Emission of volatile organic compounds from silage: Compounds, sources, and implications

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 77, Issue , 2013, Pages 827-839

  Hafner, Sasha D ^a   Howard, Cody ^b   Muck, Richard E ^c   Franco, Roberta B ^d   Montes, Felipe ^a,f   Green, Peter G ^e   Mitloehner, Frank ^d   Trabue, Steven L ^a   Rotz, C Alan ^a  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c U S DAIRY FORAGE RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e University of California Davis   (United States)

^f PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Emission; Ethanol; Ozone; Silage; Volatile organic compounds

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL INOCULANTS; EMISSION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; EMISSION POTENTIAL; LITERATURE REVIEWS; MANAGEMENT PRACTICES; OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS; SILAGE; SPOILAGE MICROORGANISMS;

ACETIC ACID; ALDEHYDES; ESTERIFICATION; ESTERS; ETHANOL; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; NEUTRON EMISSION; OZONE; PH; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; YEAST;

BACTERIA;

ACETIC ACID; ESTER; ISOVALERIC ACID; LACTIC ACID; METHANOL; OXYGEN; PROPIONIC ACID; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; EMISSION CONTROL; ETHANOL; FERMENTATION; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; OZONE; POLLUTANT SOURCE; SILAGE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR POLLUTION; ALCOHOL PRODUCTION; CHEMICAL REACTION; CLOSTRIDIUM BUTYRICUM; DEMETHYLATION; ENSILING; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; FERMENTATION; IONIZATION; LACTOBACILLUS PENTOSUS; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS; PH; POROSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SILAGE; SIMULATION; TEMPERATURE; VELOCITY; VOLATILIZATION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BOS; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84880000510     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: 18732844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.076     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Addah W., Baah J., Groenewegen P., Okine E.K., McAllister T.A. Comparison of the fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and nutritive value of barley and corn silages ensiled with or without a mixed bacterial inoculant. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 2011, 91(1):133-146.
2. Alanis P., Sorenson M., Beene M., Krauter C., Shamp B., Hasson A. Measurement of non-enteric emission fluxes of volatile fatty acids from a California dairy by solid phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42(26):6417-6424.
3. Bartowsky E.J., Henschke P.A. Acetic acid bacteria spoilage of bottled red wine-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2008, 125(1):60-70.
4. Byers F., Goodrich R., Meiske J. Influence of acetic acid, lactic acid and ethanol on the fermentation of corn silage. Journal of Animal Science 1982, 54(3):640-645.
5. Carter W.P. Development of the SAPRC-07 Chemical Mechanism and Updated Ozone Reactivity Scales 2009, Tech. Rep. Final Report to the California Air Resources Board Contract No. 03-318, Center for Environmental Research and Technology College of Engineering University of California, URL. http://www.engr.ucr.edu/%7Ecarter/SAPRC/.
6. Chmelova S., Triska J., Ruzickova K., Kalac P. Determination of aliphatic aldehydes in maize and grass silages using on-fibre derivatisation with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro)benzylhydroxylamine. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2009, 152(1-2):152-160.
7. Chung M.Y., Beene M., Ashkan S., Krauter C., Hasson A.S. Evaluation of non-enteric sources of non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions from dairies. Atmospheric Environment 2009, 44(6):786-794.
8. Condon S. Responses of lactic-acid bacteria to oxygen. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1987, 46(3):269-280.
9. Contreras-Govea F.E., Muck R.E., Mertens D.R., Weimer P.J. Microbial inoculant effects on silage and invitro ruminal fermentation, and microbial biomass estimation for alfalfa, BMR corn, and corn silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2011, 163(1):2-10.
10. Courtin M., Spoelstra S. Asimulation-model of the microbiological and chemical-changes accompanying the initial-stage of aerobic deterioration of silage. Grass and Forage Science 1990, 45(2):153-165.
