Biological-and Field-Responsive Polymers: Expanding Potential in Smart Materials

Handbook of Stimuli-Responsive Materials

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 27-57

  Roy, Debashish ^a   Cambre, Jennifer N ^a   Sumerlin, Brent S ^a  

^a SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Controlled release; Field responsive; Smart materials; Smart polymers; Stimuli responsive

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878864504     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527633739.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (202)

1. Theato, P. (2008) Synthesis of welldefined polymeric activated esters. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., 46, 6677-6687.
2. Miyata, T., Uragami, T., and Nakamae, K. (2002) Biomolecule-sensitive hydrogels. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 54, 79-98.
3. Ito, Y., Casolaro, M., Kono, K., and Imanishi, Y. (1989) An insulin-releasing system that is responsive to glucose. J. Control. Release, 10, 195-203.
4. Hassan, C.M., Doyle, F.J., and Peppas, N.A. (1997) Dynamic behavior of glucose-responsive poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules, 30, 6166-6173.
5. Huang, H.Y., Shaw, J., Yip, C., and Wu, X.Y. (2008) Microdomain pH gradient and kinetics inside composite polymeric membranes of pH and glucose sensitivity. Pharm. Res., 25, 1150-1157.
6. Kang, S.I. and Bae, Y.H. (2003) A sulfonamide based glucose-responsive hydrogel with covalently immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase. J. Control. Release, 86, 115-121.
7. Podual, K., Doyle, F.J. III, and Peppas, N.A. (2000) Dynamic behavior of glucose oxidase-containing microparticles of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted cationic hydrogels in an environment of changing pH. Biomaterials, 21, 1439-1450.
8. Traitel, T., Cohen, Y., and Kost, J. (2000) Characterization of glucosesensitive insulin release systems in simulated in vivo conditions. Biomaterials, 21, 1679-1687.
9. Guiseppi-Elie, A., Brahim, S.I., and Narinesingh, D. (2002) A chemically synthesized artificial pancreas: release of insulin from glucose-responsive hydrogels. Adv. Mater., 14, 743-746.
10. Schwartz, L.M. and Peppas, N.A. (1998) Novel poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted, cationic hydrogels: preparation, characterization, and diffusive properties. Polymer, 39, 6057-6066.
11. Ravaine, V., Ancia, C., and Catargi, B. (2008) Chemically controlled closed-loop insulin delivery. J. Control. Release, 132, 2-11.
12. Kashyap, N., Viswanad, B., Sharma, G., Bhardwaj, V., Ramarao, P., and Kumar, M.N.V.R. (2007) Design and evaluation of biodegradable, biosensitive in situ gelling system for pulsatile delivery of insulin. Biomaterials, 28, 2051-2060.
13. Brownlee, M. and Cerami, A. (1979) A glucose-controlled insulin-delivery system: semisynthetic insulin bound to lectin. Science, 206, 1190-1191.
14. Gil, E.S. and Hudson, S.M. (2004) Stimuli-responsive polymers and their bioconjugates. Prog. Polym. Sci., 29, 1173-1222.
15. Liu, F., Song, S.C., Mix, D., Baudy, M., and Kim, S.W. (1997) Glucose-induced release of glycosylpoly(ethylene glycol) insulin bound to a soluble conjugate of concanavalin A. Bioconjug. Chem., 8, 664-672.
16. Cheng, S.Y., Gross, J., and Sambanis, A. (2004) Hybrid pancreatic tissue substitute consisting of recombinant insulin-figreting cells and glucose-responsive material. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 87, 863-873.
17. Miyata, T., Jikihara, A., Nakamae, K., and Hoffman, A.S. (2004) Preparation of reversibly glucose-responsive hydrogels by covalent immobilization of lectin in polymer networks having pendent glucose. J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed., 15, 1085-1098.
18. Miyata, T., Jikihara, A., and Hoffman, A.S. (1996) Preparation of poly(2-glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate)-concanavalin A complex hydrogel and its glucose-sensitivity. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 197, 1135-1146.
19. Nakamae, K., Miyata, T., Jikihara, A., and Hoffman, A.S. (1994) Formation of poly(glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate)-Concanavalin A complex and its glucose-sensitivity. J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed., 6, 79-90.
20. James, T.D. and Shinkai, S. (2002) Artificial receptors as chemosensors for carbohydrates. Top. Curr. Chem., 218, 159-200.
21. Lorand, J.P. and Edwards, J.O. (1959) Polyol complexes and structure of the benzeneboronate ion. J. Org. Chem., 24, 769-774.
22. Kataoka, K., Miyazaki, H., Okano, T., and Sakurai, Y. (1994) Sensitive glucose-induced change of the lower critical solution temperature of poly[N,N-(dimethylacrylamide)-co-3-(acrylamido)-phenylboronic acid] in physiological saline. Macromolecules, 27, 1061-1062.
23. Kataoka, K., Miyazaki, H., Bunya, M., Okano, T., and Sakurai, Y. (1998) Totally synthetic polymer gels responding to external glucose concentration: their preparation and application to on-off regulation of insulin release. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 12694-12695.
24. Springsteen, G. and Wang, B. (2002) A detailed examination of boronic acid-diol complexation. Tetrahedron, 58, 5291-5300.
