Serological cross-reactivity between human polyomaviruses

Reviews in Medical Virology

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 250-264

  Moens, Ugo ^a   Van Ghelue, Marijke ^b   Song, Xiaobo ^a   Ehlers, Bernhard ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF NORTH NORWAY   (Norway)

^c ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; PROTEIN VP1;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; COMPLEMENT FIXATION; CROSS REACTION; DNA REPLICATION; DNA VIRUS; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; HAPLORHINI; HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION; HUMAN; IMMUNOBLOTTING; IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POLYOMA VIRUS; REVIEW; SEROLOGY; SEROPREVALENCE; VIRUS CAPSID; VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; CAPSID PROTEINS; CROSS REACTIONS; HUMANS; POLYOMAVIRUS; POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84879839011     PISSN: 10529276     EISSN: 10991654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1747     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Imperiale MJ, Major EO. Polyomaviruses. In Fields Virology, Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE (eds). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia, 2007; 2263-2298.
2. Gerits N, Moens U. Agnoprotein of mammalian polyomaviruses. Virology 2012; 432: 316-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.024.
3. Gosert R, Rinaldo CH, Funk GA, et al. Polyomavirus BK with rearranged noncoding control region emerge in vivo in renal transplant patients and increase viral replication and cytopathology. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008; 205: 841-852. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072097.
4. Gosert R, Kardas P, Major EO, et al. Rearranged JC virus noncoding control regions found in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patient samples increase virus early gene expression and replication rate. Journal of Virology 2010; 84: 10448-10456. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00614-10.
5. Bellizzi A, Anzivino E, Ferrari F, et al. Polyomavirus JC reactivation and noncoding control region sequence analysis in pediatric Crohn's disease patients treated with infliximab. Journal of Neurovirology 2011; 17: 303-313. DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0036-3.
6. Shen PS, Enderlein D, Nelson CD, et al. The structure of avian polyomavirus reveals variably sized capsids, non-conserved inter-capsomere interactions, and a possible location of the minor capsid protein VP4. Virology 2011; 411: 142-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.005.
7. Gardner SD, Field AM, Coleman DV, et al. New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation. Lancet 1971; 1: 1253-1257. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91776-4.
8. Padgett BL, Walker DL, ZuRhein GM, et al. Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 1971; 1: 1257-60. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91777-6.
9. Allander T, Andreasson K, Gupta S, et al. Identification of a third human polyomavirus. Journal of Virology 2007; 81: 4130-4136. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00028-07.
10. Gaynor AM, Nissen MD, Whiley DM, et al. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PLoS Pathogens 2007; 3: e64. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030064.
11. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, et al. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 2008; 319: 1096-1100. DOI: 10.1126/science.1152586.
12. Schowalter RM, Pastrana DV, Pumphrey KA, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin. Cell Host & Microbe 2010; 7: 509-515. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.006.
13. van der Meijden E, Janssens RW, Lauber C, et al. Discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with Trichodysplasia spinulosa in an immunocompromized patient. PLoS Pathogens 2010; 6: e1001024. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001024.
14. Scuda N, Hofmann J, Calvignac-Spencer S, et al. A novel polyomavirus closely related to the African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus. Journal of Virology 2011; 85: 4586-4590. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02602-10.
15. Buck CB, Phan GQ, Raiji MT, et al. Complete genome sequence of a tenth human polyomavirus. Journal of Virology 2012; 86: 10887. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01690-12.
16. Lim ES, Reyes A, Antonio M, et al. Discovery of STL polyomavirus, a polyomavirus of ancestral recombinant origin that encodes a unique T antigen by alternative splicing. Virology 2013; 435: 295-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.005.
17. Korup S, Rietscher J, Calvignac-Spencer S, et al. Identification of a novel human polyomavirus in organs of the gastrointestinal tract. PLoS One 2013; 8: e58021. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058021.
18. Siebrasse EA, Reyes A, Lim ES, et al. Identification of MW polyomavirus, a novel polyomavirus in human stool. Journal of Virology 2012; 86: 10321-10326. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01210-12.
19. Yu G, Greninger AL, Isa P, et al. Discovery of a novel polyomavirus in acute diarrheal samples from children. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49449. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049449.
