메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 195-208

On the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs: A chemical reaction not receptor blockade

Author keywords

Catecholamines; Neuromelanin; Orthoquinones; Psychosis; Psychotic bipolar disorder; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CHLORPROMAZINE; IODINE; MINOCYCLINE; OLANZAPINE; POLYMER;

EID: 84879730353     PISSN: 15701638     EISSN: 18756220     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570163811310030003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (6)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0013911177 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of behavior and catecholamine metabolite excretion
    • Nelson GN, Masuda M, Holmes TH. Correlation of behavior and catecholamine metabolite excretion. Psychosom Med 1966; 28: 1966216-26.
    • (1966) Psychosom Med , vol.28 , pp. 1966216-166226
    • Nelson, G.N.1    Masuda, M.2    Holmes, T.H.3
  • 2
    • 0014738486 scopus 로고
    • Effect of drugs used in psychoses on cerebral dopamine metabolism
    • O'Keeffe R, Sharman DF, Vogt M. Effect of drugs used in psychoses on cerebral dopamine metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 1970; 38: 287-304.
    • (1970) Br J Pharmacol , vol.38 , pp. 287-304
    • O'Keeffe, R.1    Sharman, D.F.2    Vogt, M.3
  • 3
    • 0015127263 scopus 로고
    • A possible genetic factor related to psychosis
    • Pollin W. A possible genetic factor related to psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1971; 128: 311-7.
    • (1971) Am J Psychiatry , vol.128 , pp. 311-317
    • Pollin, W.1
  • 4
    • 0027160593 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemistry and neuroendocrinology of schizophrenia: A selective review
    • Lieberman JA, Koreen AR. Neurochemistry and neuroendocrinology of schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophr Bull 1993; 19: 371-429.
    • (1993) Schizophr Bull , vol.19 , pp. 371-429
    • Lieberman, J.A.1    Koreen, A.R.2
  • 5
    • 0023254675 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
    • Seeman P. Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse 1987; 1: 133-52.
    • (1987) Synapse , vol.1 , pp. 133-152
    • Seeman, P.1
  • 6
    • 0024466603 scopus 로고
    • Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine d-1, d-2 and serotonin2 pki values
    • Meltzer HY, Matsubara S, Lee JC. Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin2 pKi values. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 251: 238-46.
    • (1989) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.251 , pp. 238-246
    • Meltzer, H.Y.1    Matsubara, S.2    Lee, J.C.3
  • 7
    • 0034843738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia
    • Goff DC, Coyle JT. The emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1367-77.
    • (2001) Am J Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1367-1377
    • Goff, D.C.1    Coyle, J.T.2
  • 9
    • 12344326514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatments for schizophrenia: A critical review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs
    • Miyamoto S, Duncan GE, Marx CE, Lieberman JA. Treatments for schizophrenia: a critical review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10: 79-104.
    • (2005) Mol Psychiatry , vol.10 , pp. 79-104
    • Miyamoto, S.1    Duncan, G.E.2    Marx, C.E.3    Lieberman, J.A.4
  • 11
    • 33750628479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of anticholinergic activity of atypical antipsychotic medications
    • Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, et al. A model of anticholinergic activity of atypical antipsychotic medications. Schizophr Res 2006; 88: 63-72.
    • (2006) Schizophr Res , vol.88 , pp. 63-72
    • Chew, M.L.1    Mulsant, B.H.2    Pollock, B.G.3
  • 13
    • 0033378177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How long to wait for a response to clozapine: A comparison of time course of response to clozapine and conventional antipsychotic medication in refractory schizophrenia
    • Rosenheck R, Evans D, Herz L, et al. How long to wait for a response to clozapine: a comparison of time course of response to clozapine and conventional antipsychotic medication in refractory schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1999; 25: 709-19.
    • (1999) Schizophr Bull , vol.25 , pp. 709-719
    • Rosenheck, R.1    Evans, D.2    Herz, L.3
  • 15
    • 85047697275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course for antipsychotic treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia
    • Emsley R, Rabinowitz J, Medori R. Time course for antipsychotic treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 743-5.
    • (2006) Am J Psychiatry , vol.163 , pp. 743-745
    • Emsley, R.1    Rabinowitz, J.2    Medori, R.3
  • 16
    • 34547218869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in the treatment of early psychosis: A randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison
    • McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Perkins DO, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in the treatment of early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1050-60.
    • (2007) Am J Psychiatry , vol.164 , pp. 1050-1060
    • McEvoy, J.P.1    Lieberman, J.A.2    Perkins, D.O.3
  • 17
    • 72949100596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Onset and persistence of antipsychotic response in patients with schizophrenia
    • Glick ID, Bossie CA, Alphs L, Canuso CM. Onset and persistence of antipsychotic response in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29: 542-7.