25. Hisamitsu, I., Kataoka, K., Okano, T., and Sakurai, Y. (1997) Glucose-responsive gel from phenylborate polymer and poly(vinyl alcohol): prompt response at physiological pH through the interaction of borate with amino group in the gel. Pharm. Res., 14, 289-293.
26. Kitano, S., Koyama, Y., Kataoka, K., Okano, T., and Sakurai, Y. (1992) A novel drug delivery system utilizing a glucose responsive polymer complex between poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) with a phenylboronic acid moiety. J. Control. Release, 19, 162-170.
27. Kikuchi, A., Suzuki, K., Okabayashi, O., Hoshino, H., Kataoka, K., Sakurai, Y. et al. (1996) Glucose-sensing electrode coated with polymer complex gel containing phenylboronic acid. Anal. Chem., 68, 823-828.
28. Matsumoto, A., Kurata, T., Shiino, D., and Kataoka, K. (2004) Swelling and shrinking kinetics of totally synthetic, glucose-responsive polymer gel bearing phenylborate derivative as a glucose-sensing moiety. Macromolecules, 37, 1502-1510.
29. Zhang, S.B., Chu, L.Y., Xu, D., Zhang, J., Ju, X.J., and Xie, R. (2008) Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based comb-type grafted hydrogel with rapid response to blood glucose concentration change at physiological temperature. Polym. Adv. Technol., 19, 937-943.
30. Zhang, Y., Guan, Y., and Zhou, S. (2006) Synthesis and volume phase transitions of glucose-sensitive microgels. Biomacromolecules, 7, 3196-3201.
31. Ge, H., Ding, Y., Ma, C., and Zhang, G. (2006) Temperature-controlled release of diols from N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamidophenylboronic acid microgels. J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 20635-20639.
32. Lapeyre, V., Gosse, I., Chevreux, S., and Ravaine, V. (2006) Monodispersed glucose-responsive microgels operating at physiological salinity. Biomacromolecules, 7, 3356-3363.
33. Hoare, T. and Pelton, R. (2008) Charge-switching, amphoteric glucose-responsive microgels with physiological swelling activity. Biomacromolecules, 9, 733-740.
34. Zenkl, G., Mayr, T., and Klimant, I. (2008) Sugar-responsive fluorescent nanospheres. Macromol. Biosci., 8, 146-152.
35. Matsumoto, A., Ikeda, S., Harada, A., and Kataoka, K. (2003) Glucose-responsive polymer bearing a novel phenylborate derivative as a glucose-sensing moiety operating at physiological pH conditions. Biomacromolecules, 4, 1410-1416.
36. Matsumoto, A., Yoshida, R., and Kataoka, K. (2004) Glucose-responsive polymer gel bearing phenylborate derivative as a glucose-sensing moiety operating at physiological pH. Biomacromolecules, 5, 1038-1045.
37. Pellon, J., Schwind, L.H., Guinard, M.J., and Thomas, W.M. (1961) Polymerization of vinyl monomers containing boron. II. p-vinylbenzeneboronic acid. J. Polym. Sci., 55, 161-167.
38. Shiomori, K., Ivanov, A.E., Galaev, I.Y., Kawano, Y., and Mattiasson, B. (2004) Thermoresponsive properties of sugar sensitive copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and3-(acrylamido)phenylboronic acid. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 205, 27-34.
39. Lennarz, W.J. and Snyder, H.R. (1960) Arylboronic acids. III. Preparation and polymerization of p-vinylbenzeneboronic acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 2169-2171.
40. Letsinger, R.L. and Hamilton, S.B. (1959) Organoboron compounds. X. Popcorn polymers and highly cross-linked vinyl polymers containing boron. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 81, 3009-3012.
41. Matyjaszewski, K. and Davis, T. (2002) Handbook of Radical Polymerization, Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, NJ.
42. Braunecker, W.A. and Matyjaszewski, K. (2007) Controlled/living radical polymerization: features, developments, and perspectives. Prog. Polym. Sci., 32, 93-146.
43. Wang, J.S. and Matyjaszewski, K. (1995) Controlled/''living'' radical polymerization. Atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of transition-metal complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 5614-5615.
44. Kato, M., Kamigaito, M., Sawamoto, M., and Higashimura, T. (1995) Polymerization of methyl methacrylate with the carbon tetrachloriddichlorotris(triphenylphosphine) ruthenium(II)/methylaluminum bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide) initiation system: possibility of living radical polymerization. Macromolecules, 28, 1721-1723.
45. Vogt, A.P. and Sumerlin, B.S. (2006) An efficient route to macromonomers via ATRP and click chemistry. Macromolecules, 39, 5286-5292.
46. Chiefari, J., Chong, Y.K., Ercole, F., Krstina, J., Jeffery, J., Le, T.P.T. et al. (1998) Living free-radical polymerization by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer: the RAFT process. Macromolecules, 31, 5559-5562.
47. Perrier, S. and Pittaya, T. (2005) Macromolecular design via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 43, 5347-5393.
48. De, P., Gondi, S.R., and Sumerlin, B.S. (2008) Folate-conjugated thermoresponsive block copolymers: highly efficient conjugation and solution self-assembly. Biomacromolecules, 9, 1064-1070.
49. Qin, Y., Cheng, G., Achara, O., Parab, K., and Jäkle, F. (2004) A new route to organoboron polymers via highly selective polymer modification reactions. Macromolecules, 37, 7123-7131.