20. Moens U, Van Ghelue M. Polymorphism in the genome of non-passaged human polyomavirus BK: implication for cell tropism and the pathological role of the virus. Virology 2005; 331: 209-231. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.10.021.
21. Yogo Y, Zhong S, Shibuya A, et al. Transcriptional control region rearrangements associated with the evolution of JC polyomavirus. Virology 2008; 380: 118-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.016.
22. Martini F, Corallini A, Balatti V, et al. Simian virus 40 in humans. Infect Agent Cancer 2007; 2: 13. DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-2-13.
23. Delbue S, Tremolada S, Branchetti E, et al. First identification and molecular characterization of lymphotropic polyomavirus in peripheral blood from patients with leukoencephalopathies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2008; 46: 2461-2462. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00381-08.
24. Focosi D, Kast RE, Maggi F, et al. Lymphotropic polyomavirus and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2009; 47: 284. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01744-08.
25. Costa C, Bergallo M, Terlizzi ME, et al. Lack of detection of lymphotropic polyomavirus DNA in different clinical specimens. Journal of Clinical Virology 2011; 51: 148-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.02.015.
26. Trusch F, Klein M, Finsterbusch T, et al. Seroprevalence of human polyomavirus 9 and cross-reactivity to African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus. The Journal of General Virology 2012; 93: 698-705. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039156-0.
27. Kjærheim K, Roe OD, Waterboer T, et al. Absence of SV40 antibodies or DNA fragments in prediagnostic mesothelioma samples. International Journal of Cancer 2007; 120: 2459-2465. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039156-0.
28. Norkin LC, Anderson HA, Wolfrom SA, et al. Caveolar endocytosis of simian virus 40 is followed by brefelding A-sensitive transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the virus disassembles. Journal of Virology 2002; 76: 5156-5166. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.10.5156-5166.2002.
29. Liddington RC, Yan Y, Moulai J, et al. Structure of simian virus 40 at 3.8Å resolution. Nature 1991; 354: 278-284. DOI: 10.1038/354278a0.
30. Griffith JP, Griffith DL, Rayment WT, et al. Inside polyomavirus at 25Å resolution. Nature 1992; 355: 652-654. DOI: 10.1038/355652a0.
31. Stehle T, Yan Y, Benjamin TL, et al. Structure of murine polyomavirus complexed with an oligosaccharide receptor fragment. Nature 1994; 369: 160-163. DOI: 10.1038/369160a0.
32. Notredame C, Higgins DG, Heringa J. T-Coffee: a novel method for fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment. Journal of Molecular Biology 2000; 302: 205-217. DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4042.
33. Di Tommaso P, Moretti S, Xenarios I, et al. T-Coffee: a web server for the multiple sequence alignment of protein and RNA sequences using structural information and homology extension. Nucleic Acids Research 2011; 39(Web Server issue): W13-17. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr245.
34. Fang CY, Chen HY, Wang M, et al. Global analysis of modifications of the human BK virus structural proteins byLC-MS/MS. Virology 2010; 402: 164-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.029.
35. Chang D, Liou ZM, Ou WC, et al. Production of the antigen and the antibody of the JC virus major capsid protein VP1. Journal of Virology Method 1996; 59: 177-187. DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(36)02039-3.
36. Neu U, Stehle T, Atwood WJ. The Polyomaviridae: contributions of virus structure to our understanding of virus receptors and infectious entry. Virology 2009; 384: 389-399. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.021.
37. Freund R, Calderone A, Dawe CJ, et al. Polyomavirus tumor induction in mice: effects on polymorphisms of VP1 and large T antigen. Journal of Virology 1991; 65: 335-341.
38. Bauer PH, Bronson RT, Fung SC, et al. Genetical and structural analysis of a virulence determinant in polyomavirus VP1. Journal of Virology 1995; 69: 7925-7931.
39. Zheng HY, Takasaka T, Noda K, et al. New sequence polymorphisms in the outer loops of the JC polyomavirus major capsid protein (VP1) possibly associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The Journal of General Virology 2005; 96: 2035-2045. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80863-0.
40. Nukuzuma S, Takasaka T, Zheng HY, et al. Subtype I BK polyomavirus strains grow more efficiently in human renal epithelial cells than subtypes IV strains. The Journal of General Virology 2006; 87: 1893-1901. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81698-0.
