Autobiographical memory and sense of self

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 139, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 815-840

  Prebble, Sally C ^a   Addis, Donna Rose ^a   Tippett, Lynette J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Autobiographical memory; Episodic memory; Identity; Self concept; Sense of self

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880263641     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030146     Document Type: Article

References (269)

1. Addis, D. R., Pan, L., Vu, M.-A., Laiser, N., & Schacter, D. L. (2009). Constructive episodic simulation of the future and the past: Distinct subsystems of a core brain network mediate imagining and remembering. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2222-2238. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.026
2. Addis, D. R., Sacchetti, D. C., Ally, B. A., Budson, A. E., & Schacter, D. L. (2009). Episodic simulation of future events is impaired in mild Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2660-2671. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.018
3. Addis, D. R., & Tippett, L. J. (2004). Memory of myself: Autobiographical memory and identity in Alzheimer's disease. Memory, 12(1), 56-74. doi:10.1080/09658210244000423
4. Addis, D. R., & Tippett, L. (2008). The contributions of autobiographical memory to the content and continuity of self: A social-cognitive neuroscience approach. In F. Sani (Ed.), Self-continuity: Individual and collective perspectives (pp. 71-84). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
5. Addis, D. R., Wong, A., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). Age-related changes in the episodic simulation of future events. Psychological Science, 19(1), 33-41. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02043.x
6. Amsterdam, B. (1972). Mirror self-image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychobiology, 5(4), 297-305. doi:10.1002/dev.420050403
7. Anderson, N. H. (1968). Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(3), 272-279. doi:10.1037/h0025907
8. Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2012). The brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation. Neuroscientist, 18(3), 251-270. doi:10.1177/1073858411403316
9. Baars, B. J. (2003). How brain reveals mind: Neural studies support the fundamental role of conscious experience. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10(9-10), 100-114.
10. Baars, B. J., Ramsoy, T. Z., & Laureys, S. (2003). Brain, conscious experience and the observing self. Trends in Neurosciences, 26(12), 671-675. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.015
11. Bäckman, L., Small, B. J., & Fratiglioni, L. (2001). Stability of the preclinical episodic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 124(1), 96-102. doi:10.1093/brain/124.1.96
12. Bard, K. A., Todd, B. K., Bernier, C., Love, J., & Leavens, D. A. (2006). Self-awareness in human and chimpanzee infants: What is measured and what is meant by the mark and mirror test? Infancy, 9(2), 191-219. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0902_6
13. Baron-Cohen, S. (1989). Are autistic children "behaviorists"? An examination of their mental-physical and appearance-reality distinctions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(4), 579-600. doi:10.1007/BF02212859
14. Barsalou, L. W. (1988). The content and organisation of autobiographical memories. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory (pp. 193-243). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511664014.009
15. Ben Shalom, D., Mostofsky, S. H., Hazlett, R. L., Goldberg, M. C., Landa, R. J., Faran, Y.,. .. Hoehn-Sarix, R. (2006). Normal physiological emotions but differences in expression of conscious feelings in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(3), 395-400. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0077-2
16. Biringer, F., & Anderson, J. R. (1992). Self-recognition in Alzheimer's disease: A mirror and video. Journal of Gerontology, 47(6), P385-P380. doi:10.1093/geronj/47.6.P385
17. Biringer, F., Anderson, J. R., & Strubel, D. (1988). Self-recognition in senile dementia. Experimental Aging Research, 14(4), 177-180. doi:10.1080/03610738808259745
18. Blagov, P. S., & Singer, J. A. (2004). Four dimensions of self-defining memories (specificity, meaning, content, and affect) and their relationships to self-restraint, distress, and repressive defensiveness. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 481-511. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00270.x
19. Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2008). Remembering being me: The self continuity function of autobiographical memory in younger and older adults. In F. Sani (Ed.), Self continuity: Individual and collective perspectives (pp. 55-70). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
20. Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D. (2008). Life story development in childhood: The development of life story abilities and the acquisition of cultural life scripts from late middle childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1135-1147. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1135
21. Bower, G. H., & Gilligan, S. G. (1979). Remembering information related to one's self. Journal of Research in Personality, 13(4), 420-432. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(79)90005-9
22. Bowler, D. M., Gardiner, J. M., & Grice, S. J. (2000). Episodic memory and remembering in adults with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(4), 295-304. doi:10.1023/A:1005575216176
23. Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 25-49). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558313.006
24. Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). The brain's default network. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 1-38. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011
25. Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007). Self-projection and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 49-57. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004
26. Buckner, R. L., Snyder, A. Z., Shannon, B. J., LaRossa, G., Sachs, R., Fotenos, A. F.,. .. Mintun, M. A. (2005). Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(34), 7709-7717. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2177-05.2005
27. Byrne, B. M. (1996). Measuring self-concept across the life span: Issues and instrumentation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10197-000
28. Caddell, L. S., & Clare, L. (2010). The impact of dementia on self and identity: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(1), 113-126. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.003
29. Carver, C. S. (1975). Physical aggression as a function of objective self-awareness and attitudes toward punishment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11(6), 510-519. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90002-5
30. Carver, C. S. (2012). Self-awareness. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 50-68). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
31. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1978). Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(3), 324-332. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.3.324
32. Chandler, M. J., & Marcia, J. E. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide: A study of native and non-native North American adolescents. Boston, MA: Blackwell.
