메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 122, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 532-541

Working memory deficits in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An examination of central executive and storage/rehearsal processes

Author keywords

ADHD; Central executive; Rehearsal; Storage; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMNESIA; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUDITORY MEMORY; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; RECALL; SPATIAL MEMORY; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL MEMORY; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 84878641819     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0031742     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 77955288446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competing core processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Do working memory deficiencies underlie behavioral inhibition deficits
    • doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9387-0
    • Alderson, R. M., Rapport, M. D., Hudec, K. L., Sarver, D. E., & Kofler, M. J. (2010). Competing core processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Do working memory deficiencies underlie behavioral inhibition deficits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 497- 507. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9387-0
    • (2010) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 497-507
    • Alderson, R.M.1    Rapport, M.D.2    Hudec, K.L.3    Sarver, D.E.4    Kofler, M.J.5
  • 2
    • 33750906779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal and visuo-spatial short-term and working memory in children: Are they separable
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8624.2006.00968.x
    • Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2006). Verbal and visuo-spatial short-term and working memory in children: Are they separable. Child Development, 77, 1698-1716. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8624.2006.00968.x
    • (2006) Child Development , vol.77 , pp. 1698-1716
    • Alloway, T.P.1    Gathercole, S.E.2    Pickering, S.J.3
  • 3
    • 0033984441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical development and present status of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (K-SADS)
    • doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000- 00016
    • Ambrosini, P. J. (2000). Historical development and present status of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (K-SADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 49-58. doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000- 00016
    • (2000) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 49-58
    • Ambrosini, P.J.1
  • 4
    • 84870469320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
    • American Psychiatric Association,(Revised 4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author
    • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised 4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
    • (2000)
  • 5
    • 84921794750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, thought, and action
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012 .001.0001
    • Baddeley, A. (2007). Working memory, thought, and action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012 .001.0001
    • (2007)
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 6
    • 0039485986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the word length effect in STM entirely attributable to output delay? Evidence from serial recognition
    • doi:10.1080/02724980143000523
    • Baddeley, A., Chincotta, D., Stafford, L., & Turk, D. (2002). Is the word length effect in STM entirely attributable to output delay? Evidence from serial recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55A, 353-369. doi:10.1080/02724980143000523
    • (2002) The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.55 A , pp. 353-369
    • Baddeley, A.1    Chincotta, D.2    Stafford, L.3    Turk, D.4
  • 7
    • 0036224937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The persistence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2 .279
    • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002). The persistence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 279-289. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2 .279
    • (2002) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.111 , pp. 279-289
    • Barkley, R.A.1    Fischer, M.2    Smallish, L.3    Fletcher, K.4
  • 8
    • 31444440431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Adaptive functioning in major life activities
    • doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000189134.97436.e2
    • Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2006). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 192-202. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000189134.97436.e2
    • (2006) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , vol.45 , pp. 192-202
    • Barkley, R.A.1    Fischer, M.2    Smallish, L.3    Fletcher, K.4
  • 9
    • 0003460797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
    • (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press
    • Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (2006)
    • Barkley, R.A.1    Murphy, K.R.2
  • 10
    • 0036638788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving knowledge, competence, and adverse outcomes in teens and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    • doi:10.1017/ S1355617702801345
    • Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., DuPaul, G. J., & Bush, T. (2002). Driving knowledge, competence, and adverse outcomes in teens and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society, 8, 655- 672. doi:10.1017/ S1355617702801345
    • (2002) Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society , vol.8 , pp. 655-672
    • Barkley, R.A.1    Murphy, K.R.2    DuPaul, G.J.3    Bush, T.4
  • 11
    • 33846085670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the concordance of measures used to diagnose adult ADHD
    • doi:10.1177/ 1087054706289941
    • Belendiuk, K. A., Clarke, T. L., Chronis, A. M., & Raggi, V. L. (2007). Assessing the concordance of measures used to diagnose adult ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 276 -287. doi:10.1177/ 1087054706289941
    • (2007) Journal of Attention Disorders , vol.10 , pp. 276-287
    • Belendiuk, K.A.1    Clarke, T.L.2    Chronis, A.M.3    Raggi, V.L.4
  • 12
    • 33646812224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community
    • doi:10.4088/JCP .v67n0403
    • Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Mick, E., Monuteaux, M. C., & Aleardi, M. (2006). Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 524-540. doi:10.4088/JCP .v67n0403
    • (2006) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 524-540
    • Biederman, J.1    Faraone, S.V.2    Spencer, T.J.3    Mick, E.4    Monuteaux, M.C.5    Aleardi, M.6
  • 13
    • 0034019849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and symptom type
    • doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.816
    • Biederman, J., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and symptom type. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 816-818. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.816
    • (2000) The American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 816-818
    • Biederman, J.1    Mick, E.2    Faraone, S.V.3
  • 14
    • 16344373570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs of attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: Excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000
    • doi:10.1185/030079904X20303
    • Birnbaum, H. G., Kessler, R. C., Lowe, S. W., Secnik, K., Greenberg, P. E., Leong, S. A., & Swensen, A. R. (2005). Costs of attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: Excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 21, 195-205. doi:10.1185/030079904X20303
    • (2005) Current Medical Research and Opinion , vol.21 , pp. 195-205
    • Birnbaum, H.G.1    Kessler, R.C.2    Lowe, S.W.3    Secnik, K.4    Greenberg, P.E.5    Leong, S.A.6    Swensen, A.R.7
  • 15
    • 23344449811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive functioning in adult ADHD: A meta-analytic review
    • doi:10.1017/S003329170500499X
    • Boonstra, A. M., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005). Executive functioning in adult ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1097-1108. doi:10.1017/S003329170500499X
    • (2005) Psychological Medicine , vol.35 , pp. 1097-1108
    • Boonstra, A.M.1    Oosterlaan, J.2    Sergeant, J.A.3    Buitelaar, J.K.4
  • 16
    • 34248363188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compensating for a limited working memory capacity during reading: Evidence from eye movements
    • doi:10.1080/02702710601186407
    • Burton, C., & Daneman, M. (2007). Compensating for a limited working memory capacity during reading: Evidence from eye movements. Reading Psychology, 28, 163-186. doi:10.1080/02702710601186407
    • (2007) Reading Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 163-186
    • Burton, C.1    Daneman, M.2
  • 17
    • 0000553318 scopus 로고
    • Short-term memory, working memory, and verbal abilities: How do they relate?
    • doi:10.1016/0160-2896(91)90032-9
    • Cantor, J., Engle, R. W., & Hamilton, G. (1991). Short-term memory, working memory, and verbal abilities: How do they relate. Intelligence, 15, 229-246. doi:10.1016/0160-2896(91)90032-9
    • (1991) Intelligence , vol.15 , pp. 229-246
    • Cantor, J.1    Engle, R.W.2    Hamilton, G.3
  • 18
    • 11944272254 scopus 로고
    • A power primer
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
    • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.112 , pp. 155-159
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 20
    • 0037251057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive functions and their disorders
    • doi:10.1093/bmb/65.1.49
    • Elliott, R. (2003). Executive functions and their disorders. British Medical Bulletin, 65, 49-59. doi:10.1093/bmb/65.1.49
    • (2003) British Medical Bulletin , vol.65 , pp. 49-59
    • Elliott, R.1
  • 21
    • 0033191404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach
    • doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309
    • Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999). Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 309-331. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.128 , pp. 309-331
    • Engle, R.W.1    Tuholski, S.W.2    Laughlin, J.E.3    Conway, A.R.A.4
  • 22
    • 33745714249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature
    • doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.003
    • Fassbender, C., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2006). Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 445-465. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.003
    • (2006) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.26 , pp. 445-465
    • Fassbender, C.1    Schweitzer, J.B.2
  • 23
    • 34547145165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • *Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences
    • doi: 10.3758/BF03193146
    • *Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. doi: 10.3758/BF03193146