    • (2009) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.29 , pp. 542-547
    • Glick, I.D.1    Bossie, C.A.2    Alphs, L.3    Canuso, C.M.4
  • 18
    • 79960327345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heterogeneity of antipsychotic response in the treatment of schizophrenia
    • Case M, Stauffer VL, Ascher-Svanum H, et al. The heterogeneity of antipsychotic response in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2010; 7: 1-10.
    • (2010) Psychol Med , vol.7 , pp. 1-10
    • Case, M.1    Stauffer, V.L.2    Ascher-Svanum, H.3
  • 19
    • 79651470675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of early changes in specific symptoms that predict longer-term response to atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia
    • Ruberg SJ, Chen L, Stauffer V, et al. Identification of early changes in specific symptoms that predict longer-term response to atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11: 23.
    • (2011) BMC Psychiatry , vol.11 , pp. 23
    • Ruberg, S.J.1    Chen, L.2    Stauffer, V.3
  • 20
    • 0345167930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action: A hypothesis tested and rejected
    • Agid O, Kapur S, Arenovich T, Zipursky RB. Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action: a hypothesis tested and rejected. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 1228-35.
    • (2003) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 1228-1235
    • Agid, O.1    Kapur, S.2    Arenovich, T.3    Zipursky, R.B.4
  • 21
    • 0026612906 scopus 로고
    • Time course of d2-dopamine receptor occupancy examined by pet after single oral doses of haloperidol
    • Nordström AL, Farde L, Halldin C. Time course of D2-dopamine receptor occupancy examined by PET after single oral doses of haloperidol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 106: 433-8.
    • (1992) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.106 , pp. 433-438
    • Nordström, A.L.1    Farde, L.2    Halldin, C.3
  • 22
    • 0029991893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The time course of binding to striatal dopamine d2 receptors by the neuroleptic ziprasidone (cp-88, 059-01) determined by positron emission tomography
    • Bench CJ, Lammertsma AA, Grasby PM, et al. The time course of binding to striatal dopamine D2 receptors by the neuroleptic ziprasidone (CP-88,059-01) determined by positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1996; 124: 141-7.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , vol.124 , pp. 141-147
    • Bench, C.J.1    Lammertsma, A.A.2    Grasby, P.M.3
  • 23
    • 0031014718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pet study of 5-ht2 and d2 dopamine receptor occupancy induced by olanzapine in healthy subjects
    • Nyberg S, Farde L, Halldin C. A PET study of 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy induced by olanzapine in healthy subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 16: 1-7.
    • (1997) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.16 , pp. 1-7
    • Nyberg, S.1    Farde, L.2    Halldin, C.3
  • 24
    • 29644437765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course of dopamine d2 receptor occupancy by clozapine with medium and high plasma concentrations
    • Takano A, Suhara T, Kusumi I, et al. Time course of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by clozapine with medium and high plasma concentrations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30: 75-81.
    • (2006) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , vol.30 , pp. 75-81
    • Takano, A.1    Suhara, T.2    Kusumi, I.3
  • 25
    • 3242806007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tgf-beta1 and angiotensin networking in cardiac remodeling
    • Rosenkranz S. TGF-beta1 and angiotensin networking in cardiac remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 63:423-32.
    • (2004) Cardiovasc Res , vol.63 , pp. 423-432
    • Rosenkranz, S.1
  • 26
    • 33747831757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptic drugs in the human brain: Clinical impact of persistence and region-specific distribution
    • Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Riederer P, Bleich S. Neuroleptic drugs in the human brain: clinical impact of persistence and region-specific distribution. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256: 2742-80.
    • (2006) Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.256 , pp. 2742-2780
    • Kornhuber, J.1    Wiltfang, J.2    Riederer, P.3    Bleich, S.4
  • 27
    • 0142259341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genetics of sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia
    • Freedman R, Olincy A, Ross RG, et al. The genetics of sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2003; 5: 155-61.
    • (2003) Curr Psychiatry Rep , vol.5 , pp. 155-161
    • Freedman, R.1    Olincy, A.2    Ross, R.G.3
  • 28
    • 0347126342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetics of schizophrenia: A critical review
    • Berry N, Jobanputra V, Pal H. Molecular genetics of schizophrenia: a critical review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003; 28: 415-29.
    • (2003) J Psychiatry Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 415-429
    • Berry, N.1    Jobanputra, V.2    Pal, H.3
  • 29
    • 20144382742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No association between 12 dopaminergic genes and schizophrenia in a large dutch sample
    • Hoogendoorn ML, Bakker SC, Schnack HG, et al. No association between 12 dopaminergic genes and schizophrenia in a large Dutch sample. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 134B: 6-9.
    • (2005) Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet , vol.134 B , pp. 6-9
    • Hoogendoorn, M.L.1    Bakker, S.C.2    Schnack, H.G.3
  • 30
    • 46249104490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: The szgene database
    • Allen N, Bagade S, McQueen MB, et al. Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database. NatGenet 2008; 40: 827-34.