33. Charmaz, K. (1994). Identity dilemmas of chronically ill men. Sociological Quarterly, 35(2), 269-288. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb00410.x
34. Christoff, K., Cosmelli, D., Legrand, D., & Thompson, E. (2011). Specifying the self for cognitive neuroscience. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(3), 104-112. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.001
35. Clare, L. (2003). Managing threats to self: Awareness in early stage Alzheimer's disease. Social Science & Medicine, 57(6), 1017-1029. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00476-8
36. Clarys, D., Bugaiska, A., Tapia, G., & Baudouin, A. (2009). Ageing, remembering, and executive function. Memory, 17(2), 158-168. doi:10.1080/09658210802188301
37. Cohen, D., & Eisdorfer, C. (1986). The loss of self: A family resource for the care of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. New York, NY: Norton.
38. Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(4), 594-628. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005
39. Conway, M. A. (2009). Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2305-2313. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.003
40. Conway, M. A., & Haque, S. (1999). Overshadowing the reminiscence bump: Memories of a struggle for independence. Journal of Adult Development, 6(1), 35-44. doi:10.1023/A:1021672208155
41. Conway, M. A., & Holmes, A. (2004). Psychosocial stages and the accessibility of autobiographical memories across the life cycle. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 461-480. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00269.x
42. Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261
43. Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22(5), 491-529. doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768
44. Conway, M. A., Wang, Q., Hanyu, K., & Haque, S. (2005). A crosscultural investigation of autobiographical memory. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 36(6), 739-749. doi:10.1177/0022022105280512
45. Corkin, S. (2002). What's new with the amnesic patient H. M.? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(2), 153-160. doi:10.1038/nrn726
46. Cousins, S. D. (1989). Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 124-131. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.124
47. Craig, A. D. (2003). Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13(4), 500-505. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4
48. Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 59-70. doi:10.1038/nrn2555
49. Craik, F. I. M., Moroz, T. M., Moscovitch, M., Stuss, D. T., Winocur, G., Tulving, E., & Kapur, S. (1999). In search of the self: A positron emission tomography study. Psychological Science, 10(1), 26-34. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00102
50. Craik, K. J. W. (1943). The nature of explanation. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
51. Crespo-Facorro, B., Kim, J.-J., Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., Bockholt, H. J., & Magnotta, V. (2000). Insular cortex abnormalities in schizophrenia: A structural magnetic resonance imaging study of firstepisode patients. Schizophrenia Research, 46(1), 35-43. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00028-1
52. Cuervo-Lombard, C., Jovenin, N., Hedelin, G., Rizzo-Peter, L., Conway, M. A., & Danion, J.-M. (2007). Autobiographical memory of adolescence and early adulthood events: An investigation in schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 335-343. doi:10.1017/S135561770707035X
53. Damasio, A. (2003). Feelings of emotion and the self. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1001, 253-261. doi:10.1196/annals.1279.014
54. Danion, J.-M., Huron, C., Vidailhet, P., & Berna, F. (2007). Functional mechanisms of episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 52(11), 693-701.
55. D'Argembeau, A., Feyers, D., Majerus, S., Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Maquet, P., & Salmon, E. (2008). Self-reflection across time: Cortical midline structures differentiate between present and past selves. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(3), 244-252. doi:10.1093/scan/nsn020
56. Davis, D., & Brock, T. C. (1975). Use of first person pronouns as a function of increased objective self-awareness and performance feedback. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11(4), 381-388. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90017-7
57. Demiray, B., Gülgöz, S., & Bluck, S. (2009). Examining the life story account of the reminiscence bump: Why we remember more from young adulthood. Memory, 17(7), 708-723. doi:10.1080/09658210902939322
58. Dennett, D. (2001). Are we explaining consciousness yet? Cognition, 79(1-2), 221-237. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00130-X
59. Desgranges, B., Baron, J. C., de la Sayette, V., Petit-Taboué, M. C., Benali, K., Landeau, B.,. .. Eustache, F. (1998). The neural substrates of memory systems impairment in Alzheimer's disease. A PET study of resting brain glucose utilization. Brain, 121(4), 611-631. doi:10.1093/brain/121.4.611
60. Devue, C., Collette, F., Balteau, E., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., Maquet, P., & Brédart, S. (2007, April, 27). Here I am: The cortical correlates of visual self-recognition. Brain Research, 1143, 169-182. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.055
61. Downs, M. (1997). The emergence of the person in dementia research. Ageing & Society, 17(5), 597-607. doi:10.1017/S0144686X9700665X
62. Dunkel, C. S. (2005). The relation between self-continuity and measures of identity. Identity, 5(1), 21-34. doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0501_2
63. Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1973). Effects of objective self-awareness on attribution of causality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(1), 17-31. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(73)90059-0
64. Eich, E., Nelson, A. L., Leghari, M. A., & Handy, T. C. (2009). Neural systems mediating field and observer memories. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2239-2251. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.019
65. Esslen, M., Metzler, S., Pascual-Marqui, R., & Jancke, L. (2008). Prereflective and reflective self-reference: A spatiotemporal EEG analysis. NeuroImage, 42(1), 437-449. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.060
66. Farb, N. A., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(4), 313-322. doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030
67. Fazio, S., & Mitchell, D. B. (2009). Persistence of self in individuals with Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from language and visual recognition. Dementia, 8(1), 39-59. doi:10.1177/1471301208099044
68. Fellows, L. K., & Farah, M. J. (2007). The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in decision making: Judgment under uncertainty or judgment per se? Cerebral Cortex, 17(11), 2669-2674. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl176
69. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 522-527. doi:10.1037/h0076760
70. Fitts, W. H. (1965). Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Nashville, TN: Counselor Recordings and Tests.
