메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

Quantification of Errors in Ordinal Outcome Scales Using Shannon Entropy: Effect on Sample Size Calculations

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISUFENTON SODIUM; ENLIMOMAB; ETHYLENEGLYCOL 1,2 BIS(2 AMINOPHENYL) ETHER N,N,N',N' TETRAACETIC ACID BIS(2 OCTYLOXYETHYL) ESTER; MINOCYCLINE; NORPHENAZONE; PLACEBO;

EID: 84879832524     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067754     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 68149180700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional outcome measures in contemporary stroke trials
    • Quinn TJ, Dawson J, Walters MR, Lees KR, (2009) Functional outcome measures in contemporary stroke trials. Int J Stroke 4: 200-205.
    • (2009) Int J Stroke , vol.4 , pp. 200-205
    • Quinn, T.J.1    Dawson, J.2    Walters, M.R.3    Lees, K.R.4
  • 2
    • 0029807710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a global test for multiple outcomes in stroke trials with application to the NINDS t-PA Stroke Trial
    • Tilley BC, Marler J, Geller N, Lu M, Legler J, et al. (1996) Using a global test for multiple outcomes in stroke trials with application to the NINDS t-PA Stroke Trial. Stroke 27: 2136-2141.
    • (1996) Stroke , vol.27 , pp. 2136-2141
    • Tilley, B.C.1    Marler, J.2    Geller, N.3    Lu, M.4    Legler, J.5
  • 3
    • 34548209951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential-design, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of early decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (DECIMAL Trial)
    • Vahedi K, Vicaut E, Mateo J, Kurtz A, Orabi M, et al. (2007) Sequential-design, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of early decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (DECIMAL Trial). Stroke 38: 2506-2517.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 2506-2517
    • Vahedi, K.1    Vicaut, E.2    Mateo, J.3    Kurtz, A.4    Orabi, M.5
  • 4
    • 34548263227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial
    • Jüttler E, Schwab S, Schmiedek P, Unterberg A, Hennerici M, et al. (2007) Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 38: 2518-2525.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 2518-2525
    • Jüttler, E.1    Schwab, S.2    Schmiedek, P.3    Unterberg, A.4    Hennerici, M.5
  • 5
    • 62149098006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery infarction with Life-threatening Edema Trial [HAMLET]): a multicentre, open, randomised trial
    • Hofmeijer J, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Amelink GJ, van Gijn J, et al. (2009) Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery infarction with Life-threatening Edema Trial [HAMLET]): a multicentre, open, randomised trial. The Lancet Neurol 8: 326-333.
    • (2009) The Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 326-333
    • Hofmeijer, J.1    Kappelle, L.J.2    Algra, A.3    Amelink, G.J.4    van Gijn, J.5
  • 6
    • 2042441465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Points to consider on clinical investigation of medicinal products for the treatment of acute stroke, Available:. Accessed 2013 May 29
    • Points to consider on clinical investigation of medicinal products for the treatment of acute stroke. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (2001) Available: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003342.pdf.Accessed 2013 May 29.
    • (2001) The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products
  • 7
    • 0027764444 scopus 로고
    • Sample size calculations for ordered categorical data
    • Whitehead J, (1993) Sample size calculations for ordered categorical data. Statistics in Medicine 1993 12: 2257-2271.
    • (1993) Statistics in Medicine 1993 , vol.12 , pp. 2257-2271
    • Whitehead, J.1
  • 8
    • 0028839815 scopus 로고
    • Estimating sample sizes for binary, Estimating sample sizes for binary, ordered categorical, and continuous outcomes in two group comparisons
    • Campbell MJ, Julious SA, Altman DG, (1995) Estimating sample sizes for binary, Estimating sample sizes for binary, ordered categorical, and continuous outcomes in two group comparisons. BMJ 311: 1145-1148.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 1145-1148
    • Campbell, M.J.1    Julious, S.A.2    Altman, D.G.3
  • 9
    • 84859432503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporary outcome measures in acute stroke research
    • Tilley BC, (2012) Contemporary outcome measures in acute stroke research. Stroke 43: 935-937.