    • (2008) NatGenet , vol.40 , pp. 827-834
    • Allen, N.1    Bagade, S.2    McQueen, M.B.3
  • 31
    • 84865839935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide association study of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees
    • Levinson DF, Shi J, Wang K, et al. Genome-wide association study of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169: 963-73.
    • (2012) Am J Psychiatry , vol.169 , pp. 963-973
    • Levinson, D.F.1    Shi, J.2    Wang, K.3
  • 32
    • 42749095376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia
    • Lisman JE, Coyle JT, Green RW, et al. Circuit-based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31: 234-42.
    • (2008) Trends Neurosci , vol.31 , pp. 234-242
    • Lisman, J.E.1    Coyle, J.T.2    Green, R.W.3
  • 33
    • 68049135725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two complex genotypes relevant to the kynurenine pathway and melanotropin function show association with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
    • Miller CL, Murakami P, Ruczinski I, et al. Two complex genotypes relevant to the kynurenine pathway and melanotropin function show association with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2009; 113: 259-67.
    • (2009) Schizophr Res , vol.113 , pp. 259-267
    • Miller, C.L.1    Murakami, P.2    Ruczinski, I.3
  • 34
    • 0242432635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintained improvement with minocycline of a patient with advanced huntington's disease
    • Denovan-Wright EM, Devarajan S, Dursun SM, Robertson HA. Maintained improvement with minocycline of a patient with advanced Huntington's disease. J Psychopharmacol, 2002; 16: 393-4.
    • (2002) J Psychopharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 393-394
    • Denovan-Wright, E.M.1    Devarajan, S.2    Dursun, S.M.3    Robertson, H.A.4
  • 37
    • 77649112679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia
    • Levkovitz Y, Mendlovich S, Riwkes S, et al. A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 138-49.
    • (2010) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.71 , pp. 138-149
    • Levkovitz, Y.1    Mendlovich, S.2    Riwkes, S.3
  • 38
    • 84859571611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline as adjunctive therapy for patients with unipolar psychotic depression: An openlabel study
    • Miyaoka T, Wake R, Furuya M, et al. Minocycline as adjunctive therapy for patients with unipolar psychotic depression: an openlabel study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 37: 222-6.
    • (2012) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 222-226
    • Miyaoka, T.1    Wake, R.2    Furuya, M.3
  • 39
    • 0344903794 scopus 로고
    • Therapy of chlorpromazine melanosis: A preliminary report
    • Greiner AC, Nicolson GA, Baker RA. Therapy of chlorpromazine melanosis: A preliminary report. Can Med Assoc J 1964; 91: 636-8.
    • (1964) Can Med Assoc J , vol.91 , pp. 636-638
    • Greiner, A.C.1    Nicolson, G.A.2    Baker, R.A.3
  • 40
    • 0034906831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced skin pigmentation. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment
    • Dereure O. Drug-induced skin pigmentation. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001; 2: 253-62.
    • (2001) Am J Clin Dermatol , vol.2 , pp. 253-262
    • Dereure, O.1
  • 42
    • 0034740801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3H-nicotine, 3H-flunitrazepam, and 3H-cocaine incorporation into melanin: A model for the examination of drug-melanin interactions
    • Claffey DJ, Stout PR, Ruth JA. 3H-nicotine, 3H-flunitrazepam, and 3H-cocaine incorporation into melanin: a model for the examination of drug-melanin interactions. J Anal Toxicol 2001; 25: 607-11.
    • (2001) J Anal Toxicol , vol.25 , pp. 607-611
    • Claffey, D.J.1    Stout, P.R.2    Ruth, J.A.3
  • 43
    • 0035477818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia
    • Schwarcz R, Rassoulpour A, Wu HQ, et al. Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 521-30.
    • (2001) Biol Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 521-530
    • Schwarcz, R.1    Rassoulpour, A.2    Wu, H.Q.3
  • 44
    • 0035798252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia
    • Erhardt S, Blennow K, Nordin C, Skogh E, Lindström LH, Engberg G. Kynurenic acid levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2001; 313: 96-98.
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.313 , pp. 96-98
    • Erhardt, S.1    Blennow, K.2    Nordin, C.3    Skogh, E.4    Lindström, L.H.5    Engberg, G.6
  • 45
    • 1842419381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is increased in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia
    • Miller CL, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, Barillo MM, Yolken RH, Weis S. Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is increased in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15: 618-29.
    • (2004) Neurobiol Dis , vol.15 , pp. 618-629
    • Miller, C.L.1    Llenos, I.C.2    Dulay, J.R.3    Barillo, M.M.4    Yolken, R.H.5    Weis, S.6
  • 46
    • 33644963618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
    • Miller CL, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, Weis S. Upregulation of the initiating step of the kynurenine pathway in postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain Res 2006; 1073-1074: 25-37.
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1073-1074 , pp. 25-37
    • Miller, C.L.1    Llenos, I.C.2    Dulay, J.R.3    Weis, S.4
  • 47
    • 40949098991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in kynurenine precursor and product levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
    • Miller CL, Llenos IC, Cwik M, Walkup J, Weis S. Alterations in kynurenine precursor and product levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurochem Int 2008; 52: 1297-303.