71. Fitzgerald, J. M. (1988). Vivid memories and the reminiscence phenomenon: The role of a self narrative. Human Development, 31(5), 261-273. doi:10.1159/000275814
72. Fitzgerald, J. M. (1996). The distribution of self-narrative memories in younger and older adults: Elaborating the self-narrative hypothesis. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 3(3), 229-236. doi:10.1080/13825589608256626
73. Fontana, A., & Smith, R. W. (1989). Alzheimer's disease victims: The "unbecoming" of self and the normalization of competence. Sociological Perspectives, 32(1), 35-46.
74. Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1999). Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind & Language, 14(1), 82-89. doi:10.1111/1468-0017.00100
75. Gallagher, S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 14-21. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01417-5
76. Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1982). Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology, 2(3), 237-248. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350020302
77. Gardiner, J. M. (2002). Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness: A first-person approach. In A. Baddeley, J. P. Aggleton, & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Episodic memory: New directions in research (pp. 11-30). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508809.003.0002
78. Gardiner, J. M., & Byrne, J. H. (2008). Remembering and knowing. In J. H. Byrne (Series Ed.) & H. L. Roediger, III (Vol. Ed.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference: Vol. 2. Cognitive psychology of memory (pp. 285-305). Oxford, England: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00167-4
79. Gibbons, F. X., Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Hormuth, S. E. (1979). Self-focused attention and the placebo effect: Fooling some of the people some of the time. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15(3), 263-274. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(79)90037-4
80. Gilboa, A., Ramirez, J., Köhler, S., Westmacott, R., Black, S. E., & Moscovitch, M. (2005). Retrieval of autobiographical memory in Alzheimer's disease: Relation to volumes of medial temporal lobe and other structures. Hippocampus, 15(4), 535-550. doi:10.1002/hipo.20090
81. Gillihan, S. J., & Farah, M. J. (2005). Is self special? A critical review of evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 76-97. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.76
82. Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2007). Looking back across the life span: A life story account of the reminiscence bump. Memory & Cognition, 35(8), 1928-1939. doi:10.3758/BF03192926
83. Goldberg, I. I., Harel, M., & Malach, R. (2006). When the brain loses its self: Prefrontal inactivation during sensorimotor processing. Neuron, 50(2), 329-339. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.015
84. Gough, H. G. (1960). The adjective check list as a personality assessment research technique. Psychological Reports, 6(1), 107-122. doi:10.2466/pr0.1960.6.1.107
85. Graham, K. S., & Hodges, J. R. (1997). Differentiating the roles of the hippocampal complex and the neocortex in long-term memory storage: Evidence from the study of semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 77-89. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.11.1.77
86. Grewal, R. P. (1994). Self-recognition in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(2), 1009-1010. doi:10.2466/pms.1994.79.2.1009
87. Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001). Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(7), 4259-4264. doi:10.1073/pnas.071043098
88. Habermas, T. (2011). Autobiographical reasoning: Arguing and narrating from a biographical perspective. In T. Habermas (Ed.), The development of autobiographical reasoning in adolescence and beyond (pp. 1-18). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
89. Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748-769. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748
90. Habermas, T., & de Silveira, C. (2008). The development of global coherence in life narratives across adolescence: Temporal, causal, and thematic aspects. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 707-721. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.707
91. Habermas, T., Ehlert-Lerche, S., & De Silveira, C. (2009). The development of the temporal macrostructure of life narratives across adolescence: Beginnings, linear narrative form, and endings. Journal of Personality, 77(2), 527-560. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00557.x
92. Habermas, T., & Paha, C. (2001). The development of coherence in adolescents' life narratives. Narrative Inquiry, 11, 35-54. doi:10.1075/ni.11.1.02hab
93. Harley, K., & Reese, E. (1999). Origins of autobiographical memory. Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 1338-1348. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1338
94. Harré, R. (1998). The singular self: An introduction to the psychology of personhood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
95. Hehman, J. A., German, T. P., & Klein, S. B. (2005). Impaired selfrecognition from recent photographs in a case of late-stage Alzheimer's disease. Social Cognition, 23(1), 118-124. doi:10.1521/soco.23.1.118.59197
96. Howe, M. L., & Courage, M. L. (1993). On resolving the enigma of infantile amnesia. Psychological Bulletin, 113(2), 305-326. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.305
97. Hume, D. (2003). A treatise of human nature. Retrieved from http://www .gutenberg.org/files/4705/4705-h/4705-h.htm (Original work published 1739)
98. Huron, C., Danion, J. M., Giacomoni, F., Grange, D., Robert, P., & Rizzo, L. (1995). Impairment of recognition memory with, but not without, conscious recollection in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(12), 1737-1742.
99. Irish, M., Addis, D. R., Hodges, J. R., & Piguet, O. (2012). Considering the role of semantic memory in episodic future thinking: Evidence from semantic dementia. Brain, 135, 2178-2191. doi:10.1093/brain/aws119
100. Irish, M., Lawlor, B. A., O'Mara, S. M., & Coen, R. F. (2008). Assessment of behavioural markers of autonoetic consciousness during episodic autobiographical memory retrieval: A preliminary analysis. Behavioural Neurology, 19(1-2), 3-6.
