Storage of features, conjunctions, and objects in visual working memory

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 92-114

  Vogel, Edward K ^a   Woodman, Geoffrey F ^b   Luck, Steven J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; LONG TERM MEMORY; MEMORY; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; VISION;

CUES; HUMANS; MEMORY; REACTION TIME; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 85047685842     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.27.1.92     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Abelson, A. R. (1911). The measurement of mental ability of "backward" children. British Journal of Psychology, 4, 268-314.
2. Anderson, J. R. (1993). Rules of the mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2, pp. 89-195). New York: Academic Press.
4. Averbach, E., & Coriel, A. S. (1961). Short-term memory in vision. Bell System Technical Journal, 40, 309-328.
5. Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Schumacher, E. H., Koeppe, R. A., & Katz, S. (1996). Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory: Evidence from positron emission tomography. Psychological Science, 7, 25-31.
6. Baddeley, A., Lewis, V., & Vallar, G. (1984). Exploring the articulatory loop. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36A, 233-252.
7. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
8. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. VIII, pp. 47-90). New York: Academic Press.
9. Baddeley, A. D., & Lieberman, K. (1980). Spatial working memory. In R. S. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and performance VIII (pp. 521-539). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). World length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575-589.
11. Binet. A., & Simon, T. (1909). L'intelligence des imbeciles. Annals of Psychology, 15, 1-147.
12. Blankenship, A. B. (1938). Memory span: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 35, 1-25.
13. Bolton, E. B. (1931). The relation of memory to intelligence. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14, 37-67.
14. Breitmeyer, B. G. (1984). Visual masking: An integrative approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Brener, R. (1940). An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 467-482.
16. Brown, J. (1958). Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 12-21.
17. Calkins, M. W. (1898). A study of immediate and delayed recall of the concrete and of the verbal. Psychological Review, 5, 451-456.
18. Cermak, G. W. (1971). Short-term recognition memory for complex free-form figures. Psychonomic Science, 5, 209-211.
19. Cohen, A., & Ivry, R. (1989). Illusory conjunctions inside and outside the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 650-663.
20. Cohen, A., & Ivry, R. B. (1991). Density effects in conjunction search: Evidence for a coarse location mechanism of feature integration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 891-901.
21. Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., & Smith, E. E. (1997). Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature, 386, 604-608.
22. Coltheart, M. (1980). Iconic memory and visible persistence. Perception & Psychophysics, 27, 183-228.
23. Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K., & Haxby, J. V. (1997). Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature, 386, 608-611.
24. Cowan, N., Saults, J. S., & Fristoe, N. M. (1999). Estimation of visual working memory capacity: An improved formula. Manuscript submitted for publication.
25. Craik, F. I., Gardiner, J. M., & Watkins, M. J. (1970). Further evidence for a negative recency effect in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 9, 554-560.
26. Crowder, R. G. (1982). The demise of short-term memory. Acta Psychologica, 50, 291-323.
27. Di Lollo, V., & Dixon, P. (1988). Two forms of persistence in visual information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 671-681.
28. Dixon, P., & Shedden, J. M. (1993). On the nature of the span of apprehension. Psychological Research, 55, 29-39.
29. Duncan, J. (1984). Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 501-517.
30. Egly, R., Driver, J., & Rafal, R. D. (1994). Shifting visual attention between objects and locations: Evidence from normal and parietal lesion subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 161-177.
31. Ellis, N. C., & Hennelly, R. A. (1980). A bilingual word-length effect: Implications for intelligence testing and the relative ease of mental calculation in Welsh and English. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 43-51.
32. Feldman, J. (1985). Connectionist models and parallelism in high level vision. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 31, 178-200.
33. Frick, R. W. (1988). Issues of representation and limited capacity in the visuospatial sketchpad. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 289-308.
34. Fuster, J. M., & Jervey, J. P. (1981). Inferotemporal neurons distinguish and retain behaviorally relevant features of visual stimuli. Science, 212, 952-954.