41. Dugan A, Gasparovic ML, Tsomaia N, et al. Identification of amino acid residues in BK virus VP1 critical for viability and growth. Journal of Virology 2007; 81: 11798-11808. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01316-07.
42. Delbue S, Branchetti E, Bertolacci S, et al. JC virus VP1 loop-specific polymorphism with favourable prognosis for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Journal of Neurovirology 2009; 15: 51-56. DOI: 10.1080/13550280802425467.
43. Tremolada S, Delbue S, Larocca S, et al. Polymorphisms of the BK virus subtypes and their influence on viral in vitro growth efficiency. Virus Research 2010; 149: 190-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.01.017.
44. Bayliss J, Harrison E, McLean CA. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy development is associated with mutations in JC virus capsid protein VP1 that change the receptor specificity of the virus. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011; 204: 1643-1644. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir611.
45. Neu U, Wang J, Macejak D, et al. Structures of the major capsid proteins of the human Karolinska Institutet and Washington University polyomaviruses. Journal of Virology 2011; 85: 7384-7392. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00382-11.
46. Van Ghelue M, Khan MT, Ehlers B, et al. Genome analysis of the new human polyomaviruses. Reviews in Medical Virology 2012; 22: 354-377. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1711.
47. Engels EA, Chen J, Hartge P, et al. Antibody responses to simian virus T antigen: a case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2005; 14: 521-524. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0441.
48. Rekvig OP, Bendiksen S, Moens U. Immunity and autoimmunity induced by polyomaviruses: clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006; 577: 117-147. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_9.
49. Paulson KG, Carter JJ, Johnson LG, et al. Antibodies to Merkel cell polyomavirus T antigen oncoproteins reflect tumor burden in Merkel cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Research 2010; 70: 8388-8397. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2128.
50. Leuenberger D, Andresen PA, Gosert R, et al. Human polyomavirus type 1 (BK virus) agnoprotein is abundantly expressed but immunologically ignored. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2007; 14: 959-968. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00123-07.
51. Knowles WA. Discovery and epidemiology of the human polyomaviruses BK (BKV) and JC virus (JCV). Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006; 577: 19-55. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_2.
52. Carter JJ, Madeleine MM, Wipf GC, et al. Lack of serological evidence for prevalent simian virus 40 infection in humans. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2003; 95: 1522-1530. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djg074.
53. Lundstig A, Dillner J. Serological diagnosis of human polyomavirus infection. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006; 577: 96-101. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_7.
54. Kean JM, Rao S, Wang M, et al. Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathogens 2009; 5: e1000363. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000363.
55. Nguyen NL, Le BM, Wang D. Serologic evidence of frequent human infection with WU and KI polyomaviruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2009; 15: 1199-1205. DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.090270.
56. Pastrana DV, Tolstov YL, Becker JC, et al. Quantitation of human seroresponsiveness to Merkel cell polyomavirus. PLoS Pathogens 2009; 5: e1000578. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000578.
57. Tolstov YL, Pastrana DV, Feng H, et al. Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection II. MCV is a common human infection that can be detected by conformational capsid epitope immunoassays. International Journal of Cancer 2009; 125: 1250-1256. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24509.
58. Touzé A, Gaitan J, Arnold F, et al. Generation of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)-like particles and their application to detection of MCV antibodies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2010; 48: 1767-1770. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01691-09.
59. Chen T, Hedman L, Mattila PS, et al. Serological evidence of Merkel cell polyomavirus primary infections in childhood. Journal of Clinical Virology 2011; 50: 125-129. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.10.015.
60. Chen T, Mattila PS, Jartti T, et al. Seroepidemiology of the newly found trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011; 204: 1523-1526. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir614.
61. Faust H, Pastrana DV, Buck CB, et al. Antibodies to Merkel cell polyomavirus correlate to presence of viral DNA in the skin. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011; 203: 1096-1100. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiq173.
62. van der Meijden E, Kazem S, Burgers MM, et al. Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011; 17: 1355-1363. DOI: 10.3201/eid1708.110114.
63. Viscidi RP, Rollison DE, Sondak VK, et al. Age-specific seroprevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus, BK virus, and JC virus. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2011; 18: 1737-1743. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.05175-11.