11. Cumberland Valley Analytical Services Personal Communication from Ralph Ward, Cumberland Valley Analytical Services 2012, 14515 Industry Drive, Hagerstown, MD, USA.
12. Dairyland Laboratories Feed and Forage Summaries 2012, Dairyland Laboratories, Inc., Arcadia, WI, USA, URL. https://www.dairylandlabs.net/pages/interpretations/documents/2012datacompilation.pdf.
13. Dairy One Feed Composition Library 2012, Dairy One Cooperative Inc., Ithaca, NY, USA, URL. http://www.dairyone.com/Forage/FeedComp/MainLibrary.asp.
14. Davison B., Brunner A., Ammann C., Spirig C., Jocher M., Neftel A. Cut-induced VOC emissions from agricultural grasslands. Plant Biology 2008, 10(1):76-85.
15. de Gouw J.A., Howard C.J., Custer T.G., Baker B.M., Fall R. Proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry allows real-time analysis of volatile organic compounds released from cutting and drying of crops. Environmental Science & Technology 2000, 34(12):2640-2648.
16. Driehuis F., Elferink S., Spoelstra S. Anaerobic lactic acid degradation during ensilage of whole crop maize inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri inhibits yeast growth and improves aerobic stability. Journal of Applied Microbiology 1999, 87(4):583-594.
17. Driehuis F., van Wikselaar P.G. The occurrence and prevention of ethanol fermentation in high-dry-matter grass silage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2000, 80(6):711-718.
18. Edwards C., Peterson J. Sorbent extraction and analysis of volatile metabolites synthesized by lactic-acid bacteria in a synthetic medium. Journal of Food Science 1994, 59(1):192-196.
19. Fall R., Benson A.A. Leaf methanol-the simplest natural product from plants. Trends in Plant Science 1996, 1(9):296-301.
20. Filya I. Nutritive value and aerobic stability of whole crop maize silage harvested at four stages of maturity. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2004, 116(1-2):141-150.
21. Filya I., Sucu E. The effects of lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation, aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage. Grass and Forage Science 2010, 65(4):446-455.
22. Gottschalk G. Bacterial Metabolism 1986, Springer, New York.
23. Graus M., Eller A.S., Fall R., Yuan B., Qian Y., Westra P., de Gouw J., Warneke C. Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of volatile organic compounds over c4biofuelcrops. Atmospheric Environment 2013, 66:161-168.
24. Hafner S.D., Montes F., Rotz C.A. Amass transfer model for VOC emission from silage. Atmospheric Environment 2012, 54:134-140.
25. Hafner S.D., Montes F., Rotz C.A., Mitloehner F.M. Ethanol emission from loose corn silage and exposed silage particles. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44:4172-4180.
26. Hartman M. Determination of neutral volatile substances in silages and haylages by means of gas chromatography. Zivocisna Vyroba 1974, 19(4):299-306. (in Czech).
27. Hippe H., Andreesen J., Gottschalk G. The genus Clostridium-nonmedical. The Prokaryotes 1992, 1800-1866. Springer-Verlag, New York. second ed.
28. Holopainen J. Multiple functions of inducible plant volatiles. Trends in Plant Science 2004, 9(11):529-533.
29. Howard C., Kumar A., Malkina I., Mitloehner F., Green P., Flocchini R., Kleeman M. Reactive organic gas emissions from livestock feed contribute significantly to ozone production in central California. Environmental Science & Technology 2010, 44(7):2309-2314.
30. Howard C., Yang W., Green P., Mitloehner F., Malkina I., Flocchini R., Kleeman M. Direct measurements of the ozone formation potential from dairy cattle emissions using a transportable smog chamber. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42(21):5267-5277.
31. Hu J., Howard C.J., Mitloehner F., Green P.G., Kleeman M.J. Mobile source and livestock feed contributions to regional ozone formation in central California. Environmental Science & Technology 2012, 46(5):2781-2789.
32. Huisden C., Adesogan A., Kim S., Ososanya T. Effect of applying molasses or inoculants containing homofermentative or heterofermentative bacteria at two rates on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 2009, 92(2):690-697.
33. Kalac P. Evaluation of the occurrence of volatile fatty acids in silage and haylage. Zivocisna Vyroba 1987, 32(6):559-566. (in Czech).
34. Kalac P., Pivnickova L. Evaluation of the occurrence of lower alcohols in haylage and silage. Zivocisna Vyroba 1987, 32(7):641-645. (in Czech).