50. Yang, Q., Guanglou, C., Anand, S., and Jäkle, F. (2002) Well-defined boron-containing polymeric lewis acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 12672-12673.
51. Cambre, J.N., Roy, D., Gondi, S.R., and Sumerlin, B.S. (2007) Facile strategy to well-defined water-soluble boronic acid (co)polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 10348-10349.
52. Roy, D., Cambre, J.N., and Sumerlin, B.S. (2008) Sugar-responsive block copolymers by direct RAFT polymerization of unprotected boronic acid monomers. Chem. Commun., 2477-2479.
53. Roy, D., Cambre, J.N., and Sumerlin, B.S. (2009) Triply-responsive boronic acid block copolymers: solution self-assembly induced by changes in temperature, pH, or sugar concentration. Chem. Commun., 16, 2106-2108.
54. Schild, H.G. (1992) Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): experiment, theory, and application. Prog. Polym. Sci., 17, 163-249.
55. Thornton, P.D., McConnell, G., and Ulijin, R.V. (2005) Enzyme responsive polymer hydrogel beads. Chem. Commun., 5913-5915.
56. Ulijin, R.V. (2006) Enzyme-responsive materials: a new class of smart biomaterials. J. Mater. Chem., 16, 2217-2225.
57. Yang, Z., Gu, H., Fu, D., Gao, P., Lam, J.K., and Xu, B. (2004) Enzymatic formation of supramolecular hydrogels. Adv. Mater., 16, 1440-1444.
58. Toledano, S., Williams, R.J., Jayawarna, V., and Ulijin, R.V. (2006) Enzyme-triggered self-assembly of peptide hydrogels via reversed hydrolysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 1070-1071.
59. Griffith, L.G. and Sperinde, J.J. (1997) Synthesis and characterization of enzymatically cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules, 30, 5255-5264.
60. Sperinde, J.J. and Griffith, L.G. (2000) Control and prediction of gelation kinetics in enzymatically cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules, 33, 5476-5480.
61. Chen, T., Small, D.A., McDermott, M.K., Bentley, W.E., and Payne, G.F. (2003) Enzymatic methods for in situ cell entrapment and cell release. Biomacromolecules, 4, 1558-1563.
62. Sanborn, T.J., Messersmith, P.B., and Barron, A.E. (2002) In situ crosslinking of a biomimetic peptide-PEG hydrogel via thermally triggered activation of factor XIII. Biomaterials, 23, 2703-2710.
63. Lutolf, M.P., Raeber, G.P., Zisch, A.H., Tirelli, N., and Hubbell, J.A. (2003) Cell-responsive synthetic hydrogels. Adv. Mater., 15, 888-892.
64. Plunkett, K.N., Berkowski, K.L., and Moore, J.S. (2005) Chymotrypsin responsive hydrogels: application of a disulfide exchange protocol for the preparation of methacrylamide containing peptides. Biomacromolecules, 6, 632-637.
65. Miyata, T. and Uragami, T. (2001) in Polymeric Biomaterials, 2nd edn (ed. S. Dumitriu), CRC Press, New York, pp. 959-974.
66. Lu, Z., Kopeckova, P., and Kopecek, J. (2003) Antigen responsive hydrogels basedon polymerizable antibody Fab fragment. Macromol. Biosci., 3, 296-300.
67. Miyata, T., Asami, N., and Uragami, T. (1999) Preparation of an antigen-sensitive hydrogel using antigen-antibody bindings. Macromolecules, 32, 2082-2084.
68. Miyata, T., Asami, N., and Uragami, T. (1999) A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel. Nature, 399, 766-769.
69. Zhang, R., Bowyer, A., Eisenthal, R., and Hubble, J. (2007) A smart membrane based on an antigen-responsive hydrogel. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 97, 976-984.
70. You, Y.-Z., Zhou, Q.-H., Manickam, D.S., Wan, L., Mao, G.-Z., and Oupicky, D. (2007) Dually responsive multiblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization: synthesis of temperature-and redox-responsive copolymers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate). Macromolecules, 40, 8617-8624.
71. Madsen, J., Armes, S.P., Bertal, K., Lomas, H., MacNeil, S., and Lewis, A.L. (2008) Biocompatible wound dressings based on chemically degradable triblock copolymer hydrogels. Biomacromolecules, 9, 2265-2275.
72. Cerritelli, S., Velluto, D., and Hubbell, J.A. (2007) PEG-SS-PPS: reduction-sensitive disulfide block copolymer vesicles for intracellular drug delivery. Biomacromolecules, 8, 1966-1972.
73. Zhang, L., Liu, W., Lin, L., Chen, D., and Stenzel, M.H. (2008) Degradable disulfide core-cross-linked micelles as a drug delivery system prepared from vinyl functionalized nucleosides via the RAFT process. Biomacromolecules, 9, 3321-3331.
74. Sun, K.H., Sohn, Y.S., and Jeong, B. (2006) Thermogelling poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) disulfide multiblock copolymer as a thiol-sensitive degradable polymer. Biomacromolecules, 7, 2871-2877.
75. Bulmus, V., Woodward, M., Lin, L., Murthy, N., Stayton, P., and Hoffman, A. (2003) A new pH-responsive and glutathione-reactive, endosomal membrane-disruptive polymeric carrier for intracellular delivery of biomolecular drugs. J. Control. Release, 93, 105-120.
