Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues

Daedalus

Volumn 133, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 55-65

  Haidt, Jonathan ^a   Joseph, Craig ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 25444447993     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0011526042365555     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. For more on moral intuition, see Jonathan Haidt, "The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment," Psychological Review 108 (2001): 814-834
2. James Q Wilson, The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1993).
3. Lawrence Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to So-cialization," in David A. Goslin, ed., Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969).
4. See Haidt, "The Emotional Dog".
5. Richard E. Nisbett and Timothy DeCamp Wilson, "Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes," Psychological Review 84 (1977): 231-259.
6. For reviews see Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate (New York: Viking, 2002).
7. Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (New York: Oxford, 1992).
8. Donald E. Brown, Human Universals (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
9. Alan P. Fiske, Structures of Social Life (New York: Free Press, 1991).
10. Shalom H. Schwartz and Wolfgang Bilsky, "Toward a Theory of the Universal Content and Structure of Values: Extensions and CrossCultural Replications," Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology 58 (1990): 878-891
11. Richard A. Shweder et al., "The 'Big Three' of Morality (Autonomy, Community, and Divinity) and the 'Big Three' Explanations of Suffering," in Allan M. Brandt and Paul Rozin, eds.. Morality and Health (New York: Routledge, 1997), 119-169.
12. Frans de Waal, GoodNatured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).
13. Frans de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics (New York: Harper & Row, 1982).
14. See Robert L. Trivers, "The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism," Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 35-57
15. Robert Wright, NonZero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).
16. Modularity was first proposed for perceptual processes by Jerry Fodor, Modularity of Mind (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983). However, more recent modularity theorists argue that more flexible and only partially modularized cognitive systems play a rolein most areas of higher cognition.
17. Dan Sperber and Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, "The Cognitive Foundations of Cultural Stability and Diversity," Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004): 40-46.
18. Gerd Gigerenzer, Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
19. Paul Rozin, Jonathan Haidt, and Clark R. McCauley, "Disgust," in Michael Lewis and Jeanette M. Haviland-Jones, eds., Handbook of Emotions, 2nd ed. (New York:Guilford Press, 2000), 637-653.
20. John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology (New York: Holt, 1922).
21. Paul M. Churchland, "Toward a Cognitive Neurobiology of the Moral Virtues," Topoi 17 (1998): 83-96.
22. See Larry May, Marilyn Friedman, and Andy Clark, eds., Mind and Morals (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997).
23. Martha C. Nussbaum, "Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach," in Martha C. Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, eds., The Qiiality of Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
24. There are probably many others. The best candidate for a fifth might be an 'ingroup' module whose proper domain is the boundaries of a co-residing kin group, and whoseactual domain now includes all the ethnic groups, teams, and hobbyist gatherings that contribute to modern identities. To the extent that people feel a bond of trust or loyality towards strangers, the operation of a such an ingroup module seems likely.
25. For a compatible and much more comprehensive treatment see George Lakoff, Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don't (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
26. Reynold A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930), 79.
27. Lakoff, Moral Politics.
28. Leon Kass, "The Wisdom of Repugnance," New' Republic, 2 June 1997, 17-26.