A probabilistic model of visual working memory: Incorporating higher order regularities into working memory capacity estimates

Psychological Review

Volumn 120, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 85-109

  Brady, Timothy F ^a   Tenenbaum, Joshua B ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Change detection; Hierarchical bayes; Probabilistic model; Visual short term memory; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; COLOR VISION; HUMAN; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STATISTICAL MODEL; VISION;

BAYES THEOREM; COLOR PERCEPTION; HUMANS; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; SIGNAL DETECTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84881101565     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030779     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Ahumada, A. J., Jr. (1996). Perceptual classification images from Vernier acuity masked by noise [Abstract]. Perception, 25, 18.
2. Alloway, T. P., & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106, 20-29. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.11.003
3. Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Representing multiple objects as an ensemble enhances visual cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 122-131. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.003
4. Alvarez, G. A., & Cavanagh, P. (2004). The capacity of visual short-term memory is set both by visual information load and by number of objects. Psychological Science, 15, 106-111. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x
5. Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2008). The representation of simple ensemble visual features outside the focus of attention. Psychological Science, 19, 392-398. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02098.x
6. Alvarez, G. A., & Oliva, A. (2009). Spatial ensemble statistics: Efficient codes that can be represented with reduced attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 7345-7350. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808981106
7. Anderson, D. E., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2011). Precision in visual working memory reaches a stable plateau when individual item limits are exceeded. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 1128-1138. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4125-10.2011
8. Ariely, D. (2001), Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties. Psychological Science, 12, 157-162. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00327
9. Awh, E., Barton, B., & Vogel, E. K. (2007). Visual working memory represents a fixed number of items, regardless of complexity. Psychological Science, 18, 622-628. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01949.x
10. Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417-423. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
11. Bays, P. M., Catalao, R. F. G., & Husain, M. (2009). The precision of visual working memory is set by allocation of a shared resource. Journal of Vision, 9(10), 7. doi:10.1167/9.10.7
12. Bays, P. M., & Husain, M. (2008, August 8). Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision. Science, 321, 851-854.
13. Besag, J. (1975). Statistical analysis of non-lattice data. The Statistician, 24, 179-195.
14. Besag, J. (1977). Efficiency of pseudolikelihood estimation for simple Gaussian fields. Biometrika, 64, 616-618. doi:10.1093/biomet/64.3.616
15. Brady, T. F. (2011, July). Trial-by-trial variance in visual working memory capacity estimates as a window into the architecture of working memory. Poster presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Sciences Society, Boston, MA.
16. Brady, T. F., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Hierarchical encoding in visual working memory: Ensemble statistics bias memory for individual items. Psychological Science, 22, 384-392. doi:10.1177/0956797610397956
17. Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2009). Compression in visual short-term memory: Using statistical regularities to form more efficient memory representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138, 487-502. doi:10.1037/a0016797
18. Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). A review of visual memory capacity: Beyond individual items and towards structured representations. Journal of Vision, 11(5), 4. doi:10.1167/11.5.4
19. Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., Oliva, A., & Alvarez, G. A. (2009). Detecting changes in real-world objects: The relationship between visual long-term memory and change blindness. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2(1), 1-3. doi:10.4161/cib.2.1.7297
20. Brewer, W. F., & Treyens, J. C. (1981). Role of schemata in memory for places. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 207-230. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(81)90008-6
21. Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55-81. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2
22. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87-114. doi:10.1017/S0140525X01003922
23. Cowan, N. (2005). Working memory capacity. Hove, England: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9780203342398
24. Cowan, N., Chen, Z., & Rouder, J. N. (2004). Constant capacity in an immediate serial-recall task: A logical sequel to Miller (1956). Psychological Science, 15, 634-640. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00732.x
25. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6
26. Driver, J., & Baylis, G. C. (1998). Attention and visual object segmentation. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 299-325). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
27. Danovitch, J., & Bloom, P. (2009). Children's extension of disgust to physical and moral events. Emotion, 9, 107-112. doi:10.1037/a0014113
28. Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of emotions in man and animal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872)
29. Davey, G. C. L. (2011). Disgust: The disease-avoidance emotion and its dysfunctions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Series B: Biological Sciences, 366, 3453-3465. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0039
30. Druschel, B. A., & Sherman, M. F. (1999). Disgust sensitivity as a function of the Big Five and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 739-748. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00196-2
31. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 19, pp. 207-282). Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
32. Ellis, B. J. (1992). The evolution of sexual attraction: Evaluative mechanisms in women. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 267-288). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
33. Eskine, K. J., Kacinik, N. A., & Prinz, J. J. (2011). A bad taste in the mouth: Gustatory disgust influences moral judgment. Psychological Science, 22, 295-299. doi:10.1177/0956797611398497
34. Ewald, P. W. (1994). The evolution of infectious disease. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
35. DeBruine, L. M. (2005). Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: Context-specific effects of facial resemblance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B: Biological Sciences, 272, 919-922. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.3003
36. DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2010). Women's preferences for masculinity in male faces are predicted by pathogen disgust, but not moral or sexual disgust. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 69-74.