    • (2008) Neurochem Int , vol.52 , pp. 1297-12303
    • Miller, C.L.1    Llenos, I.C.2    Cwik, M.3    Walkup, J.4    Weis, S.5
  • 48
    • 79958813560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3-Hydroxykynurenine and clinical symptoms in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia
    • Condray R, Dougherty GG, Keshavan MS, et al. 3-Hydroxykynurenine and clinical symptoms in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14: 756-67.
    • (2011) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 756-767
    • Condray, R.1    Dougherty, G.G.2    Keshavan, M.S.3
  • 49
    • 80053900888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of imbalance between kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine by antipsychotics in medication-naïve and medication-free schizophrenic patients
    • Myint AM, Schwarz MJ, Verkerk R, et al. Reversal of imbalance between kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine by antipsychotics in medication- naïve and medication-free schizophrenic patients. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25: 1576-81.
    • (2011) Brain Behav Immun , vol.25 , pp. 1576-1581
    • Myint, A.M.1    Schwarz, M.J.2    Verkerk, R.3
  • 50
    • 84860159640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the csf of patients with schizophrenia
    • Linderholm KR, Skogh E, Olsson SK, et al. Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38: 426-32.
    • (2012) Schizophr Bull , vol.38 , pp. 426-432
    • Linderholm, K.R.1    Skogh, E.2    Olsson, S.K.3
  • 51
    • 33745769317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association analyses suggest gpr24 as a shared susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia
    • Severinsen JE, Als TD, Binderup H, et al. Association analyses suggest GPR24 as a shared susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B: 524-33.
    • (2006) Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet , vol.141 B , pp. 524-533
    • Severinsen, J.E.1    Als, T.D.2    Binderup, H.3
  • 52
    • 77952693605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic association mapping on chromosome 6q in bipolar affective disorder-evidence for the melanin-concentrating-hormone-receptor-2 gene as a risk factor for bipolar affective disorder
    • Abou Jamra R, Schulze TG, Becker T, et al. A systematic association mapping on chromosome 6q in bipolar affective disorder-evidence for the melanin-concentrating-hormone-receptor-2 gene as a risk factor for bipolar affective disorder. Am J Med Genet B. Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B: 878-84.
    • (2010) Am J Med Genet B. Neuropsychiatr Genet , vol.153 B , pp. 878-884
    • Abou Jamra, R.1    Schulze, T.G.2    Becker, T.3
  • 53
    • 84858152876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gene encoding the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 is associated with schizophrenia in a danish case-control sample
    • Demontis D, Nyegaard M, Christensen JH, et al. The gene encoding the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 is associated with schizophrenia in a Danish case-control sample. Psychiatr Genet 2012; 22: 62-9.
    • (2012) Psychiatr Genet , vol.22 , pp. 62-69
    • Demontis, D.1    Nyegaard, M.2    Christensen, J.H.3
  • 54
    • 0015506907 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of chloropromazine with adrenochrome and interference of a possible endogenous psychotogenic agent with some synaptic enzyme activities
    • Galzigna L. Interaction of chloropromazine with adrenochrome and interference of a possible endogenous psychotogenic agent with some synaptic enzyme activities. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21: 203-7.
    • (1972) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.21 , pp. 203-207
    • Galzigna, L.1
  • 55
    • 84869349323 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenia. A new approach. Part ii
    • Hoffer A, Osmond H, Smythies JR. Schizophrenia. A new approach. Part II. Ment Sci 1954; 100: 29-45.
    • (1954) Ment Sci , vol.100 , pp. 29-45
    • Hoffer, A.1    Osmond, H.2    Smythies, J.R.3
  • 56
    • 0001223182 scopus 로고
    • Effects of mescaline, lsd-25 and adrenochrome on depth electrograms in man
    • Schwarz BE, Sem-Jacobsen C, Petersen MC. Effects of mescaline, LSD-25 and adrenochrome on depth electrograms in man. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1956; 75: 579-87.
    • (1956) Arch Neurol Psychiat , vol.75 , pp. 579-587
    • Schwarz, B.E.1    Sem-Jacobsen, C.2    Petersen, M.C.3
  • 57
    • 0003116228 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and experimental study of central effects of adrenochrome
    • Grof S. Clinical and experimental study of central effects of adrenochrome. J Neuropsychiat 1963; 5: 33-50.
    • (1963) J Neuropsychiat , vol.5 , pp. 33-50
    • Grof, S.1
  • 58
    • 0003925008 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of 7-h3-epinephrine-d-bitartrate in normal young men
    • LaBrosse EH, Axelrod J, Kpoin IJ, Kety SS. Metabolism of 7-H3-epinephrine-d-bitartrate in normal young men. J Clin Invest 1961; 40: 253-60.