    • (2012) Stroke , vol.43 , pp. 935-937
    • Tilley, B.C.1
  • 10
    • 36448945865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift analysis versus dichotomization of the modified Rankin Scale outcome scores in the NINDS and ECASS-II trials
    • Savitz SI, Lew R, Bluhmki E, Hacke W, Fisher M, (2007) Shift analysis versus dichotomization of the modified Rankin Scale outcome scores in the NINDS and ECASS-II trials. Stroke 38: 3205-3212.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 3205-3212
    • Savitz, S.I.1    Lew, R.2    Bluhmki, E.3    Hacke, W.4    Fisher, M.5
  • 11
    • 35648965675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel-end point analytic techniques and interpreting shifts across the entire range of outcome scales in acute stroke trials
    • Saver JL, (2007) Novel-end point analytic techniques and interpreting shifts across the entire range of outcome scales in acute stroke trials. Stroke 38: 3055-3062.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 3055-3062
    • Saver, J.L.1
  • 12
    • 65349160855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment effect for which shift or binary analyses are advantageous in acute stroke trials
    • Saver JL, Gornbein J, (2009) Treatment effect for which shift or binary analyses are advantageous in acute stroke trials. Neurology 72: 1310-1315.
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 1310-1315
    • Saver, J.L.1    Gornbein, J.2
  • 13
    • 84859430317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical Analysis of the Primary Outcome in Acute Stroke Trials
    • Bath PMW, Lees KR, Schellinger PD, Altman H, Bland M, et al. (2012) Statistical Analysis of the Primary Outcome in Acute Stroke Trials. Stroke 43: 1171-1118.
    • (2012) Stroke , vol.43 , pp. 1118-1171
    • Bath, P.M.W.1    Lees, K.R.2    Schellinger, P.D.3    Altman, H.4    Bland, M.5
  • 14
    • 33646486740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of dichotomizing continuous variables
    • Altman DG, Royston P, (2006) The cost of dichotomizing continuous variables. BMJ 332: 1080.
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , pp. 1080
    • Altman, D.G.1    Royston, P.2
  • 17
    • 34249829251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can We Improve the Statistical Analysis of Stroke Trials? Statistical Reanalysis of Functional Outcomes in Stroke Trials Collaboration
    • Outcomes Working Group. The Optimizing Analysis of Stroke Trials (OAST)
    • Outcomes Working Group. The Optimizing Analysis of Stroke Trials (OAST) (2007) Can We Improve the Statistical Analysis of Stroke Trials? Statistical Reanalysis of Functional Outcomes in Stroke Trials Collaboration. Stroke 38: 1911-1915.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 1911-1915
  • 18
    • 79961209392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal end points for acute stroke therapy trials. Best ways to measure treatment effects of drugs and devices
    • Saver JL, (2011) Optimal end points for acute stroke therapy trials. Best ways to measure treatment effects of drugs and devices. Stroke 42: 2356-2362.
    • (2011) Stroke , vol.42 , pp. 2356-2362
    • Saver, J.L.1
  • 22
    • 84862625338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial
    • IST-3 collaborative group
    • IST-3 collaborative group, Sandercock P, Wardlaw JM, Lindley RI, Dennis M, Cohen G, et al (2012) The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 379: 2352-2363.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.379 , pp. 2352-2363
    • Sandercock, P.1    Wardlaw, J.M.2    Lindley, R.I.3    Dennis, M.4    Cohen, G.5
  • 23
    • 0035109343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke Recovery Profile and the Modified Rankin Assessment. Neuroepidemiology
    • Lai SM, Duncan PW, (2001) Stroke Recovery Profile and the Modified Rankin Assessment. Neuroepidemiology. 20: 26-30.
    • (2001) , vol.20 , pp. 26-30
    • Lai, S.M.1    Duncan, P.W.2
  • 25
    • 0036712496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin scale
    • Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Grant M, Baird T, Schulz UG, et al. (2002) Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin scale. Stroke 33: 2243-2246.
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 2243-2246
    • Wilson, J.T.1    Hareendran, A.2    Grant, M.3    Baird, T.4    Schulz, U.G.5
  • 26
    • 16844376906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability of the modified Rankin scale across multiple raters: benefits of a structured interview
    • Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Hendry A, Potter J, Bone I, et al. (2005) Reliability of the modified Rankin scale across multiple raters: benefits of a structured interview. Stroke 36: 777-781.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36 , pp. 777-781
    • Wilson, J.T.1    Hareendran, A.2    Hendry, A.3    Potter, J.4    Bone, I.5
  • 27
    • 62449248388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the reliability of the modified Rankin scale
    • Quinn TJ, Dawson J, Walters MR, Lees KR, (2009) Exploring the reliability of the modified Rankin scale. Stroke 40: 762-766.
