The multiplicity of self: Neuropsychological evidence and its implications for the self as a construct in psychological research

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1191, Issue , 2010, Pages 1-15

  Klein, Stanley B ^a   Gangi, Cynthia E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Memory; Neuropsychology; Self

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMNESIA; AUTISM; AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY; COGNITION; EPISODIC MEMORY; HUMAN; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; PERSONALITY; RECOGNITION; REVIEW; SEMANTIC MEMORY;

EID: 77950210160     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05441.x     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Allport, G.W. 1961. Patterns and Growth in Personality. Holt, Rinehart &Winston. New York, NY.
2. Russell, B. 1912/1999. The Problems of Philosophy. Dover Publications. Mineola, NY.
3. Russell, B. 1913/1992. Theory of Knowledge. Routledge. New York, NY.
4. Cassam, Q. 1997. Self and World. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
5. Dainton, B. 2008. The Phenomenal Self . Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
6. Foster, J. 1991. The Immaterial Self. Routledge. New York, NY.
7. Gallagher, S. & J. Shear. 1999. Models of the Self . Imprint Academic. Thorverton, UK.
8. Hasker, W. 1999. The Emergent Self . Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY.
9. James, W. 1890. Principles of Psychology, Vol.1. Henry Holt and Company. New York, NY.
10. Jopling, D.A. 2000. Self-knowledge and the Self . Routledge. New York, NY.
11. Kolak, D. 1999. Life, Death and Personal Identity: In Search of Myself . Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA.
12. Kolak, D. & R. Martin. 1991. Self & Identity: Contemporary Philosophical Issues. Collier Macmillan Canada. Toronto, Canada.
13. Lapsley, D.K. & F.C. Power. 1988. Self, Ego and Identity. Springer-Verlag. New York, NY.
14. Leary, M.R. & J.P. Tangney. 2003. Handbook of Self and Identity. The Guilford Press. New York, NY.
15. Legrand, D. & P. Ruby. 2009.What is self-specific? Theoretical investigation and critical review of neuroimaging results. Psychol. Rev. 116: 252-282.
16. Augustine, St. 1980. In Confessions. Gibb, J.&W.Montegomery, Eds.: Garland Press. New York, NY. Translation by E. B. Pusey (1955).
17. Dalla Barba, G. 2002. Memory, Consciousness and Temporality. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Norwell, MA.
18. Klein, S.B., K. Rozendale & L. Cosmides. 2002. A socialcognitive neuroscience analysis of the self. Soc. Cogn. 20: 105-135.
19. Klein, S.B., T.P. German, L. Cosmides & R. Gabriel. 2004. A theory of autobiographical memory: necessary components and disorders resulting fromtheir loss. Soc. Cogn. 22: 460-490.
20. Brennan, A. 1988. Conditions of Identity. OxfordUniversity Press. New York, NY.
21. Baillie, J. 1993. Problems in Personal Identity. Paragon House. New York, NY.
22. Johnstone,H.W. 1970.TheProblemof theSelf .The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, PA.
23. Williams, B. 1973. Problems of the Self . Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
24. Sorabji, R. 2006. Self: Ancient andModern Insights about Individuality, Life, and Death. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL.
25. Conway,M.A. 2005.Memory and the self. J.Mem. Lang. 53: 594-628.
26. Neisser, U. 1988. Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philos. Psychol. 1: 35-39.
27. Kihlstrom, J.F.&S.B.Klein. 1994. The self as a knowledge system. InHandbook of Social Cognition. Vol 1. Basic Processes. Wyer, R.S. & T.K. Srull, Eds.: 153-208. Erlbaum. Hillsdale, NJ.
28. Klein, S.B. 2001. A self to remember: a cognitive neuropsychological perspective on how self creates memory and memory creates self. In Individual Self, Relational Self, and Collective Self . Sedikides, C. & M.B. Brewer, Eds.: 25-46. Psychology Press. Philadelphia, PA.
29. Klein, S.B. 2004. The cognitive neuroscience of knowing one's self. In The Cognitive Neurosciences III . Gazzaniga, M.A., Ed.: 1007-1089. MIT Press. Cambridge, MA.
30. Klein, S.B. in press. The self: as a construct in psychology and neuropsychological evidence for itsmultiplicity. WIREs: Cogn. Sci.
31. Parkin, A.J. & N.R.C. Leng. 1993. Neuropsychology of the Amnesic Syndrome. Erlbaum. Hillsdale, NJ.
32. Tulving, E. 1983. Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
33. Weiskrantz, L. 1997. Consciousness Lost and Found. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
34. Klein, S.B., L. Cosmides, J. Tooby & S. Chance. 2002. Decisions and the evolution of memory: multiple systems, multiple functions. Psychol. Rev. 109: 306-329.
35. Klein, S.B., T.E. Robertson, C.E. Gangi & J. Loftus. 2008. The functional independence of trait self-knowledge: commentary on Sakaki (2007). Memory 16: 556-565.