101. Irish, M., Lawlor, B. A., O'Mara, S. M., & Coen, R. F. (2011). Impaired capacity for autonoetic reliving during autobiographical event recall in mild Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 47(2), 236-249. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.01.002
102. Irish, M., Piguet, O., & Hodges, J. R. (2012). Self-projection and the default network in frontotemporal dementia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(3), 152-161. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.11
103. James, L. E., Burke, D. M., Austin, A., & Hulme, E. (1998). Production and perception of "verbosity" in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 13(3), 355-367. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.3.355
104. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Holt. doi:10.1037/11059-000
105. James, W. (1892). Psychology: The briefer course. New York, NY: Holt.
106. Janssen, S. M. J., & Murre, J. M. J. (2008). Reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: Unexplained by novelty, emotionality, valence, or importance of personal events. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(12), 1847-1860. doi:10.1080/17470210701774242
107. Java, R. I. (1996). Effects of age on state of awareness following implicit and explicit word-association tasks. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 108-111. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.108
108. Johnson, D. B. (1983). Self-recognition in infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 6(2-3), 211-222. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(83)80028-9
109. Johnson, S. C., Baxter, L. C., Wilder, L. S., Pipe, J. G., Heiserman, J. E., & Prigatano, G. P. (2002). Neural correlates of self-reflection. Brain, 125(8), 1808-1814. doi:10.1093/brain/awf181
110. Jordan, R. R. (1989). An experimental comparison of the understanding and use of speaker-addressee personal pronouns in autistic children. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 24(2), 169-179. doi:10.3109/13682828909011954
111. Keenan, J. P., Rubio, J., Racioppi, C., Johnson, A., & Barnacz, A. (2005). The right hemisphere and the dark side of consciousness. Cortex, 41(5), 695-704. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70286-7
112. Keenan, J. P., Wheeler, M. A., Gallup, G. G., Jr., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2000). Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(9), 338-344. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01521-7
113. Kihlstrom, J. F., Beer, J. S., & Klein, S. B. (2003). Self and identity as memory. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 68-90). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
114. Kihlstrom, J. F., & Klein, S. B. (1997). Self-knowledge and self-awareness. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 818, 5-17. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48242.x
115. Kircher, T. T. J., Senior, C., Phillips, M. L., Benson, P. J., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M.,. .. David, A. S. (2000). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of self processing: Effects of faces and words. Cognitive Brain Research, 10(1-2), 133-144. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00036-7
116. Klein, S. B. (2010). The self: As a construct in psychology and neuropsychological evidence for its multiplicity. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(2), 172-183. doi:10.1002/wcs.25
117. Klein, S. B. (2012). The two selves: The self of conscious experience and its brain. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 617-637). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
118. Klein, S. B., Chan, R. L., & Loftus, J. (1999). Independence of episodic and semantic self-knowledge: The case from autism. Social Cognition, 17(4), 413-436. doi:10.1521/soco.1999.17.4.413
119. Klein, S. B., Cosmides, L., & Costabile, K. A. (2003). Preserved knowledge of self in a case of Alzheimer's dementia. Social Cognition, 21(2), 157-165. doi:10.1521/soco.21.2.157.21317
120. Klein, S. B., Cosmides, L., Costabile, K. A., & Mei, L. (2002). Is there something special about the self? A neuropsychological case study. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(5), 490-506. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00001-6
121. Klein, S. B., & Gangi, C. E. (2010). The multiplicity of self: Neuropsychological evidence and its implications for the self as a construct in psychological research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1191(1), 1-15. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05441.x
122. Klein, S. B., German, T. P., Cosmides, L., & Gabriel, R. (2004). A theory of autobiographical memory: Necessary components and disorders resulting from their loss. Social Cognition, 22(5), 460-490. doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.460.50765
123. Klein, S. B., & Lax, M. L. (2010). The unanticipated resilience of trait self-knowledge in the face of neural damage. Memory, 18(8), 918-948. doi:10.1080/09658211.2010.524651
124. Klein, S. B., & Loftus, J. (1990). The role of abstract and exemplar-based knowledge in self-judgments: Implications for a cognitive model of the self. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Eds.), Advances in Social Cognition: Vol. 3. Content and process specificity in the effects of prior experiences (pp. 131-139). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
125. Klein, S. B., & Loftus, J. (1993a). Behavioral experience and trait judgments about the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 740-745. doi:10.1177/0146167293196009
126. Klein, S. B., & Loftus, J. (1993b). The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Eds.), Advances in Social Cognition: Vol. 5. The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self (pp. 1-49). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
127. Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996). Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125(3), 250-260. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.3.250
128. Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002). Memory and temporal experience: The effects of episodic memory loss on an amnesic patient's ability to remember the past and imagine the future. Social Cognition, 20(5), 353-379. doi:10.1521/soco.20.5.353.21125
129. Kuhn, M. H., & McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19(1), 68-76. doi:10.2307/2088175
130. Leary, M. R., & Tangney, J. P. (2012). The self as an organizing construct in the behavioral and social sciences. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 1-18). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
131. L'Ecuyer, R. (1992). An experiential-developmental framework and methodology to study the transformations of the self-concept from infancy to old age. In T. M. Brinthaupt & R. P. Lipka (Eds.), The self: Definitional and methodological issues (pp. 96-136). Albany: State University of New York Press.