37. Delton, A. W., Cosmides, L., Robertson, T. E., Guemo, M., & Tooby, J. (2012). The psychosemantics of free riding: Dissecting the architecture of a moral concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1252-1270. doi:10.1037/a0027026
38. DeScioli, P., Bruening, R., & Kurzban, R. (2011). The omission effect in moral cognition: Toward a functional explanation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32, 204-215. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.01.003
39. DeScioli, P., Christner, J., & Kurzban, R. (2011). The omission strategy. Psychological Science, 22, 442-446. doi:10.1177/0956797611400616
40. DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2009). Mysteries of morality. Cognition, 112, 281-299. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.008
41. DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2012). A solution to the mysteries of morality. Psychological Bulletin. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0029065
42. DeSimone, J. A., Lyall, V., Heck, G. L., & Feldman, G. M. (2001). Acid detection by taste receptor cells. Respiration Physiology, 129, 231-245. doi:10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00293-6
43. Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London, England: Routledge.
44. Druschel, B. A., & Sherman, M. F. (1999). Disgust sensitivity as a function of the Big Five and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 739-748. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00196-2
45. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 19, pp. 207-282). Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
46. Ellis, B. J. (1992). The evolution of sexual attraction: Evaluative mechanisms in women. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 267-288). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
47. Eskine, K. J., Kacinik, N. A., & Prinz, J. J. (2011). A bad taste in the mouth: Gustatory disgust influences moral judgment. Psychological Science, 22, 295-299. doi:10.1177/0956797611398497
48. Ewald, P. W. (1994). The evolution of infectious disease. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
49. Faulkner, J., Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Duncan, L. A. (2004). Evolved disease-avoidance mechanisms and contemporary xenophobic attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 7, 333-353. doi:10.1177/1368430204046142
50. Fessler, D. M. T., Eng, S. J., & Navarrete, C. D. (2005). Disgust sensitivity is elevated in the first trimester of pregnancy: Evidence supporting the compensatory prophylaxis hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 344-351. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.12.001
51. Fessler, D. M. T., & Haley, K. J. (2006). Guarding the perimeter: The outside-inside dichotomy in disgust and bodily experience. Cognition & Emotion, 20, 3-19. doi:10.1080/02699930500215181
52. Fessler, D. M. T., & Navarrete, C. D. (2003a). Domain-specific variation in disgust sensitivity across the menstrual cycle. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 406-417. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00054-0
53. Fessler, D. M. T., & Navarrete, C. D. (2003b). Meat is good to taboo: Dietary proscriptions as a product of the interaction of psychological mechanisms and social processes. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 3, 1-40. doi:10.1163/156853703321598563
54. Fessler, D. M. T., & Navarrete, C. D. (2004). Third-party attitudes toward sibling incest: Evidence for Westermarck's hypotheses. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 277-294.
55. Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2012). Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 1-59.