76. Meng, F., Hennink, W.E., and Zhong, Z. (2009) Reduction-sensitive polymers and bioconjugates for biomedical applications. Biomaterials, 30, 2180-2198.
77. Castellani, O.F., Martinez, E.N., and Anon, M.C. (1999) Role of disulfide bonds upon the structural stability of an amaranth globulin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 3001-3008.
78. Saito, G., Swanson, J.A., and Lee, K.-D. (2003) Drug delivery strategy utilizing conjugation via reversible disulfide linkages: role and site of cellular reducing activities. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 55, 199-215.
79. Jocelyn, P.C. (1987) Chemical reduction of disulfides. Methods Enzymol., 143, 246-256.
80. Oh, J.K., Siegwart, D.J., Lee, H.-I., Sherwood, G., Peteanu, L., Hollinger, J.O. et al. (2007) Biodegradable nanogels prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization as potential drug delivery carriers: synthesis, biodegradation, in vitro release, and bioconjugation. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 5939-5945.
81. Jones, D.P., Carlson, J.L., Samiec, P.S., Sternberg, P. Jr., Mody, V.C. Jr., Reed, R.L. et al. (1998) Glutathione measurement in human plasma evaluation of sample collection, storage and derivatization conditions for analysis of dansyl derivatives by HPLC. Clin. Chim. Acta, 275, 175-184.
82. Koo, A.N., Lee, H.J., Kim, S.E., Chang, J.H., Park, C., Kim, C. et al. (2008) Disulfide-cross-linked PEG-poly(amino acid)s copolymer micelles for glutathione-mediated intracellular drug delivery. Chem. Commun., 6570-6572.
83. Tsarevsky, N.V. and Matyjaszewski, K. (2002) Reversible redox cleavage/coupling of polystyrene with disulfide or thiol groups prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecules, 35, 9009-9014.
84. Wong, L., Boyer, C., Jia, Z., Zareie, H.M., Davis, T.P., and Bulmus, V. (2008) Synthesis of versatile thiol-reactive polymer scaffolds via RAFT polymerization. Biomacromolecules, 9, 1934-1944.
85. Liu, J., Bulmus, V., Barner-Kowollik, C., Stenzel, M.H., and Davis, T.P. (2007) Direct synthesis of pyridyl disulfide-terminated polymers by RAFT polymerization. Macromol. Rapid Commun., 28, 305-314.
86. Klaikherd, A., Ghosh, S., and Thayumanavan, S. (2007) A facile method for the synthesis of cleavable block copolymers from ATRP-based homopolymers. Macromolecules, 40, 8518-8520.
87. Tsarevsky, N.V. and Matyjaszewski, K. (2005) Combining atom transfer radical polymerization and disulfide/thiol redox chemistry: a route to well-defined (Bio)degradable polymeric materials. Macromolecules, 38, 3087-3092.
88. Oh, J.K., Tang, C., Gao, H., Tsarevsky, N.V., and Matyjaszewski, K. (2006) Inverse miniemulsion ATRP: a new method for synthesis and functionalization of well-defined water-soluble/cross-linked polymeric particles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 5578-5584.
89. Zhang, J., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., and Liu, S. (2007) Facile fabrication of reversible core cross-linked micelles possessing thermosensitive swellability. Macromolecules, 40, 9125-9132.
90. Li, Y., Lokitz, B.S., Armes, S.P., and McCormick, C.L. (2006) Synthesis of reversible shell cross-linked micelles for controlled release of bioactive agents. Macromolecules, 39, 2726-2728.
91. Sun, J., Chen, X., Lu, T., Liu, S., Tian, H., Guo, Z. et al. (2008) Formation of reversible shell cross-linked micelles from the biodegradable amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(L-cysteine)-block-poly(L-lactide). Langmuir, 24, 10099-10106.
92. Dong, W.-F., Kishimura, A., Anraku, Y., Chuanoi, S., and Kataoka, K. (2009) Monodispersed polymeric nanocapsules: spontaneous evolution and morphology transition from reducible hetero-PEG PICmicelles by controlled degradation. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 3804-3805.
93. Ghosh, S., Yesilyurt, V., Savariar, E.N., Irvin, K., and Thayumanavan, S. (2009) Redox, ionic strength, and pH sensitive supramolecular polymer assemblies. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 47, 1052-1060.
94. Vogt, A.P. and Sumerlin, B.S. (2009) Temperature and redox responsive hydrogels from ABA triblock copolymers prepared by RAFT polymerization. Soft Matter, 5, 2347-2351.
95. Gemici, H., Legge, T.M., Whittaker, M., Monteiro, M.J., and Perrier, S. (2007) Original approach to multiblock copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 45, 2334-2340.
96. Whittaker, M.R., Goh, Y.-K., Gemici, H., Legge, T.M., Perrier, S., and Monteiro, M.J. (2006) Synthesis of monocyclic and linear polystyrene using the reversible coupling/cleavage of thiol/disulfide groups. Macromolecules, 39, 9028-9034.
97. Liu, J., Liu, H., Jia, Z., Bulmus, V., and Davis, T. (2008) An approach to biodegradable star polymeric architectures using disulfide coupling. Chem. Commun., 6582-6584.
98. Napoli, A., Valentini, M., Tirelli, N., Müller, M., and Hubbell, J.A. (2004) Oxidation-responsive polymeric vesicles. Nat. Mater., 3, 183-189.