132. Legrand, D. (2006). The bodily self: The sensori-motor roots of prereflective self-consciousness. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5(1), 89-118. doi:10.1007/s11097-005-9015-6
133. Legrand, D. (2007). Pre-reflective self-as-subject from experiential and empirical perspectives. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(3), 583-599. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.04.002
134. Legrand, D., & Ruby, P. (2009). What is self-specific? Theoretical investigation and critical review of neuroimaging results. Psychological Review, 116(1), 252-282. doi:10.1037/a0014172
135. Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind". Psychological Review, 94(4), 412-426. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412
136. Levine, B., Black, S., Cabeza, R., Sinden, M., Mcintosh, A., Toth, J., & Stuss, D. T. (1998). Episodic memory and the self in a case of isolated retrograde amnesia. Brain, 121(10), 1951-1973. doi:10.1093/brain/121.10.1951
137. Levine, B., Freedman, M., Dawson, D., Black, S., & Stuss, D. T. (1999). Ventral frontal contribution to self-regulation: Convergence of episodic memory and inhibition. Neurocase, 5(3), 263-275. doi:10.1080/13554799908402731
138. Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 677-689. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.677
139. Lewis, M. (1991). Ways of knowing: Objective self-awareness or consciousness. Developmental Review, 11(3), 231-243. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(91)90011-C
140. Lewis, M. (1993). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 563-573). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
141. Lewis, M. (1995). Self-conscious emotions. American Scientist, 83(1), 68-78.
142. Lewis, M., & Ramsay, D. (2004). Development of self-recognition, personal pronoun use, and pretend play during the 2nd year. Child Development, 75(6), 1821-1831. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00819.x
143. Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., Stanger, C., & Weiss, M. (1989). Self development and self-conscious emotions. Child Development, 60(1), 146-156. doi:10.2307/1131080
144. Lind, S. E. (2010). Memory and the self in autism. Autism, 14(5), 430-456. doi:10.1177/1362361309358700
145. Locke, J. (1995). An essay concerning human understanding. Retrieved from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/locke_understanding .html (Original work published 1690)
146. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G., & Milne, A. (1998). Saying no to unwanted thoughts: Self-focus and the regulation of mental life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 578-589. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.578
147. Macrae, C. N., Moran, J. M., Heatherton, T. F., Banfield, J. F., & Kelley, W. M. (2004). Medial prefrontal activity predicts memory for self. Cerebral Cortex, 14(6), 647-654. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh025
148. Marcia, J. E. (2003). Treading fearlessly: A commentary on personal persistence, identity development, and suicide. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(2), 131-138. doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00257
149. Markowitsch, H. J. (2003). Autonoetic consciousness. In T. Kircher & A. David (Eds.), The self in neuroscience and psychiatry (pp. 180-196). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511543708.010
150. Markus, H., & Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the selfconcept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 858-866. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.858
151. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954
152. Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38(1), 299-337. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503
153. Martin, J. (2005). Real perspectival selves. Theory & Psychology, 15(2), 207-224. doi:10.1177/0959354305051364
154. Martinelli, P., & Piolino, P. (2009). Self-defining memories: Last episodic memories bastion in normal aging? Psychologie & NeuroPsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 7(3), 151-167. doi:10.1684/pnv.2009.0178
155. Martinelli, P., Sperduti, M., & Piolino, P. (2012). Neural substrates of the self-memory system: New insights from a meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping. Advance online publication. doi:10.1002/hbm.22008
156. McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York, NY: Morrow.
157. McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity, and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7(4), 295-321. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0704_1
158. McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100-122. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100
159. McAdams, D. P. (2006). The problem of narrative coherence. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19(2), 109-125. doi:10.1080/10720530500508720
160. McAdams, D. P. (2008). Personal narratives and the life story. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rded., pp. 242-262). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
161. McIntyre, J. S., & Craik, F. I. M. (1987). Age differences in memory for item and source information. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 175-192. doi:10.1037/h0084154
162. McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity development: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 683-691. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683
163. McLean, K. C. (2008). Stories of the young and the old: Personal continuity and narrative identity. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 254-264. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.254
164. McLean, K. C., & Fournier, M. A. (2008). The content and processes of autobiographical reasoning in narrative identity. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 527-545. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.08.003
165. McLean, K. C., & Pratt, M. W. (2006). Life's little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 42(4), 714-722. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.714
166. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
167. Mendez, M. F., Martin, R. J., Smyth, K. A., & Whitehouse, P. J. (1992). Disturbances of person identification in Alzheimer's disease: A retrospective study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(2), 94-96. doi:10.1097/00005053-199202000-00005
168. Metzinger, T. (2003). Being no one: The self-model theory of subjectivity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
169. Mills, M. A. (1997). Narrative identity and dementia: A study of emotion and narrative in older people with dementia. Ageing & Society, 17(6), 673-698. doi:10.1017/S0144686X97006673
170. Mishara, A. L. (2007). Missing links in phenomenological clinical neuroscience: Why we still are not there yet. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(6), 559-569. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f128b8
171. Mitchell, J. P., Banaji, M. R., & Macrae, C. N. (2005). The link between social cognition and self-referential thought in the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(8), 1306-1315. doi:10.1162/0898929055002418