56. Fink, B., Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (2001). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness in relation to skin texture and color. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 115, 92-99. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.115.1.92
57. Fleischman, D. S., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2011). Progesterone's effects on measures of disease avoidance: Support for the compensatory prophylaxis hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 59, 271-275. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.11.014
58. Fridlund, A. J. (1991). Sociality of social smiling: Potentiation by an implicit audience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 229-240. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.229
59. Fumagalli, M., Sironi, M., Pozzoli, U., Ferrer-Admetlla, A., Pattini, L., & Nielsen, R. (2011). Signatures of environmental genetic adaptation pinpoint pathogens as the main selective pressure throughout human evolution. PLoS Genetics, 7, e1002355. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002355
60. Gangestad, S. W., Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2006). Evolutionary foundations of cultural variation: Evoked culture and mate preferences. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 75-95. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1702_1
61. Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 573-587. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0000337X
62. Gangestad, S. W., Simpson, J. A., Cousins, A. J., Garver-Apgar, C. E., & Christensen, P. N. (2004). Women's preferences for male behavioral displays change across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 15, 203-207. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x
63. Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D. J., & Koelling, R. A. (1955, July 22). Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science, 122, 157-158.
64. Giovannoni, J. (2001). Molecular biology of fruit maturation and ripening. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 52, 725-749. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.725
65. Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Fleeing the body: A terror management perspective on the problem of human corporeality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 200-218.
66. Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. (2009). Liberals and conservatives use different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1029-1046. doi:10.1037/a0015141
67. Grammer, K., Fink, B., Møller, A. P., & Thornhill, R. (2003). Darwinian aesthetics: Sexual selection and the biology of beauty. Biological Reviews, 78, 385-407. doi:10.1017/S1464793102006085
68. Greene, J. D. (2007). The secret joke in Kant's soul. In W. Sinnott- Armstrong (Ed.), Moral psychology: Vol. 3. The neuroscience of morality: Emotion, disease, and development (pp. 35-80). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
69. Hagen, E. H. (2002). Depression as bargaining: The case postpartum. Evolution and Human Behavior, 23, 323-336. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00102-7
70. Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814-834. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
71. Haidt, J. (2006). The happiness hypothesis: Finding modern truth in ancient wisdom. New York, NY: Basic Books.
72. Haidt, J. (2007, May 18). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316, 998-1002. doi:10.1126/science.1137651
73. Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York, NY: Paragon.
74. Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133, 55-66. doi:10.1162/0011526042365555
75. Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010). Morality. In S. Fiske, D. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 797-832). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
76. Haidt, J., Koller, S., & Dias, M. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613-628. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.613
77. Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701-713. doi:10.1016/
78. Haidt, J., Rozin, P., McCauley, C., & Imada, S. (1997). Body, psyche, and culture: The relationship of disgust to morality. Psychology and Developing Societies, 9, 107-131. doi:10.1177/097133369700900105
79. Haidt, J., Rozin, P., McCauley, C., & Imada, S. (1997). Body, psyche, and culture: The relationship of disgust to morality. Psychology and Developing Societies, 9, 107-131. doi:10.1177/097133369700900105
80. Haig, D. (1999). Asymmetric relations: Internal conflicts and the horror of incest. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 83-98. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(98)00042-7
81. Hamilton, W. D., & Zuk, M. (1982, October 22). Heritable true fitness and bright birds: A role for parasites? Science, 218, 384-387. doi:10.1126/science.7123238
82. Hart, B. L. (2011). Behavioural defences in animals against pathogens and parasites: Parallels with the pillars of medicine in humans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Series B: Biological Sciences, 366, 3406-3417. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0092
83. Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006). The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 47-66. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_3
84. Hauser, M. D. (2006). Moral minds: How nature designed a universal sense of right and wrong. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
85. Heath, C., Bell, C., & Sternberg, E. (2001). Emotional selection in memes: The case of urban legends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1028-1041. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1028
86. Henrich, J., Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (2012). The puzzle of monogamous marriage. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Series B: Biological Sciences, 367, 657-669. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0290
87. Henrich, J., & Henrich, N. (2010). The evolution of cultural adaptations: Fijian food taboos protect against dangerous marine toxins. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Series B: Biological Sciences, 277, 3715-3724. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1191
88. Hertenstein, M. J., Keltner, D., App, B., Bulleit, B. A., & Jaskolka, A. R. (2006). Touch communicates distinct emotions. Emotion, 6, 528-533. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.528
89. Hodson, G., & Costello, K. (2007). Interpersonal disgust, ideological orientations, and dehumanization as predictors of intergroup attitudes. Psychological Science, 18, 691-698. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01962.x
90. Hoefling, A., Likowski, K. U., Deutsch, R., Häfner, M., Seibt, B., Mühlberger, A.,... Strack, F. (2009). When hunger finds no fault with moldy corn: Food deprivation reduces food-related disgust. Emotion, 9, 50-58. doi:10.1037/a0014449
91. Hoffman, C. L., Ruiz-Lambides, A. V., Davila, E., Maldonado, E., Gerald, M. S., & Maestripieri, D. (2008). Sex differences in survival costs of reproduction in a promiscuous primate. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62, 1711-1718. doi:10.1007/s00265-008-0599-z
92. Holmes, K., Sparling, P., Stamm, W., Piot, P., Wasserheit, J., Corey, L., & Cohen, M. (2007). Sexually transmitted diseases (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
93. Hutcherson, C. A., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The moral emotions: A socialfunctionalist account of anger, disgust, and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 719-737. doi:10.1037/a0022408
94. Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2009). Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 714-725. doi:10.1080/02699930802110007