35. Graham, N. (1989). Visual pattern analyzers. New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Gray, C. M., König, P., Engel, A. K., & Singer, W. (1989). Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature, 338, 334-337.
37. Guilford, J. P., & Dallenbach, K. M. (1925). The determination of memory span by the method of constant stimuli. American Journal of Psychology, 36, 621-628.
38. Hebb, D. O. (1949). Organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: Wiley, Inc.
39. Hinton, G. E., McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986). Distributed representations. In D. E. Rumelhart & J. L. McClelland (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 77-109). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Hummel, J. E., & Biederman, I. (1992). Dynamic binding in a neural network for shape recognition. Psychological Review, 99, 480-517.
41. Hummel, J. E., & Holyoak, K. (1997). Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping. Psychological Review, 104, 427-466.
42. Irwin, D. E. (1992). Memory for position and identity across eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 307-317.
43. Irwin, D. E., & Andrews, R. V. (1996). Integration and accumulation of information across saccadic eye movements. In T. Inui & J. L. McClelland (Eds.), Attention and Performance XVI (pp. 125-155). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Jacobs, J. (1887). Experiments on "prehension." Mind, 12, 75-79.
45. Jolicoeur, P., & Dell' Acqua, R. (1998). The demonstration of short-term consolidation. Cognitive Psychology, 36(2), 138-202.
46. Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Minoshima, S., & Mintun, M. A. (1993). Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature, 363, 623-625.
47. Kahneman, D., Treisman, A., & Gibbs, B. J. (1992). The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 175-219.
48. Keppel, G., & Underwood, B. J. (1962). Proactive inhibition in short-term retention of single items. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 1, 153-161.
49. Klemmer, E. T. (1963). Perception of linear dot patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65, 468-473.
50. Lisman, J. E., & Idiart, M. A. P. (1995). Storage of 7 +/-2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles. Science, 267, 1512-1515.
51. Loftus, G. R., Duncan, J., & Gehrig, P. (1992). On the time course of perceptual information that results from a brief visual presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 530-549.
52. Loftus, G. R., Johnson, C. A., & Shimamura, A. P. (1985). How much is an icon worth? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 1-13.
53. Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 476-490.
54. Logic, R. H. (1995). Visuo-spatial working memory. Hove, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Luck, S. J., & Beach, N. J. (1998). Visual attention and the binding problem: A neurophysiological perspective. In R. D. Wright (Ed.), Visual attention (pp. 455-478). New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Luck, S. J., Girelli, M., McDermott, M. T., & Ford, M. A. (1997). Bridging the gap between monkey neurophysiology and human perception: An ambiguity resolution theory of visual selective attention. Cognitive Psychology, 33, 64-87.
57. Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390, 279-281.
58. Magnussen, S., & Greenlee, M. W. (1992). Retention and disruption of motion information in visual short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 151-156.
59. Magnussen, S., Greenlee, M. W., Asplund, R., & Dyrnes, S. (1991). Stimulus-specific mechanisms of visual short-term memory. Vision Research, 31, 1213-1219.
60. Magnussen, S., Greenlee, M. W., & Thomas, J. P. (1996). Parallel processing in visual short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 202-212.
61. Matin, E., & Drivas, A. (1979). Acuity for orientation measured with a sequential recognition task and signal detection methods. Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 161-168.
62. Meyer, D. E., & Kieras, D. E. (1997). A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 1. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review, 104, 3-65.
63. Miller, E. K., & Desimone, R. (1994). Parallel neuronal mechanisms for short-term memory. Science, 263, 520-522.
64. Miller, E. K., Erickson, C. A., & Desimone, R. (1996). Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 5154-5167.
65. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
66. Miyashita, Y., & Chang, H. S. (1988). Neuronal correlate of pictorial short-term memory in the primate temporal cortex. Nature, 331, 68-70.