172. Morin, A. (2006). Levels of consciousness and self-awareness: A comparison and integration of various neurocognitive views. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(2), 358-371. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.006
173. Morin, A., & Everett, J. (1990). Inner speech as a mediator of self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge: An hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, 8(3), 337-356. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(94)90020-5
174. Morin, A., & Michaud, J. (2007). Self-awareness and the left inferior frontal gyrus: Inner speech use during self-related processing. Brain Research Bulletin, 74(6), 387-396. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.013
175. Moscovitch, M. (1995). Recovered consciousness: A hypothesis concerning modularity and episodic memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17(2), 276-290. doi:10.1080/01688639508405123
176. Moscovitch, M., Rosenbaum, R. S., Gilboa, A., Addis, D. R., Westmacott, R., Grady, C.,. .. Nadel, L. (2005). Functional neuroanatomy of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory: A unified account based on multiple trace theory. Journal of Anatomy, 207(1), 35-66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00421.x
177. Negele, A., & Habermas, T. (2010). Self-continuity across developmental change in and of repeated life narratives. In K. C. McLean & M. Pasupathi (Eds.), Narrative development in adolescence: Creating the storied self (pp. 1-21). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89825-4_1
178. Neisser, U. (1986). Nested structure in autobiographical memory. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 71-81). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558313.009
179. Neisser, U. (1988). Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philosophical Psychology, 1(1), 35-59. doi:10.1080/09515088808572924
180. Neisser, U., & Fivush, R. (1994). The remembering self: Construction and accuracy in the self-narrative. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
181. Nelson, K. (1997). Finding one's self in time. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 818, 103-116. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48250.x
182. Nichols, S. (2008). Imagination and the I. Mind & Language, 23(5), 518-535. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2008.00356.x
183. Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain: A metaanalysis of imaging studies on the self. NeuroImage, 31(1), 440-457. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002
184. Noulhiane, M., Piolino, P., Hasboun, D., Clemenceaue, S., Baulac, M., & Samson, S. (2008). Autonoetic consciousness in autobiographical memories after medial temporal lobe resection. Behavioural Neurology, 19(1-2), 19-22.
185. Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004). For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. NeuroImage, 23(2), 483-499. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030
186. Ohnishi, T., Matsuda, H., Hashimoto, T., Kunihiro, T., Nishikawa, M., Uema, T., & Sasaki, M. (2000). Abnormal regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism. Brain, 123(9), 1838-1844. doi:10.1093/brain/123.9.1838
187. Oyserman, D. (2004). Self-concept and identity. In M. B. Brewer & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Self and social identity (pp. 5-24). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
188. Parnas, J. (2003). Self and schizophrenia: A phenomenological perspective. In T. Kircher & A. David (Eds.), The self in neuroscience and psychiatry (pp. 217-241). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511543708.012
189. Parnas, J., & Handest, P. (2003). Phenomenology of anomalous selfexperience in early schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44(2), 121-134. doi:10.1053/comp.2003.50017
190. Parnas, J., Møller, P., Kircher, T., Thalbitzer, J., Jansson, L., Handest, P., & Zahavi, D. (2005). EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self- Experience. Psychopathology, 38(5), 236-258. doi:10.1159/000088441
191. Parvizi, J., & Damasio, A. (2001). Consciousness and the brainstem. Cognition, 79(1-2), 135-159. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00127-X
192. Pasupathi, M., & Mansour, E. (2006). Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 798-808. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.798
193. Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E., & Brubaker, J. (2007). Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives. Human Development, 50(2-3), 85-110. doi:10.1159/000100939
194. Penfield, W., & Milner, B. (1958). Memory deficit produced by bilateral lesions in the hippocampal zone. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 79(5), 475-497.
195. Piolino, P., Belliard, S., Desgranges, B., Perron, M., & Eustache, F. (2003). Autobiographical memory and autonoetic consciousness in a case of semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20(7), 619-639. doi:10.1080/02643290242000899
196. Piolino, P., Coste, C., Martinelli, P., Macé, A.-L., Quinette, P., Guillery- Girard, B., & Belleville, S. (2010). Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory and aging: Do the executive and feature binding functions of working memory have a role? Neuropsychologia, 48(2), 429-440. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.035
197. Piolino, P., Desgranges, B., Belliard, S., Matuszewski, V., Lalevée, C., De La Sayette, V., & Eustache, F. (2003). Autobiographical memory and autonoetic consciousness: Triple dissociation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain, 126(10), 2203-2219. doi:10.1093/brain/awg222
198. Piolino, P., Desgranges, B., Clarys, D., Guillery-Girard, B., Taconnat, L., Isingrini, M., & Eustache, F. (2006). Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and self-perspective in aging. Psychology and Aging, 21(3), 510-525. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.510
199. Postle, B. R. (2009). The hippocampus, memory, and consciousness. In S. Laureys & G. Tonini (Eds.), The neurology of consciousness: Cognitive neuroscience and neuropathology (pp. 326-338). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
200. Raballo, A., Sæbye, D., & Parnas, J. (2009). Looking at the schizophrenia spectrum through the prism of self-disorders: An empirical study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2), 344-351. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp056
201. Raffard, S., D'Argembeau, A., Lardi, C., Bayard, S., Boulenger, J.-P., & Van der Linden, M. (2009). Exploring self-defining memories in schizophrenia. Memory, 17(1), 26-38. doi:10.1080/09658210802524232
202. Raffard, S., D'Argembeau, A., Lardi, C., Bayard, S., Boulenger, J.-P., & Van der Linden, M. (2010). Narrative identity in schizophrenia. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(1), 328-340. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.10.005
203. Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(2), 676-682. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676
204. Rathbone, C. J., Moulin, C. J. A., & Conway, M. A. (2008). Self-centered memories: The reminiscence bump and the self. Memory & Cognition, 36(8), 1403-1414. doi:10.3758/MC.36.8.1403
205. Rathbone, C. J., Moulin, C. J. A., & Conway, M. A. (2009). Autobiographical memory and amnesia: Using conceptual knowledge to ground the self. Neurocase, 15(5), 405-418.