99. Napoli, A., Tirelli, N., Wehrli, E., and Hubbell, J.A. (2002) Lyotropic behavior in water of amphiphilic ABA triblock copolymers based on poly(propylene sulfide) and poly(ethylene glycol). Langmuir, 18, 8324-8329.
100. Napoli, A., Tirelli, N., Kilcher, G., and Hubbell, A. (2001) New synthetic methodologies for amphiphilic multiblock copolymers of ethylene glycol and propylene sulfide. Macromolecules, 34, 8913-8917.
101. Zrinyi, M. (1997) Magnetic-field-sensitive polymer gels. Trends Polym. Sci., 5, 280-285.
102. Zrinyi, M. (2000) Intelligent polymer gels controlled by magnetic fields. Colloid. Polym. Sci., 278, 98-103.
103. Filipcsei, G., Feher, J., and Zrinyi, M. (2000) Electric field sensitive neutral polymer gels. J. Mol. Struct., 554, 109-117.
104. Shiga, T. (1997) Deformation and viscoelastic behavior of polymer gels in electric fields. Adv. Polym. Sci., 134, 131-163.
105. Kulkarni, R.V. and Biswanath, S. (2007) Electrically responsive smart hydrogels in drug delivery: a review. J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech., 5, 125-139.
106. Ramanathan, S. and Block, L.H. (2001) The use of chitosan gels as matrixes for electrically-modulated drug delivery. J. Control. Release, 70, 109-123.
107. Gao, Y., Xu, S., Wu, R., Wang, J., and Wei, J. (2008) Preparation and characteristic of electric stimuli responsive hydrogel composed of polyvinyl alcohol/poly (sodium maleate-co-sodium acrylate). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 107, 391-395.
108. Shiga, T. and Kurauchi, T. (1990) Deformation of polyelectrolyte gels under the influence of electric field. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 39, 2305-2320.
109. Kim, S.J., Kim, H.I., Shin, S.R., and Kim, S.I. (2004) Electrical behavior of chitosan and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel in the contact system. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92, 915-919.
110. Kim, S.J., Park, S.J., Lee, S.M., Lee, Y.M., Kim, H.C., and Kim, S.I. (2003) Electroactive characteristics of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 89, 890-894.
111. Kim, S.J., Park, S.J., Shin, M.-S., and Kim, S.I. (2002) Characteristics of electrical responsive chitosan/polyallylamine interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 86, 2290-2295.
112. Kim, S.J., Yoon, S.G., Lee, S.M., Lee, S.H., and Kim, S.I. (2004) Electrical sensitivity behavior of a hydrogel composed of poly(methacrylic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 91, 3613-3617.
113. Kim, S.J., Yoon, S.G., Lee, Y.H., and Kim, S.I. (2004) Bending behavior of hydrogels composed of poly(methacrylic acid) and alginate by electrical stimulus. Polym. Int., 53, 1456-1460.
114. Tanaka, T., Nishio, I., Sun, S.T., and Ueno-Nishio, S. (1982) Collapse of gels in an electric field. Science, 218, 467-469.
115. Jensen, M., Birch Hansen, P., Murdan, S., Frokjaer, S., and Florence, A.T. (2002) Loading intoand electro-stimulated release of peptides and proteins from chondroitin 4-sulphate hydrogels. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 15, 139-148.
116. Sutani, K., Kaetsu, I., and Uchida, K. (2001) The synthesis and the electric-responsiveness of hydrogels entrapping natural polyelectrolyte. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 61, 49-54.
117. Kim, S.J., Shin, S.R., Lee, J.H., Lee, S.H., and Kim, S.I. (2003) Electrical response characterization of chitosan/polyacrylonitrile hydrogel in NaCl solutions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90, 91-96.
118. Lin, S.-B., Yuan, C.-H., Ke, A.-R., and Quan, Z.-L. (2008) Electrical response characterization of PVA-P(AA/AMPS) IPN hydrogels in aqueous Na2SO4 solution. Sens. Actuators, B., B134, 281-286.
119. Kim, H.I., Gu, B.K., Shin, M.K., Park, S.-J., Yoon, S.-G., Kim, I.-Y. et al. (2005) Electrical response characterization of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels as an actuator. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5759, 447-453.
120. Kim, S.J., Shin, S.R., Lee, S.M., Kim, I.Y., and Kim, S.I. (2004) Electromechanical properties of hydrogels based on chitosan and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in NaCl solution. Smart Mater. Struct., 13, 1036-1039.
121. El-Hag Ali, A., Abd El-Rehim, H.A., Hegazy, E.-S.A., and Ghobashy, M.M. (2006) Synthesis and electrical response of acrylic acid/vinyl sulfonic acid hydrogels prepared by g-irradiation. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 75, 1041-1046.
122. Filipcsei, G., Csetneki, I., Szilagyi, A., and Zrinyi, M. (2007) Magnetic field-responsive smart polymer composites. Adv. Polym. Sci., 206, 137-189.
123. Barsi, L., Buki, A., Szabo, D., and Zrinyi, M. (1996) Gels with magnetic properties. Prog. Colloid. Polym. Sci., 102, 57-63.
124. Pyun, J. (2007) Nanocomposite materials from functional polymers and magnetic colloids. Polym. Rev., 47, 231-263.
125. Szabo, D., Szeghy, G., and Zrinyi, M. (1998) Shape transition of magnetic field sensitive polymer gels. Macromolecules, 31, 6541-6548.
