.M. Plasticity of temporal information processing in the primary auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 1998, 1:727-731.
84. Kilgard M.P., Merzenich M.M. Order-sensitive plasticity in adult primary auditory cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99:3205-3209.
85. Kilgard M.P., Pandya P.K., Vazquez J., Gehi A., Schreiner C.E., Merzenich M.M. Sensory input directs spatial and temporal plasticity in primary auditory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 86:326-338.
86. Kiss J., Patel A.J. Development of the cholinergic fibres innervating the cerebral cortex of the rat. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 1992, 10:153-170.
87. Knobel K.A.B., Sanchez T.G. Influence of silence and attention on tinnitus perception. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2008, 138:18-22.
88. Kujawa S.G., Liberman M.C. Adding insult to injury: cochlear nerve degeneration after "temporary" noise-induced hearing loss. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:14077-14085.
89. Langers D.R.M., van Dijk P. Mapping the tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex with minimally salient acoustic stimulation. Cereb. Cortex 2012, 22:2024-2038.
90. Langers D.R., de Kleine E., van Dijk P. Tinnitus does not require macroscopic tonotopic map reorganization. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6:2.
91. Lanting C.P., de Kleine E., van Dijk P. Neural activity underlying tinnitus generation: results from PET and fMRI. Hear. Res. 2009, 255:1-13.
92. Leaver A.M., Seydell-Greenwald A., Turesky T.K., Morgan S., Kim H.J., Rauschecker J.P. Cortico-limbic morphology separates tinnitus from tinnitus distress. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6:21. 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00021.
93. Lee S.-H., Dan Y. Neuromodulation of brain states. Neuron 2012, 76:209-222.
94. Lee C.Y., Jaw F.S., Pan S.L., Lin M.Y., Young Y.H. Auditory cortical evoked potentials in tinnitus patients with normal audiological presentation. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2007, 106:979-985.
95. Lendvai B., Halmos G.B., Polony G., Kapocsi J., Horváth T., Aller M., Vizi E.S., Zelles T. Chemical neuroprotection in the cochlea: the modulation of dopamine release from lateral olivocochlear efferents. Neurochem. Int. 2011, 59:150-158.
96. Lesch K.P., Waider J. Serotonin in the modulation of neural plasticity and networks: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuron 2012, 76:175-191.
97. Llinas R., Urbano F.J., Leznik E., Ramirez R.R., Van Marle H.J. Rhythmic and dysrhythmic thalamocortical dynamics: GABA systems and the edge effect. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28:325-333.
98. Lockwood A.H., Salvi R.J., Coad M.L., Towsley M.L., Wack D.S., Murphy B.W. The functional neuroanatomy of tinnitus: evidence for limbic system links and neural plasticity. Neurology 1998, 50:114-120.
99. Maudoux A., Lefebvre P., Cabay J.E., Demertzi A., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Laureys S., Soddu A. Connectivity graph analysis of the auditory resting state network in tinnitus. Brain Res. 2012, 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.006.
100. Meidinger M.A., Hildebrandt-Schoenfeld H., Illing R.B. Cochlear damage induces gap-43 expression in cholinergic synapses of the cochlear nucleus in the adult rat: a light and electron microscopic study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 23:3187-3199.
101. Mellott J.G., Motts S.D., Schofield B.R. Multiple origins of cholinergic innervation of the cochlear nucleus. Neuroscience 2011, 180:138-147.
102. Metherate R., Ashe J.H. Nucleus basalis stimulation facilitates thalamocortical synaptic transmission in the rat auditory cortex. Synapse 1993, 14:132-143.
103. Metherate R. Functional connectivity and cholinergic modulation in auditory cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2011, 35:2058-2063.
104. Mirz F., Gjedde A., Ishizu K., Pedersen C.B. Cortical networks subserving the perception of tinnitus - a PET study. Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl. 2000, 543:241-243.
105. Mirz F., Pedersen B., Ishizu K., Johannsen P., Ovesen T., Stodkilde-Jorgensen H., Gjedde A. Positron emission tomography of cortical centers of tinnitus. Hear. Res. 1999, 134:133-144.