    • (2009) Stroke , vol.40 , pp. 762-766
    • Quinn, T.J.1    Dawson, J.2    Walters, M.R.3    Lees, K.R.4
  • 28
    • 55749107613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in modified Rankin scoring across a large cohort of international observers
    • Quinn TJ, Dawson J, Walters MR, Lees KR, (2008) Variability in modified Rankin scoring across a large cohort of international observers. Stroke 39: 2975-2979.
    • (2008) Stroke , vol.39 , pp. 2975-2979
    • Quinn, T.J.1    Dawson, J.2    Walters, M.R.3    Lees, K.R.4
  • 31
    • 33749001683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the analysis and interpretation of outcome measures in stroke clinical trials: lessons from the SAINT I study of NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke
    • Koziol JA, Feng AC, (2006) On the analysis and interpretation of outcome measures in stroke clinical trials: lessons from the SAINT I study of NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 37: 2644-2647.
    • (2006) Stroke , vol.37 , pp. 2644-2647
    • Koziol, J.A.1    Feng, A.C.2
  • 32
    • 84857652262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple, assumption-free, and clinically interpretable approach for analysis of modified Rankin outcomes
    • Howard G, Waller JL, Voeks JH, Howard VJ, Jauch EC, et al. (2012) A simple, assumption-free, and clinically interpretable approach for analysis of modified Rankin outcomes. Stroke 43: 664-669.
    • (2012) Stroke , vol.43 , pp. 664-669
    • Howard, G.1    Waller, J.L.2    Voeks, J.H.3    Howard, V.J.4    Jauch, E.C.5
  • 33
    • 77950251479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase IIB/III trial of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke: Results of a prematurely terminated randomized clinical trial
    • Haley EC, Thompson JL, Grotta JC, Lyden PD, Hemmen TG, et al. (2010) Phase IIB/III trial of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke: Results of a prematurely terminated randomized clinical trial. Stroke 41: 707-711.
    • (2010) Stroke , vol.41 , pp. 707-711
    • Haley, E.C.1    Thompson, J.L.2    Grotta, J.C.3    Lyden, P.D.4    Hemmen, T.G.5
  • 35
    • 84879818693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics Toolbox Users Manual, Available:. Accessed May 29
    • Statistics Toolbox Users Manual. The Mathworks Corporation. Available: http://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/multcompare.html. Accessed 2013 May 29.
    • (2013) The Mathworks Corporation
  • 36
    • 16844383611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of a randomized phase 2 trial
    • Abciximab Emergent Stroke Treatment Trial (AbESTT) Investigators
    • Abciximab Emergent Stroke Treatment Trial (AbESTT) Investigators (2005) Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Stroke 36: 880-890.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36 , pp. 880-890
  • 37
    • 38149053126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of an international Phase III trial: Abciximab in Emergency Treatment of Stroke Trial (AbESTT-II)
    • Adams HP, Effron MB, Torner J, Dávalos A, Frayne J, et al. (2008) Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of an international Phase III trial: Abciximab in Emergency Treatment of Stroke Trial (AbESTT-II). Stroke 39: 87-99.
    • (2008) Stroke , vol.39 , pp. 87-99
    • Adams, H.P.1    Effron, M.B.2    Torner, J.3    Dávalos, A.4    Frayne, J.5
  • 38
    • 84865369276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early administration of aspirin in patients treated with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a randomised controlled trial
    • ARTIS Investigators
    • Zinstok SM, Roos YB; ARTIS Investigators (2012) Early administration of aspirin in patients treated with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380;731-737.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , pp. 731-737
    • Zinstok, S.M.1    Roos, Y.B.2
  • 39
    • 80054025393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cilostazol in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment (CAIST Trial): a randomized double-blind non-inferiority trial
    • Lee YS, Bae HJ, Kang DW, Lee SH, Yu K, et al. (2011) Cilostazol in Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment (CAIST Trial): a randomized double-blind non-inferiority trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 32: 65-71.
    • (2011) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.32 , pp. 65-71
    • Lee, Y.S.1    Bae, H.J.2    Kang, D.W.3    Lee, S.H.4    Yu, K.5
  • 40
    • 84857642810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Asia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial
    • Heiss WD, Brainin M, Bornstein NM, Tuomilehto J, Hong Z, et al. (2012) Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Asia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Stroke 43: 630-636.