126. Zrinyi, M., Barsi, L., Szabo, D., and Kilian, H.G. (1997) Direct observation of abrupt shape transition in ferrogels induced by nonuniform magnetic field. J. Chem. Phys., 106, 5685-5692.
127. Babincova, M., Leszczynska, D., Sourivong, P., Cicmanec, P., and Babinec, P. (2001) Superparamagnetic gel as a novel material for electromagnetically induced hyperthermia. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 225, 109-112.
128. Starodoubtsev, S.G., Saenko, E.V., Khokhlov, A.R., Volkov, V.V., Dembo, K.A., Klechkovskaya, V.V. et al. (2003) Poly(acrylamide) gels with embedded magnetite nanoparticles. Microelectron. Eng., 69, 324-329.
129. Sewell, M.K., Fugit, K.D., Ankareddi, I., Zhang, C., Hampel, M.L., Kim, D.-H. et al. (2008) Magnetothermally-triggered drug delivery using hydrogels with imbedded cobalt ferrite, iron platinum or manganese ferrite nanoparticles. PMSE Prepr., 98, 694-695.
130. Zhang, J., Xu, S., and Kumacheva, E. (2004) Polymer microgels: reactors for semiconductor, metal, and magnetic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 7908-7914.
131. Brugger, B. and Richtering, W. (2007) Magnetic, thermosensitive microgels as stimuli-responsive emulsifiers allowing for remote control of separability and stability of oil in water-emulsions. Adv. Mater., 19, 2973-2978.
132. Xulu, P.M., Filipcsei, G., and Zrinyi, M. (2000) Preparation and responsive properties of magnetically soft poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels. Macromolecules, 33, 1716-1719.
133. Bowles, S.E., Wu, W., Kowalewski, T., Schalnat, M.C., Davis, R.J., Pemberton, J.E. et al. (2007) Magnetic assembly and pyrolysis of functional ferromagnetic colloids into one-dimensional carbon nanostructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 8694-8695.
134. Korth, B.D., Keng, P., Shim, I., Bowles, S.E., Tang, C., Kowalewski, T. et al. (2006) Polymer-coated ferromagneticcolloids from well-defined macromolecular surfactants and assembly into nanoparticle chains. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 6562-6563.
135. Czaun, M., Hevesi, L., Takafuji, M., and Ihara, H. (2008) A novel approach to magneto-responsive polymeric gels assisted by iron nanoparticles as nano cross-linkers. Chem. Commun., 2124-2126.
136. Kost, J., and Langer, R. (1992) Responsive polymer systems for controlled delivery of therapeutics. Trends Biotechnol., 10, 127-131.
137. Norris, P., Noble, M., Francolini, I., Vinogradov, A.M., Stewart, P.S., Ratner, B.D. et al. (2005) Ultrasonically controlled release of ciprofloxacin from self-assembled coatings on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm prevention. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49, 4272-4279.
138. Kost, J., Leong, K., and Langer, R. (1989) Ultrasound-enhanced polymer degradation and release of incorporated substances. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86, 7663-7666.
139. Lavon, I. and Kost, J. (1998) Mass transport enhancement by ultrasound in non-degradable polymeric controlled release systems. J. Control. Release, 54, 1-7.
140. Liu, L.S., Kost, J., D'Emanuele, A., and Langer, R. (1992) Experimental approach to elucidate the mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced polymer erosion and release of incorporated substances. Macromolecules, 25, 123-128.
141. Kost, J., Leong, K., and Langer, R. (1988) Ultrasonically controlled polymeric drug delivery. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 19, 275-285.
142. Kost, J., Liu, L.S., Gabelnick, H., and Langer, R. (1994) Ultrasound as a potential trigger to terminate the activity of contraceptive delivery implants. J. Control. Release, 30, 77-81.
143. Miyazaki, S., Yokouchi, C., and Takada, M. (1988) External control of drug release: controlled release of insulin from a hydrophilic polymer implant by ultrasound irradiation in diabetic rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 40, 716-717.
144. Kooiman, K., Boehmer, M.R., Emmer, M., Vos, H.J., Chlon, C., Shi, W.T. et al. (2009) Oil-filled polymer microcapsules for ultrasound-mediated delivery of lipophilic drugs. J. Control. Release, 133, 109-118.
145. Husseini, G.A., Myrup, G.D., Pitt, W.G., Christensen, D.A., and Rapoport, N.Y. (2000) Factors affecting acoustically triggered release of drugs from polymeric micelles. J. Control. Release, 69, 43-52.
146. Marin, A., Muniruzzaman, M., and Rapoport, N. (2001) Mechanism of the ultrasonic activation of micellar drug delivery. J. Control. Release, 75, 69-81.
147. Marin, A., Muniruzzaman, M., and Rapoport, N. (2001) Acoustic activation of drug delivery from polymeric micelles: effect of pulsed ultrasound. J. Control. Release, 71, 239-249.
148. Rapoport, N.Y., Christensen, D.A., Fain, H.D., Barrows, L., and Gao, Z. (2004) Ultrasound-triggered drug targeting of tumors in vitro and in vivo. Ultrasonics, 42, 943-950.
149. Husseini, G.A., Rapoport, N.Y., Christensen, D.A., Pruitt, J.D., and Pitt, W.G. (2002) Kinetics of ultrasonic release of doxorubicin from pluronic P105 micelles. Colloids Surf., B, 24, 253-264.