106. Motts S.D., Schofield B.R. Cholinergic and non-cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei to the medial geniculate body in guinea pigs. Front. Neuroanat. 2010, 4:137. 10.3389/fnana.2010.00137.
107. Mulders W.H., Robertson D. Hyperactivity in the auditory midbrain after acoustic trauma: dependence on cochlear activity. Neuroscience 2009, 164:733-746.
108. Mulders W.H., Seluakumaran K., Robertson D. Efferent pathways modulate hyperactivity in inferior colliculus. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:9578-9958.
109. Mulders W.H., Robertson D. Progressive centralization of midbrain hyperactivity after acoustic trauma. Neuroscience 2011, 192:753-760.
110. Müller N., Schlee W., Hartmann T., Lorenz I., Weisz N. Top-down modulation of the auditory steady-state response in a task-switch paradigm. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2009, 3. 10.3389/neuro.09.001.2009.
111. Mesulam M.M., Mufson E.J., Levey A.I., Wainer B.H. Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia Innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 1983, 214:170-197.
112. Nichols J.A., Nichols A.R., Smirnakis S.M., Engineer N.D., Kilgard M.P., Atzori M. Vagus nerve stimulation modulates cortical synchrony and excitability through the activation of muscarinic receptors. Neuroscience 2011, 189:207-214.
113. Niebur E., Hsiao S.S., Johnson K.O. Synchrony: a neuronal mechanism for attentional selection?. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2002, 12:190-194.
114. Noreña A.J. An integrative model of tinnitus based on a central gain controlling neural sensitivity. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2011, 35:1089-1090.
115. Noreña A.J., Chéry-Croze S. Enriched acoustic environment rescales auditory sensitivity. Neuroreport 2007, 18:1251-1255.
116. Noreña A.J., Cransac H., Chery-Croze S. Towards an objectification by classification of tinnitus. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1999, 110:666-675.
117. Noreña A.J., Eggermont J.J. Changes in spontaneous neural activity immediately after an acoustic trauma: implications for neural correlates of tinnitus. Hear. Res. 2003, 183:137-153.
118. Noreña A., Eggermont J.J. Enriched acoustic environment after noise trauma abolishes neural signs of tinnitus. Neuroreport 2006, 17:559-563.
119. Noreña A.J., Farley B.J. Tinnitus-related neural activity: theories of generation, propagation, and centralization. Hear. Res. 2013, 295:161-171.
120. Noreña A.J., Gourévitch B., Aizawa N., Eggermont J.J. Spectrally enhanced acoustic environment disrupts frequency representation in cat auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:932-939.
121. Noreña A., Micheyl C., Chéry-Croze S., Collet L. Psychoacoustic characterization of the tinnitus spectrum: implications for the underlying mechanisms of tinnitus. Audiol. Neurootol. 2002, 7:358-369.
122. Obleser J., Weisz N. Suppressed alpha oscillations predict intelligibility of speech and its acoustic details. Cereb. Cortex 2012, 22:2466-3247.
123. Paltoglou A.E., Sumner C.J., Hall D.A. Examining the role of frequency specificity in the enhancement and suppression of human cortical activity by auditory selective attention. Hear. Res. 2009, 257:106-118.
124. Palva S., Palva J.M. Discovering oscillatory interaction networks with M/EEG: challenges and breakthroughs. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2012, 16:219-230.
125. Parikh V., Kozak R., Martinez V., Sarter M. Prefrontal acetylcholine release controls cue detection on multiple timescales. Neuron 2007, 56:141-154.
126. Pawlak V., Wickens J.R., Kirkwood A., Kerr J.N.D. Timing is not everything: neuromodulation opens the STDP gate. Front. Synaptic Neurosci. 2010, 2. 10.3389/fnsyn.2010.00146.
127. Petkov C.I., Kang X., Alho K., Bertrand O., Yund E.W., Woods D.L. Attentional modulation of human auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:658-663.
128. Petrides M., Alivisatos B., Frey S. Differential activation of the human orbital, mid-ventrolateral, and mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the processing of visual stimuli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99:5649-5654.