    • (1961) J Clin Invest , vol.40 , pp. 253-260
    • LaBrosse, E.H.1    Axelrod, J.2    Kpoin, I.J.3    Kety, S.S.4
  • 59
    • 0001414078 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism storage and release of catecholamines
    • Axelrod J. The metabolism storage and release of catecholamines. Recent Progr Hormone Res 1985; 21: 597-622.
    • (1985) Recent Progr Hormone Res , vol.21 , pp. 597-622
    • Axelrod, J.1
  • 60
    • 0014320735 scopus 로고
    • Studies on aminochromes iii. Transformation of 1-epinephrine, adrenochrome and adrenolutin into plasma-soluble melanins during incubation in human blood plasma
    • Hegedus ZL, Altschule MD. Studies on aminochromes III. Transformation of 1-epinephrine, adrenochrome and adrenolutin into plasma-soluble melanins during incubation in human blood plasma. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 126: 388.
    • (1968) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.126 , pp. 388
    • Hegedus, Z.L.1    Altschule, M.D.2
  • 61
    • 0018095085 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones
    • Graham DG. Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones. Mol Pharmacol 1978; 14: 633-43.
    • (1978) Mol Pharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 633-643
    • Graham, D.G.1
  • 62
    • 0021816126 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition by ceruloplasmin of the cardiac sarcolemmal adrenochrome formation
    • Guarnieri C, Ventura C. Inhibition by ceruloplasmin of the cardiac sarcolemmal adrenochrome formation. Biosci Rep 1985; 5: 473-6.
    • (1985) Biosci Rep , vol.5 , pp. 473-476
    • Guarnieri, C.1    Ventura, C.2
  • 63
    • 0028887044 scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine is metabolized by the spinal meninges of monkeys and pigs
    • Kern C, Mautz DS, Bernards CM. Epinephrine is metabolized by the spinal meninges of monkeys and pigs. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 1078-81.
    • (1995) Anesthesiology , vol.83 , pp. 1078-1081
    • Kern, C.1    Mautz, D.S.2    Bernards, C.M.3
  • 64
    • 0037449161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper-induced oxidation of epinephrine: Protective effect of d-dahk, a synthetic analogue of the high affinity copper binding site of human albumin
    • Roberts A, Bar-Or D, Winkler JV, Rael LT. Copper-induced oxidation of epinephrine: protective effect of D-DAHK, a synthetic analogue of the high affinity copper binding site of human albumin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304: 755-7.
    • (2003) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.304 , pp. 755-757
    • Roberts, A.1    Bar-Or, D.2    Winkler, J.V.3    Rael, L.T.4
  • 65
    • 0037281216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and analysis of aminochromes by hplc-photodiode array. Adrenochrome evaluation in rat blood
    • Remião F, Milhazes N, Borges F, et al. Synthesis and analysis of aminochromes by HPLC-photodiode array. Adrenochrome evaluation in rat blood. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17: 6-13.
    • (2003) Biomed Chromatogr , vol.17 , pp. 6-13
    • Remião, F.1    Milhazes, N.2    Borges, F.3
  • 66
    • 34548504605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidation process of adrenaline in freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes: Formation of adrenochrome, quinoproteins, and gsh adduct
    • Costa VM, Silva R, Ferreira LM, et al. Oxidation process of adrenaline in freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes: formation of adrenochrome, quinoproteins, and GSH adduct. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20: 1183-91.
    • (2007) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.20 , pp. 1183-1191
    • Costa, V.M.1    Silva, R.2    Ferreira, L.M.3
  • 67
    • 0018932412 scopus 로고
    • Protection against adrenochrome-induced myocardial damage by various pharmacological interventions
    • Yates JC, Taam GM, Singal PK, Beamish RE, Dhalla NS. Protection against adrenochrome-induced myocardial damage by various pharmacological interventions. Br J Exp Pathol 1980; 61: 242-55.
    • (1980) Br J Exp Pathol , vol.61 , pp. 242-255
    • Yates, J.C.1    Taam, G.M.2    Singal, P.K.3    Beamish, R.E.4    Dhalla, N.S.5
  • 69
    • 0016907344 scopus 로고
    • Potential oxidative pathways of brain catecholamines
    • Tse DC, McCreery RL, Adams RN. Potential oxidative pathways of brain catecholamines. J Med Chem 1976; 19: 37-40.
    • (1976) J Med Chem , vol.19 , pp. 37-40
    • Tse, D.C.1    McCreery, R.L.2    Adams, R.N.3
  • 70
    • 0036203805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adrenochrome hypothesis of schizophrenia revisited
    • Smythies J. The adrenochrome hypothesis of schizophrenia revisited. Neurotox Res 2002; 4: 147-50.
    • (2002) Neurotox Res , vol.4 , pp. 147-150
    • Smythies, J.1
  • 71
    • 0001239844 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of the catalytic oxidation of adrenaline by ferritin
    • Green S, Mazur A, Shorr E. Mechanism of the catalytic oxidation of adrenaline by ferritin. J Biol Chem 1956; 220: 237-55.