150. Munshi, N., Rapoport, N., and Pitt, W.G. (1997) Ultrasonic activated drug delivery from Pluronic P-105 micelles. Cancer Lett., 118, 13-19.
151. Lentacker, I., De Geest, B.G., Vandenbroucke, R.E., Peeters, L., Demeester, J., De Smedt, S.C. et al. (2006) Ultrasound-responsive polymer-coated microbubbles that bind and protect DNA. Langmuir, 22, 7273-7278.
152. Marmottant, P. and Hilgenfeldt, S. (2003) Controlled vesicle deformation and lysis by single oscillating bubbles. Nature, 423, 153.
153. Kumar, G.S. and Neckers, D.C. (1989) Photochemistry of azobenzene-containing polymers. Chem. Rev., 89, 1915-1925.
154. Dai, S., Ravi, P., and Tam, K.C. (2009) Thermo-and photo-responsivepolymeric systems. Soft Matter, 5, 2513-2533.
155. Natansohn, A. and Rochon, P. (2002) Photoinduced motions in azo-containing polymers. Chem. Rev., 102, 4139-4175.
156. Irie, M. and Ikeda, T. (1997) in Functional Monomers and Polymers, 2nd edn (eds K. Takemoto, R. Ottenbrite, and M. Kamachi), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 65-116.
157. He, J., Tong, X., and Zhao, Y. (2009) Photoresponsive nanogels based on photocontrollable cross-links. Macromolecules, 42, 4845-4852.
158. Shimoboji, T., Ding, Z.L., Stayton, P.S., and Hoffman, A.S. (2002) Photoswitching of ligand association with a photoresponsive polymer-protein conjugate. Bioconjugate Chem., 13, 915-919.
159. Shimoboji, T., Larenas, E., Fowler, T., Kulkarni, S., Hoffman, A.S., and Stayton, P.S. (2002) Photoresponsive polymer-enzyme switches. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 16592-16596.
160. Ruhmann, R. (1997) Polymers for optical storage -photoresponsive polymers by structure variation in side-group polymethacrylates. Polym. Int., 43, 103-108.
161. Moniruzzaman, M., Sabey, C.J., and Fernando, G.F. (2007) Photoresponsive polymers: an investigation of their photoinduced temperature changes during photoviscosity measurements. Polymer, 48, 255-263.
162. Nagasaki, T. (2008) Photoresponsive polymeric materials for drug delivery systems: double targeting with photoresponsive polymers. Drug Deliv. Syst., 23, 637-643.
163. Leclerc, E., Furukawa, K.S., Miyata, F., Sakai, Y., Ushida, T., and Fujii, T. (2004) Fabrication of microstructures in photosensitive biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials, 25, 4683-4690.
164. Zhao, Y. and He, J. (2009) Azobenzene-containing block copolymers: the interplay of light and morphology enables new functions. Soft Matter, 5, 2686-2693.
165. Jochum, F.D. and Theato, P. (2009) Temperature and light sensitive copolymers containing azobenzene moieties prepared via a polymer analogous reaction. Polymer, 50, 3079-3085.
166. Matejka, L., Ilavsky, M., Dusek, K., and Wichterle, O. (1981) Photomechanical effects in crosslinked photochromic polymers. Polymer, 22, 1511-1515.
167. Viswanathan, N.K., Kim, D.Y., Bian, S., Williams, J., Liu, W., Li, L. et al. (1999) Surface relief structures on azo polymer films. J. Mater. Chem., 9, 1941-1955.
168. Deng, Y., Li, N., He, Y., and Wang, X. (2007) Hybrid colloids composed of two amphiphilic Azo polymers: fabrication, characterization, and photoresponsive properties. Macromolecules, 40, 6669-6678.
169. Li, Y., He, Y., Tong, X., and Wang, X. (2005) Photoinduced deformation of amphiphilic azo polymer colloidal spheres. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 2402-2403.
170. Strzegowski, L.A., Martinez, M.B., Gowda, D.C., Urry, D.W., and Tirrell, D.A. (1994) Photomodulation of the inverse temperature transition of a modified elastin poly(pentapeptide). J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116, 813-814.
171. Alonso, M., Reboto, V., Guiscardo, L., San Martin, A., and Rodriguez-Cabello, J.C. (2000) Spiropyran derivative of an elastin-like bioelastic polymer: photoresponsive molecular machine to convert sunlight into mechanical work. Macromolecules, 33, 9480-9482.
172. Alonso, M., Reboto, V., Guiscardo, L., Mate, V., and Rodriguez-Cabello, J.C. (2001) Novel photoresponsive p-phenylazobenzene derivative of an elastin-like polymer with enhanced control of azobenzene content and without pH sensitiveness. Macromolecules, 34, 8072-8077.
173. Wang, G., Tong, X., and Zhao, Y. (2004) Preparation of azobenzene-containing amphiphilic diblock copolymers for light-responsive micellar aggregates. Macromolecules, 37, 8911-8917.
174. Tong, X., Wang, G., Soldera, A., and Zhao, Y. (2005) How can azobenzeneblock copolymer vesicles be dissociated and reformed by light? J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 20281-20287.
175. Liu, X. and Jiang, M. (2006) Optical switching of self-assembly: micellization and micelle-hollow-sphere transition of hydrogen-bonded polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45, 3846-3850.