129. Picciotto M.R., Higley M.J., Mineur Y.S. Acetylcholine as a neuromodulator: cholinergic signaling shapes nervous system function and behavior. Neuron 2012, 76:116-129.
130. Pienkowski M., Eggermont J.J. Long-term, partially-reversible reorganization of frequency tuning in mature cat primary auditory cortex can be induced by passive exposure to moderate-level sounds. Hear. Res. 2009, 257:24-40.
131. Pienkowski M., Eggermont J.J. Passive exposure of adult cats to moderate-level tone pip ensembles differentially decreases AI and AII responsiveness in the exposure frequency range. Hear. Res. 2010, 268:151-162.
132. Pienkowski M., Eggermont J.J. Cortical tonotopic map plasticity and behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2011, 35:2117-2128.
133. Pienkowski M., Eggermont J.J. Reversible long-term changes in auditory processing in mature auditory cortex in the absence of hearing loss induced by passive, moderate-level sound exposure. Ear Hear. 2012, 33:305-314.
134. Pienkowski M., Munguia R., Eggermont J.J. Effects of passive, moderate-level sound exposure on the mature auditory cortex: spectral edges, spectrotemporal density, and real-world noise. Hear. Res. 2013, 296:121-130.
135. Plewnia C., Reimold M., Najib A., Reischl G., Plontke S.K., Gerloff C. Moderate therapeutic efficacy of positron emission tomography-navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic tinnitus: a randomised, controlled pilot study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2007, 78:152-156.
136. Plewnia C., Reimold M., Najib A., Brehm B., Reischl G., Plontke S.K., Gerloff C. Dose-dependent attenuation of auditory phantom perception (tinnitus) by pet-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2007, 28:238-246.
137. Polley D.B., Steinberg E.E., Merzenich M.M. Perceptual learning directs auditory cortical map reorganization through top-down influences. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:4970-4982.
138. Pozo K., Goda Y. Unraveling mechanisms of homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Neuron 2010, 66:337-351.
139. Pulec J.L. Cochlear nerve section for intractable tinnitus. Ear Nose Throat J. 1995, 7(468):470-476.
140. Purcell D.W., John S.M., Schneider B.A., Picton T.W. Human temporal auditory acuity as assessed by envelope following responses. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2004, 116:3581-3593.
141. Raichle M. Two views of brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2010, 14:180-190.
142. Raichle M.E., MacLeod A.M., Snyder A.Z., Powers W.J., Gusnard D.A., Shulman G.L. A default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001, 98:676-682.
143. Rajan R., Irvine D.R.F., Wise L.Z., Heil P. Effect of unilateral partial cochlear lesions in adult cats on the representation of lesioned and unlesioned cochleas in primary auditory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1993, 338:17-49.
144. Rajan R., Irvine D.R. Neuronal responses across cortical field A1 in plasticity induced by peripheral auditory organ damage. Audiol. Neurootol. 1998, 3:123-144.
145. Rajan R., Irvine D.R. Absence of plasticity of frequency map organization in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of adult cats after partial unilateral cochlear lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 339:35-46.
146. Ramanathan D., Tuszynski M.H., Conner J.M. The basal forebrain cholinergic system is required specifically for behaviorally mediated cortical map plasticity. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:5992-6000.
147. Rauschecker J. An expanded role for the dorsal auditory pathway in sensorimotor control and Integration. Hear. Res. 2011, 271:16-25.
148. Rauschecker J.P., Leaver A.M., Mühlau M. Tuning out the noise: limbic-auditory interactions in tinnitus. Neuron 2010, 66:819-826.
149. Recanzone G.H., Schreiner C.E., Merzenich M.M. Plasticity in the frequency representation of primary auditory cortex following discrimination training in adult owl monkeys. J. Neurosci. 1993, 13:87-103.
150. Rescorla R.A., Wagner A.R. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory 1972, 64-99. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, NY. A.H. Black, W.F. Prokasy (Eds.).
151. Roberts L.E., Bosnyak D.J. Evidence for depression of auditory cortical synapses in tinnitus and its reversal in residual inhibition. Soc. Neurosci. 2010, Abstract on line 170.22.