36. Klein, S.B. & J. Loftus. 1993. The mental representation of trait and autobiographical knowledge about the self. In Advances in Social Cognition, Vol.5. Srull, T.K. & R.S. Wyer, Eds. Erlbaum. Hillsdale, NJ.
37. Klein, S.B., J. Loftus & J.F. Kihlstrom. 1996. Selfknowledge of an amnesic patient: toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology. J. Exp. Psychol.: Gen. 125: 250-260.
38. Stuss,D.T.&D.A.Guzman. 1988. Severe remotemmeory loss with minimal anterograde amnesia: a clincial note. Brain Cogn. 8: 21-30.
39. Klein, S.B., J. Loftus, J.G. Trafton&R.W. Fuhrman. 1992. Use of exemplars and abstractions in trait judgments: a model of trait knowledge about the self and others. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 63: 739-753.
40. Klein, S.B., L. Cosmides & K.A. Costabile. 2003. Preserved knowledge of self in a case of Alzheimer's Dementia. Soc. Cogn. 21: 157-165.
41. Klein, S.B., R.H. Gabriel, C.E. Gangi & T.E. Robertson. 2008. Reflection on the self: a case study of a Prosopagnosic patient. Soc. Cogn. 26: 766-777.
42. Tulving, E. 1993. Self-knowledge of an amnesic individual is represented abstractly. In Advances in Social Cognition, Vol.5. Srull, T.K. & R.S.Wyer, Eds.: 147-156. Erlbaum. Hillsdale, NJ.
43. Young, K. & J.L. Saver. 2001. The neurology of narrative. Substance 30: 72-84.
44. Klein, S.B., J. Loftus & J.F. Kihlstrom. 2002.Memory and temporal experience: the effects of episodicmemory loss on an amnesic patient's ability to remember the past and imagine the future. Soc. Cogn. 20: 353-379.
45. Tulving, E. 1985. Memory and consciousness. Can. Psychol. 26: 1-12.
46. Frith, C.D. 1992. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis. East Sussex, England.
47. Gallagher, S. 2000. Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4: 14-21.
48. Katzko, M.W. 2003. Unity versus multiplicity: a conceptual analysis of the term "self" and its use in personality theories. J. Pers. 71: 83-114.
49. Robinson, M.F. & W. Freeman. 1954. Psychosurgery and the Self . Grune & Stratton. New York, NY.
50. Gillihan, S.J. & M.J. Farah. 2005. Is self special? A critical review of evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychol. Bull. 131: 76-97.
51. Hehman, J., T.P. German & S.B. Klein. 2005. Impaired self-recognition from recent photographs in a case of late-stage Alzheimer's disease. Soc. Cogn. 23: 116-121.
52. Wheeler, M.A., D.T. Stuss & E. Tulving. 1997. Toward a theory of episodic memory: the frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychol. Bull. 121: 331-354.
53. Hintzman, D.L. 1986. "Schema abstraction" in a multitrace memory model. Psychol. Rev. 93: 411-428.
54. Klein, S.B., J. Loftus & H.A. Burton. 1989. Two selfreference effects: the importance of distinguishing between self-descriptiveness judgments and autobiographical retrieval in self-referent encoding. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 56: 853-865.
55. Klein, S.B., S.H. Babey & J.W. Sherman. 1997. The functional independence of trait and behavioral selfknowledge: methodological considerations and new empirical findings. Soc. Cogn. 15: 183-203.
56. Galton, F. 1879. Psychometric experiments. Brain 2: 149-162.
57. Crovitz, H.F. & H. Schiffman. 1974. Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 4(5B): 517-518.
58. Cermak, L.S. & M. O'Connor. 1983. The anterograde and retrograde retrieval ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis. Neuropsychologia 21: 213-234.
59. Kircher, T.T.J., C. Senior, M.L. Phillips, et al. 2000. Towards a functional neuroanatomy of self processing: effects of faces and words. Cogn. Brain Res. 10: 133-144.
60. Starkstein, S.E., L. Sabe & M.F. Dorrego. 1997. Severe retrograde amnesia after a mild closed head injury. Neurocase 3: 105-109.
61. Caramazza, A. & J. Shelton. 1998. Domain-specific knowledge systems in the brain: the animate-inanimate distinction. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 10: 1-34.
62. Mills, M.A. 1998. Narrative Identity and Dementia. Ashgate Publications, Ltd. Aldershot, UK.
63. Seigler, I.C., D.V. Dawson & K.A.Welsh. 1994. Caregiver ratings of personality change in Alzheimer's Disease patients: a replication. Psychol. Aging 9: 464-466.
64. Ahern, C.A., F.B.Wood&C.M.McBrien. 1998.Preserved vocabulary and reading acquisition in an amnesic child. In Brain andValues. Pribram, K., Ed.: 277-298. Erlbaum. Mahwah, NJ.
65. Vargha-Khadem, F., D.G. Gadian, K.E. Watkins, et al. 1997. Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semanticmemory. Science 277: 376-380.