35. Karl T., Guenther A., Jordan A., Fall R., Lindinger W. Eddy covariance measurement of biogenic oxygenated VOC emissions from hay harvesting. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 35(3):491-495.
36. Kienbusch M.R. Measurement of Gaseous Emission Rates from Land Surfaces Using an Emission-isolation Flux Chamber 1986, Document no. PB-86-223161/XAB, Radian Corp., Austin, TX (USA).
37. Kim S., Adesogan A. Influence of ensiling temperature, simulated rainfall, and delayed sealing on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 2006, 89(8):3122-3132.
38. Kleinschmit D., Kung L. Ameta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. Journal of Dairy Science 2006, 89(10):4005-4013.
39. Kleinschmit D., Schmidt R., Kung L. The effects of various antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 2005, 88(6):2130-2139.
40. Knicky M., Sporndly R. The ensiling capability of a mixture of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite. Journal of Dairy Science 2011, 94(2):824-831.
41. Konings W.N., Kuipers O.P., Veld J.H. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Genetics, Metabolism and Applications 1999, Springer, New York.
42. Kristensen N., Sloth K., Hjberg O., Spliid N., Jensen C., Thgersen R. Effects of microbial inoculants on corn silage fermentation, microbial contents, aerobic stability, and milk production under field conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 2010, 93(8):3764-3774.
43. Krizsan S., Westad F., Adnoy T., Odden E., Aakre S., Randby A. Effect of volatile compounds in grass silage on voluntary intake by growing cattle. Animal 2007, 1(2):283-292.
44. Krooneman J., Faber F., Alderkamp A., Elferink S., Driehuis F., Cleenwerck I., Swings J., Gottschal J., Vancanneyt M. Lactobacillus diolivorans sp nov., a 1,2-propanediol-degrading bacterium isolated from aerobically stable maize silage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2002, 52:639-646.
45. Kung L., Myers C.L., Neylon J.M., Taylor C.C., Lazartic J., Mills J.A., Whiter A.G. The effects of buffered propionic acid-based additives alone or combined with microbial inoculation on the fermentation of high moisture corn and whole-crop barley. Journal of Dairy Science 2004, 87(5):1310-1316.
46. Langin D., Nguyen P., Dumon H., Malek A. Aldehydes and ketones in silages - quantitative-determination by high-performance liquid-chromatography. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 1989, 20(2):119-127. (in French).
47. Li Y., Nishino N. Monitoring the bacterial community of maize silage stored in a bunker silo inoculated with Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2011, 110(6):1561-1570.
48. Liu M., Siezen R. Comparative genomics of flavour-forming pathways in lactic acid bacteria. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 2006, 61(2):61-68.
49. Malkina I.L., Kumar A., Green P.G., Mitloehner F.M. Identification and quantitation of volatile organic compounds emitted from dairy silages and other feedstuffs. Journal of Environment Quality 2011, 40(1):28.
50. McDonald P., Henderson N., Heron S. The Biochemistry of Silage 1991, Chalcombe, Shedfield, Southampton, UK.
51. Montes F., Hafner S.D., Rotz C.A., Mitloehner F.M. Temperature and air velocity effects on ethanol emission from corn silage with the characteristics of an exposed silo face. Atmospheric Environment 2010, 44(16):1987-1995.
52. Muck R., Pitt R. Aerobic deterioration in corn-silage relative to the silo face. Transactions of the ASAE 1994, 37(3):735-743.
53. Muck R.E., Huhnke R. Oxygen infiltration from horizontal silo unloading practices. Transactions of the ASAE 1995, 38(1):23-31.
54. Nielsen T., Kristensen N., Weisbjerg M. Effect of harvest time on fermentation profiles of maize ensiled in laboratory silos and determination of drying losses at 60°C. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-Animal Science 2007, 57(1):30-37.
55. Nishino N., Harada H., Sakaguchi E. Evaluation of fermentation and aerobic stability of wet brewers' grains ensiled alone or in combination with various feeds as a total mixed ration. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2003, 83(6):557-563.
56. Nishino N., Touno E. Ensiling characteristics and aerobic stability of direct-cut and wilted grass silages inoculated with Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2005, 85(11):1882-1888.
57. Nollet L.M.L., Toldra F., Benjakul S., Paliyath G., Hui Y.H. Food Biochemistry and Food Processing 2012, John Wiley & Sons.