152. Roberts L.E., Bosnyak D.J., Thompson D.C. Neural plasticity expressed in central auditory structures with and without tinnitus. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6:40. 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00040.
153. Roberts L.E., Moffat G., Bosnyak D.J. Residual inhibition functions in relation to tinnitus spectra and auditory threshold shift. Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl. 2006, 556:27-33. 2006.
154. Roberts L.E., Eggermont J.J., Caspary D.C., Shore S.E., Melcher J.R., Kaltenbach J.A. Ringing ears: the neuroscience of tinnitus. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:14980-14986.
155. Roberts L.E., Moffat G., Baumann M., Ward L.M., Bosnyak D.J. Residual inhibition functions overlap tinnitus spectra and the region of auditory threshold shift. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 2008, 9:417-435.
156. Roberts L.E., Williams R.J., Marlin R.G., Farrell T., Imiolo D. Awareness of the response after feedback training for changes in heart rate and sudomotor laterality. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 1984, 113:225-255.
157. Robertson D., Bester C., Vogler D., Mulders W. Spontaneous hyperactivity in the auditory midbrain: relationship to afferent input. Hear. Res. 2013, 295:124-129.
158. Ross B., Picton T.W., Pantev C. Temporal integration in the human auditory cortex as represented by the development of the steady-state magnetic field. Hear. Res. 2002, 165:68-84.
159. Ross B., Picton T.W., Herdman A.T., Pantev C. The effect of attention on the auditory steady-state response. Neurol. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2004, 22.
160. Rossiter S., Stevens C., Walker G. Tinnitus and its effect on working memory and attention. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 2006, 49:150-160.
161. Sadaghiani S., Hesselmann G., Kleinschmidt A. Distributed and antagonistic contributions of ongoing activity fluctuations to auditory stimulus detection. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:13410-13417.
162. Sara S.J., Bouret S. Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal. Neuron 2012, 76:130-141.
163. Sarter M., Parikh V., Howe W.M. Phasic acetylcholine release and the volume transmission hypothesis: time to move on. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10:383-390.
164. Sarter M., Hasselmo M.E., Bruno J.P., Givens B. Unraveling the attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: interactions between signal-driven and cognitive modulation of signal detection. Brain Res. Rev. 2005, 48:98-111.
165. Schaette R., McAlpine D. Tinnitus with a normal audiogram: physiological evidence for hidden hearing loss and computational model. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:13452-13457.
166. Schlee W., Hartmann T., Langguth B., Weisz N. Abnormal resting state cortical coupling in chronic tinnitus. BMC Neurosci. 2009, 10:11. 10.1186/1471-2202-10-11.
167. Schlee W., Mueller N., Hartmann T., Keil J., Lorenz I., Weisz N. Mapping cortical hubs in tinnitus. BMC Biol. 2009, 7:80. 10.1186/1741-7007-7-80.
168. Schlee W., Weisz N., Bertrand O., Hartmann T., Elbert T. Using auditory steady state responses to outline the functional connectivity in the tinnitus brain. PLoS One 2008, 3:e3720. 10.1371/journal.pone.0003720.
169. Schofield B.R., Motts S.D. Projections from auditory cortex to cholinergic cells in the midbrain tegmentum of guinea pigs. Brain Res. Bull. 2009, 80:163-170.
170. Scholl B., Wehr M. Disruption of balanced cortical excitation and inhibition by acoustic trauma. J. Neurophysiol. 2008, 100:646-656.
171. Schönwiesner M., Novitski N., Pakarinen S., Carlson S., Tervaniemi M., Näätänen R. Heschl's gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus, and mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex have different roles in the detection of acoustic changes. J. Neurophysiol. 2007, 97:2075-2082. 2007.
172. Schröger E. A neural mechanism for involuntary attention shifts to changes in auditory stimulation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1996, 8:527-539.
173. Schultz W., Dickinson A. Neuronal coding of prediction errors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 23:473-500.
174. Schultz W. Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 30:259-288.
175. Searchfield G.D., Wise K., Kobayashi K. Game training of tinnitus. 6th International TRI Tinnitus Conference 2012.
176. Searchfield G.D., Morrison-Low J., Wise K. Object identification and attention training for treating tinnitus. Prog. Brain Res. 2007, 166:441-460.