66. Baron-Cohen, S. 1995. Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory ofMind.MIT Press. Cambridge, MA.
67. Leslie, A.M. 1987. Pretense and representation: the origins of "Theory of mind". Psychol. Rev. 94: 412-426.
68. Cosmides, L. & J. Tooby. 2000. Consider the source: the evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation. In Metarepresentations: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Sperber, D., Ed.: 53-115. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
69. Klein, S.B., R.L. Chan & J. Loftus. 1999. Independence of episodic and semantic self-knowledge: the case from autism. Soc. Cogn. 17: 413-436.
70. Boucher, J. & D. Bowler. 2008. Memory and Autism. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
71. Crane, L.&L.Goddard. 2007. Episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in adults with autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 38: 498-506.
72. Klein, S.B., L. Cosmides, K.A. Costabile & L. Mei. 2002. Is there something special about the self? A neuropsychological case study. J. Res. Pers. 36: 490-506.
73. Sperber, D. & D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition, 2nd edn. Blackwell. Oxford, UK.
74. Klein, S.B., L. Cosmides, E.R. Murray & J. Tooby. 2004. Onthe acquisition of knowledge about personality traits: does learning about the self engage differentmechanisms than learning about others? Soc. Cogn. 22: 367-390.
75. Baron-Cohen, S., A.M. Leslie & U. Frith. 1985. Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition 21: 37-46.
76. Mitchell, P. & K. O'Keefe. 2008. Brief report: do individuals with autism spectrum disorder think they know their own minds? J. Autism Dev. Disord. 38: 1591-1597.
77. Toichi, M. 2008. Episodic memory, semantic memory and self-awareness in high-functioning autism. In Memory and Autism. Boucher, J. & D. Bowler, Eds.: 143-165. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
78. Klein, S.B. & J. Loftus. 1988. The nature of self-referent encoding: the contributions of elaborative and organizational processes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 55: 5-11.
79. Klein, S.B. & J.F. Kihlstrom. 1986. Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory. J. Exp. Psychol: General 115: 26-38.
80. Hobson, J.A., R. Harris, R. Garcia-Perez & R.P. Hobson. 2009. Anticipatory concern: a study in autism. Dev. Sci. 12: 249-263
81. Lombardo, M.V., J.L. Barnes, S.J. Wheelwright & S. Baron-Cohen. 2007. Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism. PloS ONE 9: 1-11.
82. Westmacott, R., M. Freedman, S.E. Black, et al. 2004. Temporally graded semanticmemory loss inAlzheimer's disease: cross-sectional and lognitudinal studies. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 21: 353-378.
83. Kazui, H., M. Hashimoto, N. Hirono & E. Mori. 2003. Nature of personal semantic memory: evidence from Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 41: 981-988.
84. Harrison, B.E., B.A. Therrien & B.J. Giordani. 2005. Alzheimer's disease behaviors from past self-identities: an exploration of the memory and cognitive features. Am. J. Alzheimer's Dis. Other Dement. 20: 248-254.
85. Rankin, K.P., E. Baldwin, C. Pace-Savitsky, et al. 2005. Self awareness and personality change in dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76: 632-639.
86. Ruby, P., F.Collette, A. D'Argembeau, et al. in press.Perspective taking to assess Self-personality:what'smodified in Alzheimer's disease? Neurobiol. Aging.
87. Cohen,D. & C. Eisdorfer. 1986. The Loss of Self: A Family Resource for the Care of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders.W.W. Norton. New York, NY.
88. Ronch, J.L. 1996. Mourning and grief in late life Alzheimer's dementia: revisiting the vanishing self. Am. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 11: 25-28.
89. Parker, S.T., R.W. Mitchell & M.L. Boccia. 1994. Self- Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY.
90. Ruby, P. & D. Legrand. 2007. Neuroimaging the self? In Sensorimotor Foundations of Higher Cognition. Rossetti, Y., P. Haggard & M. Kawato, Eds.: 22nd Attention & Performance Meeting, pp. 293-318. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
91. Uttal,W.R. 2001. The New Phrenology.MIT Press. Cambridge, MA.
92. Polanyi, M. 1967. The Tacit Dimension. Anchor Books. Garden City, NY.
93. Schacter, D.L. & E. Tulving, Eds. 1994. Memory Systems 1994. MIT Press. Cambridge, MA.
94. DallaBarba,G., J.Y.Cappelletti,M.Signorini&G. Denes. 1997. Confabulation: remembering another' past, planning another's future. Neurocase 3: 425-436.
95. Tulving, E. & M. Lepage. 2000. Where in the brain is the awareness of one's past. In Memory, Brain, and Belief . Schacter, D.L. & E. Scarry, Eds.: 208-228. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
96. Kihlstrom, J.F. & D.L. Schacter. 1995. Functional disorders of autobiographical memory. InHandbook ofMemory Disorders. Baddeley, A.D., B.A. Wilson & F.N.Watts, Eds.: 337-364.Wiley. New York, NY.
97. Rathbone,C.J., C.J.A.Moulin&M.A.Conway. 2009.Autobiographical memory and amnesia: using conceptual knowledge to ground the self. Neurocase 15: 405-418.