    • (2012) Stroke , vol.43 , pp. 630-636
    • Heiss, W.D.1    Brainin, M.2    Bornstein, N.M.3    Tuomilehto, J.4    Hong, Z.5
  • 41
    • 27644546336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous heparin started within the first 3 hours after onset of symptoms as a treatment for acute nonlacunar hemispheric cerebral infarctions
    • Camerlingo M, Salvi P, Belloni G, Gamba T, Cesana BM, et al. (2005) Intravenous heparin started within the first 3 hours after onset of symptoms as a treatment for acute nonlacunar hemispheric cerebral infarctions. Stroke 36: 2415-2420.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36 , pp. 2415-2420
    • Camerlingo, M.1    Salvi, P.2    Belloni, G.3    Gamba, T.4    Cesana, B.M.5
  • 42
    • 84872770804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial about safety and efficacy of combined treatment with alteplase (rt-PA) and Cerebrolysin in acute ischaemic hemispheric stroke
    • Fleet D; Lyse Study Group
    • Lang W, Stadler CH, Poljakovic Z, (2013) Fleet D; Lyse Study Group (2013) A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial about safety and efficacy of combined treatment with alteplase (rt-PA) and Cerebrolysin in acute ischaemic hemispheric stroke. Int J Stroke 8: 95-104.
    • (2013) Int J Stroke , vol.8 , pp. 95-104
    • Lang, W.1    Stadler, C.H.2    Poljakovic, Z.3
  • 43
    • 46249088201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DP-b99, a membrane-activated metal ion chelator, as neuroprotective therapy in ischemic stroke
    • Diener HC, Schneider D, Lampl Y, Bornstein NM, Kozak A, et al. (2008) DP-b99, a membrane-activated metal ion chelator, as neuroprotective therapy in ischemic stroke. Stroke 39: 1774-1778.
    • (2008) Stroke , vol.39 , pp. 1774-1778
    • Diener, H.C.1    Schneider, D.2    Lampl, Y.3    Bornstein, N.M.4    Kozak, A.5
  • 44
    • 84876264634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of membrane-activated chelator stroke intervention randomized trial of DP-b99 in acute ischemic stroke
    • Lees KR, Bornstein N, Diener HC, Gorelick PB, Rosenberg G, et al. (2013) Results of membrane-activated chelator stroke intervention randomized trial of DP-b99 in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 44: 580-584.
    • (2013) Stroke , vol.44 , pp. 580-584
    • Lees, K.R.1    Bornstein, N.2    Diener, H.C.3    Gorelick, P.B.4    Rosenberg, G.5
  • 45
    • 0032541845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators
    • Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Davalos A, et al. (1998) Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet 352: 1245-1251.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1245-1251
    • Hacke, W.1    Kaste, M.2    Fieschi, C.3    von Kummer, R.4    Davalos, A.5
  • 46
    • 52649165720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke
    • Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, Brozman M, Davalos A, et al. (2008) Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 359: 1317-1329.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1317-1329
    • Hacke, W.1    Kaste, M.2    Bluhmki, E.3    Brozman, M.4    Davalos, A.5
  • 47
    • 40949161352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial
    • Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW, Levi C, Butcher KS, et al. (2008) Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 7: 299-309.
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 299-309
    • Davis, S.M.1    Donnan, G.A.2    Parsons, M.W.3    Levi, C.4    Butcher, K.S.5
  • 48
    • 70949095435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke
    • Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Prange H, Schneider D, Weimar C, et al. (2009) Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 40: e647-656.
    • (2009) Stroke , vol.40
    • Ehrenreich, H.1    Weissenborn, K.2    Prange, H.3    Schneider, D.4    Weimar, C.5
  • 49
    • 62849084592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Edaravone (radical scavenger) versus Sodium Ozagrel (anti-platelet) in cardioembolic ischemic stroke (EDO trial)
    • Shinohara Y, Saito I, Kobayashi S, Uchiyama S, (2009) Edaravone (radical scavenger) versus Sodium Ozagrel (anti-platelet) in cardioembolic ischemic stroke (EDO trial). Cerebrovasc Dis 27: 485-492.