176. Sugiyama, K. and Sono, K. (2001) Characterization of photo-and thermoresponsible amphiphilic copolymers having azobenzene moieties as side groups. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 81, 3056-3063.
177. Khoukh, S., Oda, R., Labrot, T., Perrin, P., and Tribet, C. (2007) Light-responsive hydrophobic association of azobenzene-modified poly(acrylic acid) with neutral surfactants. Langmuir, 23, 94-104.
178. Ravi, P., Sin, S.L., Gan, L.H., Gan, Y.Y., Tam, K.C., Xia, X.L. et al. (2005) New water soluble azobenzene-containing diblock copolymers: synthesis and aggregation behavior. Polymer, 46, 137-146.
179. Lee, H.-I., Pietrasik, J., and Matyjaszewski, K. (2006) Phototunable temperature-responsive molecular brushes prepared by ATRP. Macromolecules, 39, 3914-3920.
180. Desponds, A. and Freitag, R. (2003) Synthesis and characterization of photoresponsive N-isopropylacrylamide cotelomers. Langmuir, 19, 6261-6270.
181. Junge, D.M. and McGrath, D.V. (1997) Photoresponsive dendrimers. Chem. Commun., 857-858.
182. Liao, L.-X., Stellacci, F., and McGrath, D.V. (2004) Photoswitchable flexible and shape-persistent dendrimers: comparison of the interplay between a photochromic azobenzene core and dendrimer structure. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 2181-2185.
183. Delaire, J.A. and Nakatani, K. (2000) Linear and nonlinear optical properties of photochromic molecules and materials. Chem. Rev., 100, 1817-1845.
184. Yager, K.G. and Barrett, C.J. (2001) All-optical patterning of azo polymer films. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 5, 487-494.
185. Yager, K.G. and Barrett, C.J. (2006) Novel photo-switching using azobenzene functional materials. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 182, 250-261.
186. Vollmer, M.S., Clark, T.D., Steinem, C., and Ghadiri, M.R. (1999) Photoswitchable hydrogen-bonding in self-organized cylindrical peptide systems. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 38, 1598-1601.
187. Steinem, C., Janshoff, A., Vollmer, M.S., and Ghadiri, M.R. (1999) Reversible photoisomerization of self-organized cylindrical peptide assemblies at air-water and solid interfaces. Langmuir, 15, 3956-3964.
188. Takeshita, M., Hayashi, M., Kadota, S., Mohammed, K.H., and Yamato, T. (2005) Photoreversible supramolecular polymer formation. Chem. Commun., 761-763.
189. Hugel, T., Holland Nolan, B. A., Moroder, L., Seitz, M., and Gaub Hermann, E. (2002) Single-molecule optomechanical cycle. Science, 296, 1103-1106.
190. Tanchak, O.M. and Barrett, C.J. (2005) Light-induced reversible volume changes in thin films of azo polymers: the photomechanical effect. Macromolecules, 38, 10566-10570.
191. Yu, Y., Nakano, M., and Ikeda, T. (2003) Photomechanics: directed bending of a polymer film by light. Nature, 425, 145.
192. Ikeda, T., Nakano, M., Yu, Y., Tsutsumi, O., and Kanazawa, A. (2003) Anisotropic bending and unbending behavior of azobenzene liquid-crystalline gels by light exposure. Adv. Mater., 15, 201-205.
193. Yamada, M., Kondo, M., Miyasato, R., Naka, Y., Mamiya, J.-I., Kinoshita, M. et al. (2009) Photomobile polymer materials-various three-dimensional movements. J. Mater. Chem., 19, 60-62.
194. Such, G.K., Evans, R.A., and Davis, T.P. (2004) Control of photochromism through local environment effects using living radical polymerization (ATRP). Macromolecules, 37, 9664-9666.
195. Ivanov, A.E., Eremeev, N.L., Wahlund, P.O., Galaev, I.Y., and Mattiasson, B. (2002) Photosensitive copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and methacryloyl derivative of spirobenzopyran. Polymer, 43, 3819-3823.
196. Konak, C., Rathi, R.C., Kopeckova, P., and Kopecek, J. (1997) Photoregulated association of water-soluble copolymers with spirobenzopyran-containing side chains. Macromolecules, 30, 5553-5556.
197. Lee, H.-I., Wu, W., Oh, J.K., Mueller, L., Sherwood, G., Peteanu, L. et al. (2007) Light-induced reversible formation of polymeric micelles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 2453-2457.
198. Shiraishi, Y., Miyamoto, R., and Hirai, T. (2009) Spiropyran-conjugated thermoresponsive copolymer as a colorimetric thermometer with linear and reversible color change. Org. Lett., 11, 1571-1574.
199. Laschewsky, A. and Rekai, E.D. (2000) Photochemical modification of the lower critical solution temperature of cinnamoylated poly(N-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) in water. Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, 937-940.
200. Jiang, J., Tong, X., and Zhao, Y. (2005) A new design for light-breakable polymer micelles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 8290-8291.
201. Jiang, J., Tong, X., Morris, D., and Zhao, Y. (2006) Toward photocontrolled release using light-dissociable block copolymer micelles. Macromolecules, 39, 4633-4640.
202. Goodwin, A.P., Mynar, J.L., Ma, Y., Fleming, G.R., and Frechet, J.M.J. (2005) Synthetic micelle sensitive to IR light via a two-photon process. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 9952-9953.