206. Rauchs, G., Piolino, P., Mézenge, F., Landeau, B., Lalevée, C., Pélerin, A.,. .. Desgranges, B. (2007). Autonoetic consciousness in Alzheimer's disease: Neuropsychological and PET findings using an episodic learning and recognition task. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(9), 1410-1420. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.005
207. Reese, E., Yan, C., Jack, F., & Hayne, H. (2010). Emerging identities: Narrative and self from early childhood to early adolescence In K. C. McLean & M. Pasupathi (Eds.), Narrative development in adolescence: Creating the storied self (pp. 23-43). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89825-4_2
208. Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., Lee, H. K., & Roman, R. J. (1995). Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 142-152.
209. Riutort, M., Cuervo, C., Danion, J.-M., Peretti, C. S., & Salamé, P. (2003). Reduced levels of specific autobiographical memories in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 117(1), 35-45. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00317-7
210. Rubin, D. C., Rahaal, T. A., & Poon, L. W. (1998). Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best. Memory & Cognition, 26(1), 3-19. doi:10.3758/BF03211366
211. Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. London, England: Hutchinson.
212. Sabat, S. R., & Harré, R. (1992). The construction and deconstruction of self in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing & Society, 12(4), 443-461. doi:10.1017/S0144686X00005262
213. Sani, F. (2008). Introduction and overview. In F. Sani (Ed.), Selfcontinuity: Individual and collective perspectives (pp. 1-10). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
214. Schacter, D. L., & Addis, D. R. (2007). On the constructive episodic simulation of past and future events. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(3), 331-332. doi:10.1017/S0140525X07002178
215. Schechtman, M. (1994). The truth about memory. Philosophical Psychology, 7(1), 3-18. doi:10.1080/09515089408573107
216. Scheier, M. F. (1976). Self-awareness, self-consciousness, and angry aggression. Journal of Personality, 44(4), 627-644. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1976.tb00142.x
217. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1977). Self-focused attention and the experience of emotion: Attraction, repulsion, elation, and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 625-636. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.625
218. Schooler, J. W. (2002). Re-representing consciousness: Dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(8), 339-344. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01949-6
219. Schooler, J. W., Reichle, E. D., & Halpern, D. V. (2004). Zoning out while reading: Evidence for dissociations between experience and metaconsciousness. In D. T. Levin (Ed.), Thinking and seeing: Visual metacognition in adults and children (pp. 203-226). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
220. Schultze-Lutter, F. (2009). Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: The basic symptom concept. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(1), 5-8. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn139
221. Simons, J. S., & Spiers, H. J. (2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(8), 637-648. doi:10.1038/nrn1178
222. Singer, J. A. (1995). Seeing one's self: Locating narrative memory in a framework of personality. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 429-457. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00502.x
223. Singer, J. A. (2004). Narrative identity and meaning making across the adult lifespan: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 437-459. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00268.x
224. Singer, J. A., & Blagov, P. S. (2004a). The integrative function of narrative processing: Autobiographical memory, self-defining memories, and the life story of identity. In D. R. Beike, J. M. Lampinen, & D. A. Behrend (Eds.), The self and memory (pp. 117-138). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
225. Singer, J. A., & Blagov, P. S. (2004b). Self-defining memories, narrative identity, and psychotherapy: A conceptual model, empirical investigation, and case report. In L. E. Angus & J. McLeod (Eds.), The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory, and research (pp. 229-246). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781412973496.d18
226. Singer, J. A., & Bluck, S. (2001). New perspectives on autobiographical memory: The integration of narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 91-99. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.91
227. Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1993). The remembered self: Emotion and memory in personality. New York, NY: Free Press.
228. Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1996). Motivated memory: Self-defining memories, goals, and affect regulation. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and selfregulation (pp. 229-250). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
229. Small, J. A., Geldart, K., Gutman, G., & Clarke Scott, M. A. (1998). The discourse of self in dementia. Ageing & Society, 18(03), 291-316.
230. Souchay, C. (2007). Metamemory in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 43(7), 987-1003. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70696-8
231. Souchay, C., & Moulin, C. J. A. (2009). Memory and consciousness in Alzheimer's disease. Current Alzheimer Research, 6(3), 186-195. doi:10.2174/156720509788486545
232. Spencer, W. D., & Raz, N. (1995). Differential effects of aging on memory for content and context: A meta-analysis. Psychology & Aging, 10(4), 527-539. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.10.4.527
233. Squire, L. R., & Zola, S. M. (1998). Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Hippocampus, 8(3), 205-211. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:3<205::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-I
234. Strawson, G. (1999). The self and the SESMET. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(4), 99-135.
235. Strawson, G. (2005). Against narrativity. In G. Strawson (Ed.), The self? (pp. 63-86). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
236. Stuss, D. T., & Levine, B. (2002). Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 401-433. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135220
237. Stuss, D. T., Picton, T. W., & Alexander, M. P. (2001). Consciousness, self-awareness, and the frontal lobes. In S. P. Salloway, P. F. Malloy, & J. D. Duffy (Eds.), The frontal lobes and neuropsychiatric illness (pp. 101-109). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric.