177. Searchfield G.D., Kobayashi K., Sanders M. An adaptation level theory of tinnitus audibility. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6:46. 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00046.
178. Seki S., Eggermont J.J. Changes in spontaneous firing rate and neural synchrony in cat primary auditory cortex after localized tone-induced hearing loss. Hear. Res. 2003, 180:28-38.
179. Sereda M., Hall D.A., Bosnyak D.J., Edmondson-Jones M., Roberts L.E., Adjamian P., Palmer A.R. Re-examining the relationship between audiometric profile and tinnitus pitch. Int. J. Audiol. 2011, 50:303-312.
180. Sereda M., Adjamian P., Edmondson-Jones M., Palmer A.R., Hall D.A. Auditory evoked magnetic fields in individuals with tinnitus. Hear. Res. 2013, 302:50-59.
181. Shadmehr R., Smith M.A., Krakauer J.W. Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control. Annu. Rev Neurosci. 2010, 33:89-108.
182. Shomstein S., Yantis S. Parietal cortex mediates voluntary control of spatial and nonspatial auditory attention. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:435-439.
183. Singer W. Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code review for the definition of relations?. Neuron 1999, 24:49-65.
184. Soleymani T., Pieton D., Pezeshkian P., Miller P., Gorgulho A.A., Pouratian N., De Salles A.E.F. Surgical approaches to tinnitus treatment: a review and novel approaches Surg. Neurol. Int. 2011, 2:154.
185. Stevens C., Walker G., Boyer M., Gallagher M. Severe tinnitus and its effect on selective and divided attention. Int. J. Audiol. 2007, 46:208-216.
186. Stevens C.F., Zador A.M. Input synchrony and the irregular firing pattern of firing pattern of cortical neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1998, 1:210-217.
187. Tan C.M., Lecluyse W., McFerran D., Meddis R. Tinnitus and patterns of hearing loss. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. 2013, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1007/s10162-013-0371-6.
188. Tass P.A., Adamchic I., Freund H.-J., Von Stackelberg T., Hauptmann C. Counteracting tinnitus by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2012, 30:137-159.
189. Tritsch N.X., Sabatini B.L. Dopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission in cortex and striatum. Neuron 2012, 76:33-50.
190. Turrigiano G.G., Nelson S.B. Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:97-107.
191. Tzourio N., Massioui F.E., Crivello F., Joliot M., Renault B., Mazoyer B. Functional anatomy of human auditory attention studied with PET. NeuroImage 1997, 5:63-77.
192. Van der Loo E., Gais S., Congedo M., Vanneste S., Plazier M., Menovsky T., Van de Heyning P., De Ridder D. Tinnitus intensity dependent gamma oscillations of the contralateral auditory cortex. PLoS One 2009, 4:e7396. 10.1371/journal.pone.0007396.
193. van Dijk P., Boyen K., Gendt M., Langers D., de Kleine E. Neuroimaging of tinnitus-related changes in the human central auditory system. Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Baltimore 2013.
194. Van Horn S.C., Erişir A., Sherman S.M. Relative distribution of synapses in the A-laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 2000, 416:509-520.
195. Vanneste S., Plazier M., der Loo E., de Heyning P.V., Congedo M., DeRidder D. The neural correlates of tinnitus-related distress. NeuroImage 2010, 52:470-480.
196. Vanneste S., De Ridder D. The auditory and nonauditory brain areas involved in tinnitus: an emergent property of multiple parallel overlapping subnetworks. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2012, 6. 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00031.
197. Vanneste S., Focquaert F., Van de Heyning P., De Ridder D. Different resting state brain activity and functional connectivity in patients who respond and not respond to bifrontal tDCS for tinnitus suppression. Exp. Brain Res. 2011, 210:217-227.
198. Vanneste S., van de Heyning P., De Ridder D. The neural network of phantom sound changes over time: a comparison between recent-onset and chronic tinnitus patients. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2011, 34:718-731.