64. Nicol JT, Touzé A, Robinot R, et al. Seroprevalence and cross-reactivity of human polyomavirus 9. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2012; 18: 1329-1332. DOI: 10.3201/eid1808.111625.
65. Sasnauskas K, Buzaite O, Vogel F, et al. Yeast cells allow high-level expression and formation of polyomavirus-like particles. Biological Chemistry 1999; 380: 381-386. DOI: 10.1515/BC.1999.050.
66. Li TC, Takeda N, Kato K, et al. Characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles of human polyomavirus BK generated by recombinant baculoviruses. Virology 2003; 311: 115-124. DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00141-7.
67. Randhawa P, Viscidi R, Carter JJ, et al. Identification of species-specific and cross-reactive epitopes in human polyomavirus capsids using monoclonal antibodies. The Journal of General Virology 2009; 90: 634-639. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008391-0.
68. Neske F, Prifert C, Scheiner B, et al. High prevalence of antibodies against polyomavirus WU, polyomavirus KI, and human bocavirus in German blood donors. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010; 10: 215. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-215.
69. Van Ghelue M, Moens U. Merkel cell polyomavirus: a causal factor in Merkel cell carcinoma. In Skin Cancers - Risk Factors, Prevention and Therapy, La Porta CAM (ed). InTech: Croatia, 2011; 109-142.
70. Sadeghi M, Aronen M, Chen T, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus DNAs and antibodies in blood among the elderly. BMC Infectious Diseases 2012; 12: 383. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-383.
71. Nicol JT, Robinot R, Carpentier A, et al. Age-specific seroprevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus, human polyomaviruses 6, 7 and 9 and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2013; 20: 363-368. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00438-12.
72. De Sanjose S, Shah KV, Domingo-Domenech E, et al. Lack of serological evidence for an association between simian virus 40 and lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2002; 104: 522-524. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10993. Erratum in International Journal of Cancer 2003; 104: 800. DOI:10.1002/ijc.11110.
73. Knowles WA, Pipkin P, Andrews N, et al. Population-based study of antibody to the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV and the simian polyomavirus SV40. Journal of Medical Virology 2003; 71: 115-123. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10450.
74. Lundstig A, Eliasson L, Lehtinen M, et al. Prevalence and stability of human serum antibodies to simian virus 40 VP1 virus-like particles. The Journal of General Virology 2005; 86: 1703-1708. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80783-0.
75. Wong C, Vilchez RA, Quiroz J, et al. Ethnic differences in polyomavirus simian virus 40 seroprevalence among women in Houston, Texas. The Journal of Infection 2013; 66: 67-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.014.
76. Takemoto KK, Segawa K. A new monkey lymphotropic papovavirus: characterization of the virus and evidence of a related virus in humans. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1983; 105: 87-96.
77. Viscidi RP, Clayman B. Serological cross reactivity between polyomavirus capsids. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006; 577: 73-84. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_5.
78. Altschul SF, Thomas L, Madden TL, et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research 1997; 25: 3389-3402. DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.17.3389.
79. Hamilton RS, Gravell M, Major EO. Comparison of antibody titres determined by hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme immunoassay for JC virus and BK virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000; 38: 105-109.
80. Egli A, Dumoulin A, Köhli S, et al. Polyomavirus BK after kidney transplantation - role of molecular and immunological markers. Trends Transplant 2009; 3: 85-102.
81. Antonsson A, Green AC, Mallitt KA, et al. Prevalence and stability of antibodies to the BK and JC polyomaviruses: a long-term longitudinal study of Australians. The Journal of General Virology 2010; 91: 1849-1853. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.020115-0.
82. Boldorini R, Allegrini S, Miglio U, et al. Serological evidence of vertical transmission of JC and BK polyomaviruses in humans. The Journal of General Virology 2011; 92: 1044-1050. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028571-0.
83. Miller MA, Weibel C, Kahn JS, et al. Seroepidemiology of WU polyomavirus among children exposed perinatally to HIV-1. Journal of Medical Virology 2012; 84: 188-193. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23189.
84. Kantola K, Sadeghi M, Ewald MJ, et al. Expression and serological characterization of polyomavirus WUPyV and KIPyV structural proteins. Viral Immunology 2010; 23: 385-393. DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0083.