    • (2009) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.27 , pp. 485-492
    • Shinohara, Y.1    Saito, I.2    Kobayashi, S.3    Uchiyama, S.4
  • 50
    • 0035940577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial
    • Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial Investigators
    • Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial Investigators, (2001) Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial. Neurology 57: 1428-1434.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 1428-1434
  • 51
    • 0030057032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flunarizine in stroke treatment (FIST): a double blind placebo-controlled trial in Scandinavia and the Netherlands
    • Franke CL, Palm R, Dalby M, Schoonderwaldt HC, Hantson L, et al. (1996) Flunarizine in stroke treatment (FIST): a double blind placebo-controlled trial in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. Acta Neurol Scand 93: 56-60.
    • (1996) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.93 , pp. 56-60
    • Franke, C.L.1    Palm, R.2    Dalby, M.3    Schoonderwaldt, H.C.4    Hantson, L.5
  • 52
    • 0343415042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase II Studies of the Glycine Antagonist GV150526 in Acute Stroke The North American Experience
    • The North American Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection (GAIN) Investigators
    • The North American Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection (GAIN) Investigators (2000) Phase II Studies of the Glycine Antagonist GV150526 in Acute Stroke The North American Experience. Stroke 31: 358-365.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 358-365
  • 53
    • 84864277207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citicoline in the treatment of ischaemic stroke: an international, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled study (ICTUS trial)
    • Dávalos A, Alvarez-Sabin J, Castillo J, Díez-Tejedor E, Ferro J, et al. (2012) Citicoline in the treatment of ischaemic stroke: an international, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled study (ICTUS trial). Lancet 380(9839): 349-57.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , Issue.9839 , pp. 349-357
    • Dávalos, A.1    Alvarez-Sabin, J.2    Castillo, J.3    Díez-Tejedor, E.4    Ferro, J.5
  • 55
    • 84865584625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive versus subcutaneous insulin in patients with hyperacute stroke: results from the randomized INSULINFARCT trial
    • Rosso C, Corvol JC, Pires C, Crozier S, Attal Y, et al. (2012) Intensive versus subcutaneous insulin in patients with hyperacute stroke: results from the randomized INSULINFARCT trial. Stroke 43: 2343-2349.
    • (2012) Stroke , vol.43 , pp. 2343-2349
    • Rosso, C.1    Corvol, J.C.2    Pires, C.3    Crozier, S.4    Attal, Y.5
  • 56
    • 34848883164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: the middle cerebral artery embolism local fibrinolytic intervention trial (MELT) Japan
    • Ogawa A, Mori E, Minematsu K, Taki W, Takahashi A, et al. (2007) Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke: the middle cerebral artery embolism local fibrinolytic intervention trial (MELT) Japan. Stroke 38: 2633-2639.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 2633-2639
    • Ogawa, A.1    Mori, E.2    Minematsu, K.3    Taki, W.4    Takahashi, A.5
  • 57
    • 84874751053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke
    • Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J, Alger JR, Nenov V, et al. (2013) A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 368: 914-923.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.368 , pp. 914-923
    • Kidwell, C.S.1    Jahan, R.2    Gornbein, J.3    Alger, J.R.4    Nenov, V.5
  • 58
    • 84859197330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of minocycline in acute ischemic stroke: a single blinded, placebo-controlled trial
    • Padma Srivastava MV, Bhasin A, Bhatia R, Garg A, Gaikwad S, et al. (2012) Efficacy of minocycline in acute ischemic stroke: a single blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Neurol India 60: 23-28.
    • (2012) Neurol India , vol.60 , pp. 23-28
    • Padma Srivastava, M.V.1    Bhasin, A.2    Bhatia, R.3    Garg, A.4    Gaikwad, S.5
  • 59
    • 34249803295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infrared laser therapy for ischemic stroke: a new treatment strategy: results of the Neuro Thera Effectiveness and Safety Trial-1 (NEST-1)
    • Lampl Y, Zivin JA, Fisher M, Lew R, Welin L, et al. (2007) Infrared laser therapy for ischemic stroke: a new treatment strategy: results of the Neuro Thera Effectiveness and Safety Trial-1 (NEST-1). Stroke 38: 1843-1849.
    • (2007) Stroke , vol.38 , pp. 1843-1849
    • Lampl, Y.1    Zivin, J.A.2    Fisher, M.3    Lew, R.4    Welin, L.5
  • 60
    • 65249142175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and safety of transcranial laser therapy for acute ischemic stroke
    • Zivin JA, Albers GW, Bornstein N, Chippendale T, Dahlof B, et al. (2009) Effectiveness and safety of transcranial laser therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 40: 1359-1364.