    • (1956) J Biol Chem , vol.220 , pp. 237-255
    • Green, S.1    Mazur, A.2    Shorr, E.3
  • 73
    • 0037950368 scopus 로고
    • The association of zinc and other metals with melanin and a melanin-protein complex
    • Bowness JM, Mortone RA. The association of zinc and other metals with melanin and a melanin-protein complex. Biochem J 1953; 53: 620-6.
    • (1953) Biochem J , vol.53 , pp. 620-626
    • Bowness, J.M.1    Mortone, R.A.2
  • 74
    • 23944502314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-course analysis of hepcidin, serum iron, and plasma cytokine levels in humans injected with lps
    • Kemna E, Pickkers P, Nemeth E, van der Hoeven H, Swinkels D. Time-course analysis of hepcidin, serum iron, and plasma cytokine levels in humans injected with LPS. Blood 2005; 106: 1864-6.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.106 , pp. 1864-1866
    • Kemna, E.1    Pickkers, P.2    Nemeth, E.3    Van Der Hoeven, H.4    Swinkels, D.5
  • 75
    • 0034631313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanisation of cryptococcus neoformans in infected human brain tissue
    • Nosanchuk J D, Rosas AL, Lee SH, Casadeval A. Melanisation of Cryptococcus neoformans in infected human brain tissue. Lancet 2000; 355: 2049-50.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 2049-2050
    • Nosanchuk J, D.1    Rosas, A.L.2    Lee, S.H.3    Casadeval, A.4
  • 76
    • 33947316275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An easy-to-run method for routine analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in pigmented tissues
    • Panzella L, Manini P, Monfrecola G, d'Ischia M, Napolitano A. An easy-to-run method for routine analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in pigmented tissues. Pigment Cell Res 2007; 20: 128-33.
    • (2007) Pigment Cell Res , vol.20 , pp. 128-133
    • Panzella, L.1    Manini, P.2    Monfrecola, G.3    D'Ischia, M.4    Napolitano, A.5
  • 77
    • 65549130555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isomeric cysteinyldopas provide a (photo)degradable bulk component and a robust structural element in red human hair pheomelanin
    • Greco G, Wakamatsu K, Panzella L, Ito S, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. Isomeric cysteinyldopas provide a (photo)degradable bulk component and a robust structural element in red human hair pheomelanin. Pigm Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22: 319-27.
    • (2009) Pigm Cell Melanoma Res , vol.22 , pp. 319-327
    • Greco, G.1    Wakamatsu, K.2    Panzella, L.3    Ito, S.4    Napolitano, A.5    D'Ischia, M.6
  • 78
    • 0027365449 scopus 로고
    • Ph of melanosomes of b 16 murine melanoma is acidic: Its physiological importance in the regulation of melanin biosynthesis
    • Bhatnagar V, Anjaiah S, Puri N, Darshanam BN, Ramaiah A. pH of melanosomes of B 16 murine melanoma is acidic: its physiological importance in the regulation of melanin biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 307: 183-92.
    • (1993) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.307 , pp. 183-192
    • Bhatnagar, V.1    Anjaiah, S.2    Puri, N.3    Darshanam, B.N.4    Ramaiah, A.5
  • 79
    • 0033778117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aberrant ph of melanosomes in pink-eyed dilution (p) mutant melanocytes
    • Puri N, Gardner JM, Brilliant MH. Aberrant pH of melanosomes in pink-eyed dilution (p) mutant melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 607-13.
    • (2000) J Invest Dermatol , vol.115 , pp. 607-613
    • Puri, N.1    Gardner, J.M.2    Brilliant, M.H.3
  • 80
    • 0000365544 scopus 로고
    • Electropolymerization of phenothiazine, phenoxazine and phenazine derivatives: Characterization of the polymers by uv-visible difference spectroelectrochemistry and fourier transform ir spectroscopy
    • Schlereth DD, Karyakin AA. Electropolymerization of phenothiazine, phenoxazine and phenazine derivatives: characterization of the polymers by UV-visible difference spectroelectrochemistry and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem 1995; 395: 221-32.
    • (1995) J Electroanal Chem , vol.395 , pp. 221-232
    • Schlereth, D.D.1    Karyakin, A.A.2
  • 81
    • 0000499685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cationic polymerization photochemically and thermally induced by phenothiazine cation radical salts
    • Abu-Abdoun II, Ledwith A. A cationic polymerization photochemically and thermally induced by phenothiazine cation radical salts. Eur Polvm J 1997; 33: 1671-9.
    • (1997) Eur Polvm J , vol.33 , pp. 1671-1679
    • Abu-Abdoun, I.I.1    Ledwith, A.2
  • 85
    • 70349784851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical and structural diversity in eumelanins: Unexplored biooptoelectronic materials
    • d'Ischia M, Napolitano A, Pezzella A, Meredith P, Sarna T.Chemical and structural diversity in eumelanins: unexplored biooptoelectronic materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48: 3914-21.