58. Pahlow G., Muck R., Driehuis F., Oude Elferink S., Spoelestra S. Microbiology of ensiling. Silage Science and Technology 2003, 31-93. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. D. Buxton, R. Muck, J. Harrison (Eds.).
59. x and VOC reactivity reductions in San Joaquin valley California 1995 & present. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 2012, 12(4):9771-9811.
60. Raun B., Kristensen N. Propanol in maize silage at Danish dairy farms. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-Animal Science 2010, 60(1):53-59.
61. Reich L.J., Kung L. Effects of combining Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 with various lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2010, 159(3-4):105-109.
62. Rock River Laboratory Personal Communication From Donald Meyer 2009, Rock River Laboratory, 710 Commerce Dr., Watertown, WI, USA.
63. Rodrigues P.H.M., Ruzante J.M., Senatore A.C., de Lima F.R., Melotti L., Meyer P.M. Evaluation of microbial inoculation on nutritional and fermentative quality of corn silage. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia 2004, 33(3):538-545. (in Portuguese).
64. Sander R. Henry's law constants. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 2011, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, URL. http://webbook.nist.gov, P. Linstrom, W. Mallard (Eds.).
65. Schmidt R.J., Kung L. The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri with or without a homolactic bacterium on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages made at different locations. Journal of Dairy Science 2010, 93(4):1616-1624.
66. Smit B.A., Engels W.J.M., Smit G. Branched chain aldehydes: production and breakdown pathways and relevance for flavour in foods. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2009, 81(6):987-999.
67. Sorensen L. Prediction of fermentation parameters in grass and corn silage by near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Dairy Science 2004, 87(11):3826-3835.
68. Spoelstra S.F., Courtin M.G., Vanbeers J.A.C. Acetic-acid bacteria can initiate aerobic deterioration of whole crop maize silage. Journal of Agricultural Science 1988, 111:127-132.
69. Steidlová S., Kalac P. The effects of using lactic acid bacteria inoculants in maize silage on the formation of biogenic amines. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2003, 57(5):359-368.
70. Tabacco E., Piano S., Cavallarin L., Bernardes T., Borreani G. Clostridia spore formation during aerobic deterioration of maize and sorghum silages as influenced by Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum inoculants. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2009, 107(5):1632-1641.
71. Teller R.S., Schmidt R.J., Whitlow L.W., Kung L. Effect of physical damage to ears of corn before harvest and treatment with various additives on the concentration of mycotoxins, silage fermentation, and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 2012, 95(3):1428-1436.
72. United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Fact Book 1998 1998, Office of Communications, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, URL. http://www.usda.gov/documents/factbook1998.pdf.
73. van Kranenburg R., Kleerebezem M., Vlieg J.V., Ursing B.M., Boekhorst J., Smit B.A., Ayad E.H.E., Smit G., Siezen R.J. Flavour formation from amino acids by lactic acid bacteria: predictions from genome sequence analysis. International Dairy Journal 2002, 12(2-3):111-121.
74. Warneke C., Luxembourg S., de Gouw J., Rinne H., Guenther A., Fall R. Disjunct eddy covariance measurements of oxygenated volatile organic compounds fluxes from an alfalfa field before and after cutting. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2002, 107(D7-8). ACH 6-1-ACH 6-10.
75. Weiss K. Novel results on the occurrence of volatile compounds in maize silages. Proceedings of the XVth International Silage Conference 2009, Madison, WI.
76. Wilkinson J. Silage 2005, Chalcombe Publications, Shedfield, Southampton, UK.
77. Wilkinson J., Toivonen M.I. World Silage 2003, Chalcombe Publications, Shedfield, Southampton, UK.
78. Woolford M. Studies on significance of 3 bacillus species to ensiling process. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1977, 43(3):447-452.
79. Woolford M.K. Gamma radiation in the preparation of maize silage for studies on the aerobic deterioration process. Journal of Agricultural Science 1983, 101:711-716.
80. Young D.S. Tolerance: an R package for estimating tolerance intervals. Journal of Statistical Software 2010, 36(5):1-39.