67. Mozer, M. C., Zemel, R. S., Behrmann, M., & Williams, C. K. (1992). Learning to segment images using dynamic feature binding. Neural Computation, 4, 650-665.
68. Murdock, B. B. J. (1974). Human memory: Theory and data. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
69. Murray, D. J. (1968). Articulation and acoustic confusability in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 679-684.
70. Newsome, W. T., Britten, K. H., & Movshon, J. A. (1989). Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision. Nature, 341, 52-54.
71. Niebur, E., Koch, C., & Rosin, C. (1993). An oscillation-based model for the neuronal basis of attention. Vision Research, 33, 2789-2802.
72. Palmer, J. (1990). Attentional limits on the perception and memory of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 332-350.
73. Palmer, J., Ames, C. T., & Lindsey, D. T. (1993). Measuring the effect of attention on simple visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 108-130.
74. Pashler, H. (1988). Familiarity and visual change detection. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 369-378.
75. Peatman, J. G., & Locke, H. M. (1934). Studies in the methodology of the digit-span test. Archives of Psychology, 25, 35.
76. Peterson, L. R., & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193-198.
77. Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 283-290.
78. Potter, M. C. (1976). Short-term conceptual memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 509-522.
79. Prinzmetal, W., Henderson, D., & Ivry, R. B. (1995). Loosening the constraints on illusory conjunctions: The role of exposure duration and attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 1362-1375.
80. Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 849-860.
81. Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8, 368-373.
82. Schweickert, R., & Boruff, B. (1986). Short-term memory capacity: Magic number or magic spell? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 419-425.
83. Shallice, T., & Warrington, E. K. (1970). Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 261-273.
84. Shaw, M. L. (1982). Attending to multiple sources of information. I: The integration of information in decision making. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 353-409.
85. Simons, D. J. (1996). In sight, out of mind: When object representations fail. Psychological Science, 7, 301-305.
86. Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 261-267.
87. Singer, W., Engel, A. K., Kreiter, A. K., Munk, M. H. J., Neuenschwander, S., & Roelfsema, P. R. (1997). Neuronal assemblies: Necessity, signature, and detectability. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 252-261.
88. Singer, W., & Gray, C. M. (1995). Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 555-586.
89. Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Schumacher, E. H., & Minoshima, S. (1995). Spatial versus object working memory: PET investigations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 337-356.
90. Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74 (11, Whole No. 498).
91. Treisman, A. (1977). Focused attention in the perception and retrieval of multidimensional stimuli. Perception & Psychophysics, 22, 1-11.
92. Treisman, A. (1986). Properties, parts, and objects. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance (Vol. 2, pp. 35.31-35.70). New York: Wiley.
93. Treisman, A., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 15-48.
94. Treisman, A., & Schmidt, H. (1982). Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 107-141.
95. Vecera, S. P., & Farah, M. J. (1994). Does visual attention select objects or locations? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 146-160.
96. Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., Eads, A. C., & Luck, S. J. (1998). Masking in visual working memory: Evidence for a limited-capacity encoding mechanism. Cognitive Neuroscience Society 1998 Annual Meeting Abstract Program, 84.
97. von der Malsburg, C. (1996). The binding problem of neural networks. In R. Llinás & P. S. Churchland (Eds.), The mind-brain continuum (pp. 131-146). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
98. Walker, P., & Cuthbert, L. (1998). Remembering visual feature conjunctions: Visual memory for shape-colour associations is object-based. Visual Cognition, 5, 409-455.
99. Wheeler, M., & Treisman, A. (1999, April). Location and binding in visual working memory. Paper presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Washington, D.C.
100. Wickens, D. D., Born, D. G., & Allen, C. K. (1963). Proactive inhibition and item similarity in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 2, 440-445.
101. Wilson, J. T., Scott, J. H., & Power, K. G. (1987). Developmental differences in the span of visual memory for pattern. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 249-255.
102. Woodman, G. F., Vogel, E. K., & Luck, S. J. (in press). Visual search remains efficient when visual working memory is full. Psychological Science.