    • (2009) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl , vol.48 , pp. 3914-3921
    • D'Ischia, M.1    Napolitano, A.2    Pezzella, A.3    Meredith, P.4    Sarna, T.5
  • 87
    • 80052520734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A melanin-inspired prooxidant system for dopa(mine) polymerization: Mimicking the natural casing process
    • Greco G, Panzella L, Gentile G, et al. A melanin-inspired prooxidant system for dopa(mine) polymerization: mimicking the natural casing process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47: 10308-10.
    • (2011) Chem Commun (Camb) , vol.47 , pp. 10308-10310
    • Greco, G.1    Panzella, L.2    Gentile, G.3
  • 88
    • 0018012001 scopus 로고
    • Reactions of chloropromazine cation radical with physiologically occurring nucleophiles
    • Cheng HY, Sackett PH, McCreery RL. Reactions of chloropromazine cation radical with physiologically occurring nucleophiles. J Med Chem 1978; 21: 948-52.
    • (1978) J Med Chem , vol.21 , pp. 948-952
    • Cheng, H.Y.1    Sackett, P.H.2    McCreery, R.L.3
  • 90
    • 0014027224 scopus 로고
    • Enzymatic iodination of tyrosine and thyroglobulin with chloroperoxidase
    • Taurog A, Howells EM. Enzymatic iodination of tyrosine and thyroglobulin with chloroperoxidase. J Biol Chem 1966; 241: 1329-39.
    • (1966) J Biol Chem , vol.241 , pp. 1329-1339
    • Taurog, A.1    Howells, E.M.2
  • 91
    • 80855148010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphic form iv of olanzapine
    • Thakuria R, Nangia A. Polymorphic form IV of olanzapine. Acta Crystallogr C 2011; 67: o461-463.
    • (2011) Acta Crystallogr C , vol.67 , pp. 461-463
    • Thakuria, R.1    Nangia, A.2
  • 92
    • 0021825352 scopus 로고
    • Generation of free radical intermediates from foreign compounds by neutrophil-derived oxidants
    • Kalyanaraman B, Sohnle PG. Generation of free radical intermediates from foreign compounds by neutrophil-derived oxidants. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 1618-22.
    • (1985) J Clin Invest , vol.75 , pp. 1618-1622
    • Kalyanaraman, B.1    Sohnle, P.G.2
  • 93
    • 0029912354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid to melanin by the pmel 17/silver locus protein
    • Chakraborty AK, Platt JT, Kim KK, Kwon BS, Bennett DC, Pawelek JM. Polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid to melanin by the pmel 17/silver locus protein. Eur J Biochem 1996; 236: 180-8.
    • (1996) Eur J Biochem , vol.236 , pp. 180-188
    • Chakraborty, A.K.1    Platt, J.T.2    Kim, K.K.3    Kwon, B.S.4    Bennett, D.C.5    Pawelek, J.M.6
  • 94
    • 6444232707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin hyperpigmentation induced by olanzapine, a novel antipsychotic agent
    • Jhirwal OP, Parsad D, Basu D. Skin hyperpigmentation induced by olanzapine, a novel antipsychotic agent. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43: 778-9.
    • (2004) Int J Dermatol , vol.43 , pp. 778-779
    • Jhirwal, O.P.1    Parsad, D.2    Basu, D.3
  • 95
    • 0343953057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of temperature on the kinetics of diacrylate photopolymerizations studied by real-time ftir spectroscopy
    • Scherzer T, Decker U. The effect of temperature on the kinetics of diacrylate photopolymerizations studied by Real-time FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer 2000; 41: 7681-90.
    • (2000) Polymer , vol.41 , pp. 7681-7690
    • Scherzer, T.1    Decker, U.2
  • 96
    • 33746768115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting the dopamine d2 receptor in schizophrenia
    • Seeman P. Targeting the dopamine D2 receptor in schizophrenia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 10: 515-31.
    • (2006) Expert Opin Ther Targets , vol.10 , pp. 515-531
    • Seeman, P.1
  • 97
    • 10044244864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open study evaluating the onset of antipsychotic action of olanzapine in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizo-affective disorder
    • Peuskens J, Mertens C, Geerts S, Gillain B, Van Vleymen B. Open study evaluating the onset of antipsychotic action of olanzapine in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizo-affective disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2004; 8: 199-204.
    • (2004) Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract , vol.8 , pp. 199-204
    • Peuskens, J.1    Mertens, C.2    Geerts, S.3    Gillain, B.4    Van Vleymen, B.5
  • 98
    • 0000273772 scopus 로고
    • Human psychopharmacology of lsd, dimethyltryptamine, and related compounds
    • in: Pletscher A, Ed. (A Symposium of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences -Lugano-Agno 1993). England: The Parthenon Publishing Group
    • Strassman RJ. Human Psychopharmacology of LSD, Dimethyltryptamine, and Related Compounds.in: Pletscher A, Ed. Fifty Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens (A Symposium of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences -Lugano-Agno 1993). England: The Parthenon Publishing Group 1994; pp. 145-174.