    • (2009) Stroke , vol.40 , pp. 1359-1364
    • Zivin, J.A.1    Albers, G.W.2    Bornstein, N.3    Chippendale, T.4    Dahlof, B.5
  • 61
    • 0028783948 scopus 로고
    • Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke
    • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group
    • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 333: 1581-1587.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1581-1587
  • 62
    • 0033486107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism
    • Furlan AJ, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Gent M, Rowley H, et al. (1999) Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 282: 2003-2011.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 2003-2011
    • Furlan, A.J.1    Higashida, R.2    Wechsler, L.3    Gent, M.4    Rowley, H.5
  • 63
    • 79551620454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke? The SYNTHESIS pilot trial
    • Ciccone A, Valavassori L, Ponzio M, Ballabio E, Gasparotti R, et al. (2010) Intra-arterial or intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke? The SYNTHESIS pilot trial. J Neuro Intervent Surg 2: 74-79.
    • (2010) J Neuro Intervent Surg , vol.2 , pp. 74-79
    • Ciccone, A.1    Valavassori, L.2    Ponzio, M.3    Ballabio, E.4    Gasparotti, R.5
  • 65
    • 77950292456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A matching algorithm to address imbalances in study populations: application to the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator acute stroke trial
    • Mandava P, Kalkonde YV, Rochat R, Kent TA, (2010) A matching algorithm to address imbalances in study populations: application to the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator acute stroke trial. Stroke 41: 765-770.
    • (2010) Stroke , vol.41 , pp. 765-770
    • Mandava, P.1    Kalkonde, Y.V.2    Rochat, R.3    Kent, T.A.4
  • 67
    • 0039245568 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the effect of misclassification on the properties of χ2-tests in the analysis of categorical data
    • Mote VL, Anderson RL, (1965) An investigation of the effect of misclassification on the properties of χ2-tests in the analysis of categorical data. Biometrika 52: 95-109.
    • (1965) Biometrika , vol.52 , pp. 95-109
    • Mote, V.L.1    Anderson, R.L.2
  • 68
    • 77951766596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving modified Rankin Scale assessment with a simplified questionnaire
    • Bruno A, Shah N, Lin C, Close B, Hess DC, et al. (2010) Improving modified Rankin Scale assessment with a simplified questionnaire. Stroke 41: 1048-1050.
    • (2010) Stroke , vol.41 , pp. 1048-1050
    • Bruno, A.1    Shah, N.2    Lin, C.3    Close, B.4    Hess, D.C.5
  • 69
    • 77951764881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the reliability of stroke disability grading in clinical trials and clinical practice: the Rankin Focused Assessment (RFA)
    • Saver JL, Filip B, Hamilton S, Yanes A, Craig S, et al. (2010) Improving the reliability of stroke disability grading in clinical trials and clinical practice: the Rankin Focused Assessment (RFA). Stroke 41: 992-995.
    • (2010) Stroke , vol.41 , pp. 992-995
    • Saver, J.L.1    Filip, B.2    Hamilton, S.3    Yanes, A.4    Craig, S.5
  • 71
    • 3543019066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structured interviews for Glasgow Outcome scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use J
    • Wilson JT, Pettigrew LEL, Teasdale GM, (1998) Structured interviews for Glasgow Outcome scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use J. Neurotrauma15: 573-585.
    • (1998) Neurotrauma , vol.15 , pp. 573-585
    • Wilson, J.T.1    Pettigrew, L.E.L.2    Teasdale, G.M.3
  • 72
    • 34547638951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observer variation in the assessment of outcome in traumatic brain injury: experience from a multicenter, international randomized clinical trial
    • Wilson JT, Slieker FJ, Legrand V, Murray G, Stocchetti N, et al. (2007) Observer variation in the assessment of outcome in traumatic brain injury: experience from a multicenter, international randomized clinical trial. Neurosurgery 61: 123-128.
    • (2007) Neurosurgery , vol.61 , pp. 123-128
    • Wilson, J.T.1    Slieker, F.J.2    Legrand, V.3    Murray, G.4    Stocchetti, N.5
  • 73
    • 84866284912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size calculations: should the emperor's clothes be off the peg or made to measure?
    • Norman G, Monteiro S, Salama S (2012) Sample size calculations: should the emperor's clothes be off the peg or made to measure? BMJ 345; e5278.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.345
    • Norman, G.1    Monteiro, S.2    Salama, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.