238. Stuss, D. T., Rosenbaum, R., Malcolm, S., Christiana, W., & Keenan, J. P. (2005). The frontal lobes and self-awareness. In T. E. Feinberg & J. P. Keenan (Eds.), The lost self: Pathologies of the brain and identity (pp. 50-64). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
239. Suddendorf, T., Addis, D. R., & Corballis, M. C. (2009). Mental time travel and the shaping of the human mind. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364, 1317-1324. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0301
240. Sutin, A. R., & Robins, R. W. (2007). Phenomenology of autobiographical memories: The Memory Experiences Questionnaire. Memory, 15(4), 390-411. doi:10.1080/09658210701256654
241. Swartz, K. B. (1997). What is mirror self-recognition in nonhuman primates, and what is it not? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 818, 65-71. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48246.x
242. Tagini, A., & Raffone, A. (2010). The "I" and the "me" in self-referential awareness: A neurocognitive hypothesis. Cognitive Processing, 11(1), 9-20. doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0336-1
243. Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Hagino, H., Zhou, S.-Y., Kawasaki, Y., Nohara, S.,. .. Kurachi, M. (2004). Bilateral volume reduction of the insular cortex in patients with schizophrenia: A volumetric MRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 132(2), 187-196. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.11.002
244. Tanweer, T., Rathbone, C. J., & Souchay, C. (2010). Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and identity in Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 48(4), 900-908. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.007
245. Thomsen, D. K. (2009). There is more to life stories than memories. Memory, 17(4), 445-457. doi:10.1080/09658210902740878
246. Troll, L. E., & Skaff, M. M. (1997). Perceived continuity of self in very old age. Psychology and Aging, 12(1), 162-169. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.1.162
247. Tulving, E. (1984). Relations among components and processes of memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(2), 257-268. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00044617
248. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26(1), 1-12. doi:10.1037/h0080017
249. Tulving, E. (1993). Self-knowledge of an amnesic individual is represented abstractly. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Eds.), Advances in Social Cognition: Vol.5. The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self (pp. 147-156). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
250. Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 1-25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114
251. Tulving, E. (2005). Episodic memory and autonoesis: Uniquely human?. In H. S. Terrace & J. Metcalfe (Eds.), The missing link in cognition: Origins of self-reflective consciousness (pp. 3-56). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161564.003.0001
252. Tulving, E., & Szpunar, K. K. (2009). Episodic memory. Scholarpedia, 4(8), 3332. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3332
253. Usita, P. M., Hyman, I. E., & Herman, K. C. (1998). Narrative intentions: Listening to life stories in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Aging Studies, 12(2), 185-197. doi:10.1016/S0890-4065(98)90014-7
254. Vandekerckhove, M. M. (2009). Memory, autonoetic consciousness and the self: Consciousness as a continuum of stages. Self and Identity, 8(1), 4-23. doi:10.1080/15298860801961927
255. Vandekerckhove, M. M., & Panksepp, J. (2009). The flow of anoetic to noetic and autonoetic consciousness: A vision of unknowing (anoetic) and knowing (noetic) consciousness in the remembrance of things past and imagined futures. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(4), 1018-1028. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.08.002
256. Vogeley, K. (2003). Schizophrenia as disturbance of the self-construct. In T. Kircher & A. David (Eds.), The self in neuroscience and psychiatry (pp. 359-379). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511543708.018
257. Vogeley, K., May, M., Ritzl, A., Falkai, P., Zilles, K., & Fink, G. (2004). Neural correlates of first-person perspective as one constituent of human self-consciousness. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(5), 817-827. doi:10.1162/089892904970799
258. Wheeler, M. A. (2004). Episodic and autobiographical memory: Psychological and neural aspects. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 4714-4717). doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03514-2
259. Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 331-354. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331
260. Wicklund, R. A., & Duval, S. (1971). Opinion change and performance facilitation as a result of objective self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7(3), 319-342. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90032-1
261. Williams, H. L., Conway, M. A., & Cohen, G. (2008). Autobiographical memory. In G. Cohen & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Memory in the real world (3rd ed., pp. 21-90). Hove, England: Psychology Press.
262. Williams, J. M. G. (1996). Depression and the specificity of autobiographical memory. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 244-268). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527913.010
263. Williams, J. M. G., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(2), 144-149. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.95.2.144
264. Williams, J. M. G., Mark, G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F.,. .. Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122-148. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122
265. Wilson, A., & Ross, M. (2003). The identity function of autobiographical memory: Time is on our side. Memory, 11(2), 137-149. doi:10.1080/741938210
266. Wilson, B. A., Kopelman, M., & Kapur, N. (2008). Prominent and persistent loss of past awareness in amnesia: Delusion, impaired consciousness or coping strategy? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(5-6), 527-540. doi:10.1080/09602010802141889
267. Wilson, B. A., & Wearing, D. (1995). Prisoner of consciousness: A state of just awakening following herpes simplex encephalitis. In R. Campbell & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Broken memories: Case studies in memory impairment (pp. 14-30). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
268. Wylie, R. C. (1974). The self-concept: Vol. 1. A review and the proposal of an integrated theory of personality (rev. ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
269. Zahavi, D. (2005). Subjectivity and selfhood investigating the first-person perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.