    • (1994) Fifty Years of LSD: Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens , pp. 145-174
    • Strassman, R.J.1
  • 99
    • 0027176704 scopus 로고
    • Energy-dependent accumulation of neuron blockers causes selective inhibition of neurotransmitter uptake by brain synaptic vesicles
    • Moriyama Y, Tsai HL, Futai M. Energy-dependent accumulation of neuron blockers causes selective inhibition of neurotransmitter uptake by brain synaptic vesicles. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 305 278-81.
    • (1993) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.305 , pp. 278-281
    • Moriyama, Y.1    Tsai, H.L.2    Futai, M.3
  • 100
    • 34250739842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of the lipophilic antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine in rat plasma and brain tissue
    • Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of the lipophilic antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine in rat plasma and brain tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt. Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854: 68-76.
    • (2007) J Chromatogr B Analyt. Technol Biomed Life Sci , vol.854 , pp. 68-76
    • Zhang, G.1    Terry, A.V.2    Bartlett, M.G.3
  • 102
    • 0029930927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: In vitro and in vivo receptor binding
    • Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, et al. Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 124: 57-73.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.124 , pp. 57-73
    • Schotte, A.1    Janssen, P.F.2    Gommeren, W.3
  • 103
    • 0033361056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of olanzapine in rats
    • Aravagiri M, Teper Y, Marder SR. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of olanzapine in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1999; 20: 369-77.
    • (1999) Biopharm Drug Dispos , vol.20 , pp. 369-377
    • Aravagiri, M.1    Teper, Y.2    Marder, S.R.3
  • 104
    • 0020479205 scopus 로고
    • Energetics of gammaaminobutyrate transport in rat brain synaptosomes
    • Pastuszko A, Wilson DF, Erecinska M. Energetics of gammaaminobutyrate transport in rat brain synaptosomes. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 7514-9.
    • (1982) J Biol Chem , vol.257 , pp. 7514-7519
    • Pastuszko, A.1    Wilson, D.F.2    Erecinska, M.3
  • 105
    • 0016790184 scopus 로고
    • Melanin formation by human brain in vitro
    • Rodgers AD, Curzon G. Melanin formation by human brain in vitro. J Neurochem 1975; 24: 1123-9.
    • (1975) J Neurochem , vol.24 , pp. 1123-1129
    • Rodgers, A.D.1    Curzon, G.2
  • 106
    • 0030597715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the function of neuromelanin
    • Smythies J. On the function of neuromelanin. Proc Biol Sci 1996; 263: 487-9.
    • (1996) Proc Biol Sci , vol.263 , pp. 487-489
    • Smythies, J.1
  • 107
    • 70350292194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disentangling eumelanin "black chromophore": Visible absorption changes as signatures of oxidation state-and aggregation-dependent dynamic interactions in a model water-soluble 5,6-dihydroxyindole polymer
    • Pezzella A, Iadonisi A, Valerio S, et al. Disentangling eumelanin "black chromophore": visible absorption changes as signatures of oxidation state-and aggregation-dependent dynamic interactions in a model water-soluble 5,6-dihydroxyindole polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131(42): 15270-5.
    • (2009) J Am Chem Soc , vol.131 , Issue.42 , pp. 15270-15275
    • Pezzella, A.1    Iadonisi, A.2    Valerio, S.3
  • 108
    • 0025472463 scopus 로고
    • In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age
    • Fornstedt B, Pileblad E, Carlsson A. In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age. J Neurochem 1990; 55: 655-9.
    • (1990) J Neurochem , vol.55 , pp. 655-659
    • Fornstedt, B.1    Pileblad, E.2    Carlsson, A.3
  • 109
    • 77953147009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopaquinone modifications on protein tyrosine: Links to mitochondrially derived oxidative stress via hydroxyl radical
    • Zhang X, Monroe ME, Chen B, et al. Endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopaquinone modifications on protein tyrosine: links to mitochondrially derived oxidative stress via hydroxyl radical. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9: 1199-208.
    • (2010) Mol Cell Proteomics , vol.9 , pp. 1199-1208
    • Zhang, X.1    Monroe, M.E.2    Chen, B.3
  • 110
    • 0033912716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 expression and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of huntington disease
    • Chen M, Ona VO, Li M, et al. Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 expression and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease. Nat Med 2000; 6: 797-801.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 797-801
    • Chen, M.1    Ona, V.O.2    Li, M.3
  • 111
    • 74049120335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence, reversal, and prevention of opioid-induced respiratory depression
    • Dahan A, Aarts L, Smith TW. Incidence, reversal, and prevention of opioid-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 226-38.
    • (2010) Anesthesiology , vol.112 , pp. 226-238
    • Dahan, A.1    Aarts, L.2    Smith, T.W.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.