199. Vanneste S., van Dongen M., De Vree B., Hiseni S., van der Velden E., Strydis C., Joos K., Noreña A., Serdijn W., De Ridder D. Does enriched acoustic environment in humans abolish chronic tinnitus clinically and electrophysiologically? A double blind placebo controlled study. Hear. Res. 2013, 296:141-148.
200. Voisin J., Bidet-Caulet A., Bertrand O., Fonlupt P. Listening in silence activates auditory areas: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:273-278.
201. Webb B. Neural mechanisms for prediction: do insects have forward models?. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27:278-282.
202. Weinberger N.M. Specific long-term memory traces in primary auditory cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:279-290.
203. Weinberger N.M. Auditory associative memory and representational plasticity in the primary auditory cortex. Hear. Res. 2007, 229:54-68.
204. Weisz N., Dohrmann K., Elbert T. The relevance of spontaneous activity for the coding of the tinnitus sensation. Prog. Brain Res. 2007, 166:61-70.
205. Weisz N., Hartmann T., Dohrmann K., Schlee W., Noreña A. High-frequency tinnitus without hearing loss does not mean absence of deafferentation. Hear. Res. 2006, 222:108-114.
206. Weisz N., Hartmann T., Müller N., Lorenz I., Obleser J. Alpha rhythms in audition: cognitive and clinical perspectives. Front. Psychol. 2011, 2. 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00073.
207. Weisz N., Moratti S., Meinzer M., Dohrmann K., Elbert T. Tinnitus perception and distress is related to abnormal spontaneous brain activity as measured by magnetoencephalography. PLoS Med. 2005, 2:546-553.
208. Weisz N., Voss S., Berg P., Elbert T. Abnormal auditory mismatch response in tinnitus sufferers with high-frequency hearing loss is associated with subjective distress level. BMC Neurosci. 2004, 2004:5. 10.1186/1471-2202-5-8.
209. Weisz N., Müller S., Schlee W., Dohrmann K., Hartmann T., Elbert T. The neural code of auditory phantom perception. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:1479-1484. 2007.
210. Wienbruch C., Paul I., Weisz N., Elbert T., Roberts L.E. Frequency organization of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response in normal hearing and in tinnitus. NeuroImage 2006, 33:180-194.
211. Winkler I., Denham S.L., Nelken I. Modeling the auditory scene: predictive regularity representations and perceptual objects. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2009, 13:532-540.
212. Wu C.T., Weissman D.H., Roberts K.C., Woldorff M.G. The neural circuitry underlying the executive control of auditory spatial attention. Brain Res. 2007, 1134:187-198.
213. Wurtz R.H., Joiner W.M., Berman R.A. Neuronal mechanisms for visual stability: progress and problems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2011, 366:492-503.
214. Yao H., Dan Y. Stimulus timing-dependent plasticity in cortical processing of orientation. Neuron 2001, 32:315-323.
215. Yu A.J., Dayan P. Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention. Neuron 2005, 46:681-692.
216. Zeng C., Nannapaneni N., Zhou J., Hughes L.F., Shore S. Cochlear damage changes the distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters associated with auditory and nonauditory inputs to the cochlear nucleus. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:4210-4217.
217. Zeng C., Yang Z., Shreve L., Bledsoe S.C., Shore S.E. Somatosensory projections to cochlear nucleus are upregulated after long-term unilateral deafness. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:15791-15801.
218. Zenner H.P., Pfister M., Birbaumer N. Tinnitus sensitization: sensory and psychophysiological aspects of a new pathway of acquired centralization of chronic tinnitus. Otol. Neurol. 2006, 27:1054-1063.
219. Zhang L.I., Bao S., Merzenich M.M. Persistent and specific influences of early acoustic environments on primary auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:1123-1130.
220. Zhao Y., Tzounopoulos T. Physiological activation of cholinergic inputs controls associative synaptic plasticity via modulation of endocannabinoid signaling. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:3158-3168.
221. Zhou X., Merzenich M.M. Environmental noise exposure degrades normal listening processes. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3:843. 10.1038/ncomms1849.
222. Zhou X., Henin S., Long G.R., Parra L.C. Impaired cochlear function correlates with the presence of tinnitus and its estimated spectral profile. Hear. Res. 2011, 277:107-116.