95. Isac, M., & Schneider, S. (1992). Some psychological reactions of rape victims. Medicine & Law, 11, 303-308.
96. Jennions, M. D., & Petrie, M. (2000). Why do females mate multiply? A review of the genetic benefits. Biological Review, 75, 21-64. doi: 10.1017/S0006323199005423
97. Jones, A., & Fitness, J. (2008). Moral hypervigilance: The influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain. Emotion, 8, 613-627. doi: 10.1037/a0013435
98. Jones, B. C., Little, A. C., Penton-Voak, I. S., Tiddeman, B. P., Burt, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Facial symmetry and judgments of apparent health: Support for a "good genes" explanation of the attractiveness-symmetry relationship. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 417-429. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00083-6
99. Keller, M. C., & Nesse, R. M. (2006). The evolutionary significance of depressive symptoms: Different adverse situations lead to different depressive symptom patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 316-330. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.316
100. Kelly, D. (2011). Yuck! The nature and moral significance of disgust. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
101. Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 467-480. doi:10.1080/026999399379140
102. Keltner, D., Haidt, J., & Shiota, L. (2006). Social functionalism and the evolution of emotions. In M. Schaller, D. Kenrick, & J. Simpson (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 115-142). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
103. Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Neuberg, S. L., & Schaller, M. (2010). Renovating the pyramid of needs: Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 292-314. doi:10.1177/1745691610369469
104. Kenrick, D. T., & Keefe, R. C. (1992). Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 75-91. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00067595
105. Kleck, R. (1969). Physical stigma and task oriented interactions. Human Relations, 22, 53-60. doi:10.1177/001872676902200103
106. Kluger, M. J., Ringler, D. H., & Anver, M. R. (1975, April 11). Fever and survival. Science, 188, 166-168. doi:10.1126/science.1114347
107. Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Iyer, R., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially purity) help explain culture war attitudes. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 184-194. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006
108. Konner, M., & Shostak, M. (1987). Timing and management of birth among the !Kung: Biocultural interaction in reproductive adaptation. Cultural Anthropology, 2, 11-28. doi:10.1525/can.1987.2.1.02a00030
109. Koukounas, E., & McCabe, M. (1997). Sexual and emotional variables influencing sexual response to erotica. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 221-230. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00097-6
110. Krebs, D. (2011). The origins of morality: An evolutionary account. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
111. Kurzban, R., DeScioli, P., & Fein, D. (2012). Hamilton vs. Kant: Pitting adaptations for altruism against adaptations for moral judgment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 323-333. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.11.002
112. Kurzban, R., DeScioli, P., & O'Brien, E. (2007). Audience effects on moralistic punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 75-84. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.001
113. Kurzban, R., Dukes, A., & Weeden, J. (2010). Sex, drugs, and moral goals: Reproductive strategies and views about recreational drugs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B: Biological Sciences, 277, 3501-3508. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0608
114. Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 187-208. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187
115. Li, Y. J., Cohen, A. B., Weeden, J., & Kenrick, D. T. (2010). Mating competitors increase religious beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 428-431. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.017
116. Lieberman, D., & Lobel, T. (2012). Kinship on the kibbutz: Coresidence duration predicts altruism, personal sexual aversions and moral attitudes among communally raised peers. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 26-34. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.05.002
117. Lieberman, D., Pillsworth, E. G., & Haselton, M. G. (2011). Kin affiliation across the ovulatory cycle: Females avoid fathers when fertile. Psychological Science, 22, 13-18. doi:10.1177/0956797610390385
118. Lieberman, D., Pillsworth, E. G., & Haselton, M. G. (2011). Kin affiliation across the ovulatory cycle: Females avoid fathers when fertile. Psychological Science, 22, 13-18. doi:10.1177/0956797610390385
119. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97. doi:10.1037/h0043158
120. Miller, M. B., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1998). Creating false memories for visual scenes. Neuropsychologia, 36, 513-520. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00148-6
121. Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (Eds.). (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139174909
122. Myczek, K., & Simons, D. J. (2008). Better than average: Alternatives to statistical summary representations for rapid judgments of average size. Perception & Psychophysics, 70, 772-788. doi:10.3758/PP.70.5.772
123. Oliva, A. (2005). Gist of the scene. In L. Itti, G. Rees, & J. K. Tsotsos (Eds.), Neurobiology of attention (pp. 251-256). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
124. Olson, I. R., & Jiang, Y. (2004). Visual short-term memory is not improved by training. Memory & Cognition, 32, 1326-1332. doi:10.3758/BF03206323
125. Olson, I. R., Jiang, Y., & Moore, K. S. (2005). Associative learning improves visual working memory performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 889-900. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.5.889
126. Orbán, G., Fiser, J., Aslin, R. N., & Lengyel, M. (2008). Bayesian learning of visual chunks by human observers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 2745-2750. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708424105
127. Pashler, H. (1988). Familiarity and the detection of change in visual displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 369-378. doi:10.3758/BF03210419
128. Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 283-290. doi:10.3758/BF03203943
129. Rosenholtz, R., Twarog, N. R., Schinkel-Bielefeld, N., & Wattenberg, M. (2009). An intuitive model of perceptual grouping for HCI design. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1331-1340). New York, NY: ACM Press.
130. Scholl, B. J. (2001). Objects and attention: The state of the art. Cognition, 80, 1-46. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00152-9
131. Schreiber, E., & Griffiths, T. L. (2007). Subjective randomness and natural scene statistics. In D. S. McNamara & J. G. Trafton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1449-1454). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
132. Sebrechts, M. M., & Garner, W. R. (1981). Stimulus-specific processing consequences of pattern goodness. Memory & Cognition, 9, 41-49. doi:10.3758/BF03196950
133. Stirk, J. A., & Underwood, G. (2007). Low-level visual saliency does not predict change detection in natural scenes. Journal of Vision, 7(10), 3. doi:10.1167/7.10.3
134. Tenenbaum, J. B., Griffiths, T. L., & Kemp, C. (2006). Theory-based Bayesian models of inductive learning and reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 309-318. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.05.009
135. Victor, J. D., & Conte, M. M. (2004). Visual working memory for image statistics. Vision Research, 44, 541-556. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2003.11.001
136. Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2001). Storage of features, conjunctions, and objects in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 92-114.
137. Wertheimer, M. (1938). Laws of organization in perceptual forms. London, England: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
138. Wertheimer, M. (1938). Laws of organization in perceptual forms. London, England: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
139. Wilken, P., & Ma, W. J. (2004). A detection theory account of change detection. Journal of Vision, 4(12), 11. doi:10.1167/4.12.11
140. Woodman, G. F. Vecera, S. P., & Luck, S. J. (2003). Perceptual organization influences visual working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 80-87. doi:10.3758/BF03196470
141. Wright, M. J. (2005). Saliency predicts change detection in pictures of natural scenes. Spatial Vision, 18, 413-430. doi:10.1163/1568568054389633
142. Xu, Y. (2006). Understanding the object benefit in visual short-term memory: The roles of feature proximity and connectedness. Perception & Psychophysics, 68, 815-828. doi:10.3758/BF03193704
143. Xu, Y., & Chun, M. M. (2007). Visual grouping in human parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 18766-18771. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705618104
144. Yuille, A., & Kersten, D. (2006). Vision as Bayesian inference: Analysis by synthesis? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 301-308. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.05.002
145. Zhang, W., & Luck, S. J. (2008). Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory. Nature, 453, 233-235. doi:10.1038/nature06860