85. Bodaghi S, Comoli P, Bösch R, et al. Antibody responses to recombinant polyomavirus BK large T and VP1 proteins in young kidney transplant patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2009; 47: 2577-2585. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00030-09.
86. Stolt A, Sasnauskas K, Koskela P, et al. Seroepidemiology of the human polyomaviruses. The Journal of General Virology 2003; 84: 1499-1504. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18842-0.
87. Hale AD, Bartkeviciute D, Dargeviciute A, et al. Expression and antigenic characterization of the major capsid proteins of human polyomaviruses BK and JC in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Virological Methods 2002; 104: 93-98. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00036-8.
88. Luo C, Bueno M, Kant J, et al. Genotyping schemes for polyomavirus BK, using gene-specific phylogenetic trees and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Journal of Virology 2009; 83: 2285-2297. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02180-08.
89. Pastrana DV, Brennan DC, Cuburu N, et al. Neutralization serotyping of BK polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS Pathogens 2012; 8: e1002650. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002650.
90. Carter JJ, Paulson KG, Wipf GC, et al. Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus-specific antibodies with Merkel cell carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2009; 101: 1510-1522. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp332.
91. Rollison DE, Giuliano AR, Messina JL, et al. Case-control study of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2012; 21: 74-81. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0764.
92. Katano H, Ito H, Suzuki Y, et al. Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Journal of Medical Virology 2009; 81: 1951-1958. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21608.
93. Touzé A, Gaitan J, Maruani A, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus strains in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2009; 15: 960-962. DOI: 10.3201/eid1506.081463.
94. Feng H, Kwun HJ, Liu X, et al. Cellular and viral factors regulating Merkel cell polyomavirus replication. PLoS One 2011; 6: e22468. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022468.
95. Barbanti-Brodano G, Sabbioni S, Martini F, et al. BK virus, JC virus and simian virus 40 infection in humans, and association with human tumors. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006; 577: 319-341. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_23.
96. Butel JS. Patterns of polyomavirus SV40 infections and associated cancers in humans: a model. Current Opinion in Virology 2012; 2: 508-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.004.
97. Viscidi RP, Rollison DE, Viscidi E, et al. Serological cross-reactivities between antibodies to simian virus 40, BK virus, and JC virus assessed by virus-like-particle-based enzyme immunoassays. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 2003; 10: 278-85. DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.2.278-285.2003.
98. Ribeiro T, Fleury MJ, Granieri E, et al. Investigation of the prevalence of antibodies against neurotropic polyomaviruses BK, JC and SV40 in sera from patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Neurological Science 2010; 31: 517-521. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-010-0353-y.
99. Jafar S, Rodriguez-Barradas M, et al. Serological evidence of SV40 infections in HIV-infected and HIV-negative adults. Journal of Medical Virology 1998; 54: 276-284. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071.
100. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 2008; 451: 990-993. DOI: 10.1038/nature06536.
101. Cutler SJ, Fooks AR, van der Poel WH. Public health threat of new, reemerging and neglected zoonoses in the industrialized world. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010; 16: 1-7. DOI: 10.3201/eid1601.081467.
102. Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, et al. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature 2010; 468: 647-652. DOI: 10.1038/nature09575.
103. Parry JV, Gardner SD. Human exposure to bovine polyomavirus: a zoonosis? Archives of Virology 1986; 87: 287-296. DOI: 10.1007/BF01315306.
104. Engels EA, Switzer WM, Heneine W, et al. Serologic evidence for exposure to simian virus 40 in North American zoo workers. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004; 190: 2065-2069. DOI: 10.1086/425997.
105. Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Heidrich J, et al. Temple monkeys and health implications of commensalism, Kathmandu, Nepal. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006; 12: 900-906. DOI: 10.3201/eid1206.060030.
106. Gazdar AF, Butel JS, Carbone M. SV40 and human tumours: myth, association or causality? Nature Reviews Cancer 2002; 2: 957-964. DOI: 10.1038/nrc947.
107. Delbue S, Tremolada S, Elia F, et al. Lymphotropic polyomavirus is detected in peripheral blood from immunocompromised and healthy subjects. Journal of Clinical Virology 2010; 47: 156-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.11.029.