    • (2007) Behavior Research Methods , vol.39 , pp. 175-191
    • Faul, F.1    Erdfelder, E.2    Lang, A.-G.3    Buchner, A.4
  • 24
  • 25
    • 34547864555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical brain activation during simple & complex levels of processing in adult ADHD
    • doi:10.1177/1087054706294101
    • Hale, T. S., Bookheimer, S., McGough, J. J., Phillips, J. M., & McCracken, J. T. (2007). Atypical brain activation during simple & complex levels of processing in adult ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 125-139. doi:10.1177/1087054706294101
    • (2007) Journal of Attention Disorders , vol.11 , pp. 125-139
    • Hale, T.S.1    Bookheimer, S.2    McGough, J.J.3    Phillips, J.M.4    McCracken, J.T.5
  • 26
    • 50449093012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological outcome in adolescents/young adults with childhood ADHD: Profiles of persisters, remitters and controls
    • doi:10.1111/ j.1469-7610.2008.01926.x
    • Halperin, J. M., Trampush, J. W., Miller, C. J., Marks, D. J., & Newcorn, J. H. (2008). Neuropsychological outcome in adolescents/young adults with childhood ADHD: Profiles of persisters, remitters and controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 958-966. doi:10.1111/ j.1469-7610.2008.01926.x
    • (2008) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 958-966
    • Halperin, J.M.1    Trampush, J.W.2    Miller, C.J.3    Marks, D.J.4    Newcorn, J.H.5
  • 27
    • 3242736446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review
    • doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.485
    • Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., & Curry, J. F. (2004). Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 18, 485-503. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.485
    • (2004) Neuropsychology , vol.18 , pp. 485-503
    • Hervey, A.S.1    Epstein, J.N.2    Curry, J.F.3
  • 28
    • 0003405088 scopus 로고
    • Four factor index of social status
    • Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT
    • Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
    • (1975)
    • Hollingshead, A.B.1
  • 29
    • 67650663719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can executive functions explain the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and social adjustment?
    • doi:10.1007/s10802-009- 9302-8
    • Huang-Pollock, C. L., Mikami, A. Y., Pfiffner, L., & McBurnett, K. (2009). Can executive functions explain the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and social adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 679-691. doi:10.1007/s10802-009- 9302-8
    • (2009) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 679-691
    • Huang-Pollock, C.L.1    Mikami, A.Y.2    Pfiffner, L.3    McBurnett, K.4
  • 30
    • 84865080120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review
    • doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001
    • Kasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012). Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 605-617. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001
    • (2012) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.32 , pp. 605-617
    • Kasper, L.J.1    Alderson, R.M.2    Hudec, K.L.3
  • 31
    • 70350540485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in college students: An investigation of the impact on informant ratings on diagnosis and subjective impairment
    • doi:10.1177/1087054708326112
    • Katz, N., Petscher, Y., & Welles, T. (2009). Diagnosing attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in college students: An investigation of the impact on informant ratings on diagnosis and subjective impairment. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13, 277-283. doi:10.1177/1087054708326112
    • (2009) Journal of Attention Disorders , vol.13 , pp. 277-283
    • Katz, N.1    Petscher, Y.2    Welles, T.3
  • 32
    • 79951674241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-Second edition (KBIT-2)
    • Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service
    • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-Second edition (KBIT-2). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
    • (2004)
    • Kaufman, A.S.1    Kaufman, N.L.2
  • 33
    • 0030954243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data
    • doi:10.1097/00004583- 199707000-00021
    • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., . . . Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980 -988. doi:10.1097/00004583- 199707000-00021
    • (1997) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , vol.36 , pp. 980-988
    • Kaufman, J.1    Birmaher, B.2    Brent, D.3    Rao, U.4    Flynn, C.5    Moreci, P.6    Ryan, N.7
  • 34
    • 85035146867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
    • doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716
    • Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., . . . Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716-723. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716
    • (2006) The American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.163 , pp. 716-723
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Adler, L.2    Barkley, R.3    Biederman, J.4    Conners, C.K.5    Demler, O.6    Zaslavsky, A.M.7
  • 36
    • 77951935836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ADHD and working memory: The impact of central executive deficits and exceeding storage/rehearsal capacity on observed inattentive behavior
    • doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9357-6
    • Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Sarver, D. E., & Raiker, J. S. (2010). ADHD and working memory: The impact of central executive deficits and exceeding storage/rehearsal capacity on observed inattentive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 149-161. doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9357-6
    • (2010) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 149-161
    • Kofler, M.J.1    Rapport, M.D.2    Bolden, J.3    Sarver, D.E.4    Raiker, J.S.5
  • 38
    • 37249079844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability, validity, and utility of instruments for self-report and informant report concerning symptoms of ADHD in adult patients
    • doi:10.1177/1087054707299367
    • Kooij, J. J. S., Boonstra, A. M., Swinkels, S. H. N., Bekker, E. M., de Noord, I., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2008). Reliability, validity, and utility of instruments for self-report and informant report concerning symptoms of ADHD in adult patients. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 445-458. doi:10.1177/1087054707299367
    • (2008) Journal of Attention Disorders , vol.11 , pp. 445-458
    • Kooij, J.J.S.1    Boonstra, A.M.2    Swinkels, S.H.N.3    Bekker, E.M.4    de Noord, I.5    Buitelaar, J.K.6
  • 39
    • 21044444871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal and external validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults
    • doi:10.1017/ S003329170400337X
    • Kooij, J. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., van den Oord, E. J., Furer, J. W., Rijnders, C. A. T., & Hodiamont, P. P. G. (2005). Internal and external validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological Medicine, 35, 817- 827. doi:10.1017/ S003329170400337X
    • (2005) Psychological Medicine , vol.35 , pp. 817-827
    • Kooij, J.J.S.1    Buitelaar, J.K.2    van den Oord, E.J.3    Furer, J.W.4    Rijnders, C.A.T.5    Hodiamont, P.P.G.6
  • 40
    • 36048974848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological and behavioural disinhibition in adult ADHD compared to borderline personality disorder
    • doi:10.1017/S0033291707000517
    • Lampe, K., Konrad, K., Kroener, S., Fast, K., Kunert, H. J., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007). Neuropsychological and behavioural disinhibition in adult ADHD compared to borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1717-1729. doi:10.1017/S0033291707000517
    • (2007) Psychological Medicine , vol.37 , pp. 1717-1729
    • Lampe, K.1    Konrad, K.2    Kroener, S.3    Fast, K.4    Kunert, H.J.5    Herpertz, S.C.6
  • 41
    • 31744450210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of self report and informant rating scales of adult ADHD symptoms in comparison with a semistructured diagnostic interview
    • doi:10.1177/1087054705283650
    • Magnússon, P., Smári, J., Siguroardóttir, D., Baldursson, G., Sigmundsson, J., Kristjánsson, K., Guomundsson, Ó. Ó. (2006). Validity of self report and informant rating scales of adult ADHD symptoms in comparison with a semistructured diagnostic interview. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9, 494-503. doi:10.1177/1087054705283650
    • (2006) Journal of Attention Disorders , vol.9 , pp. 494-503
    • Magnússon, P.1    Smári, J.2    Siguroardóttir, D.3
  • 42
    • 15344348871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    • doi:10.1097/01.chi .0000153228.72591.73
    • Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 377-384. doi:10.1097/01.chi .0000153228.72591.73
    • (2005) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 377-384
    • Martinussen, R.1    Hayden, J.2    Hogg-Johnson, S.3    Tannock, R.4
  • 43
    • 84883019069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review
    • Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0028228
    • Melby-Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2012). Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0028228
    • (2012)
    • Melby-Lervåg, M.1    Hulme, C.2
  • 44
    • 69949102043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosed attention hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United States
    • 2004-2006 (DHHS Publication No. 2008-1565). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
    • Pastor, P. N., & Reuben, C. A. (2008). Diagnosed attention hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United States, 2004-2006 (DHHS Publication No. 2008-1565). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    • (2008)
    • Pastor, P.N.1    Reuben, C.A.2
  • 45
    • 34250832736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis
    • doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942
    • Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 942-948. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942
    • (2007) The American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.164 , pp. 942-948
    • Polanczyk, G.1    de Lima, M.S.2    Horta, B.L.3    Biederman, J.4    Rohde, L.A.5
  • 46
    • 84863890165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objectively-measured impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Testing competing predictions from the working memory and behavioral inhibition models of ADHD
    • doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9607-2
    • Raiker, J. S., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., & Sarver, D. E. (2012). Objectively-measured impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Testing competing predictions from the working memory and behavioral inhibition models of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 699-713. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9607-2
    • (2012) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 699-713
    • Raiker, J.S.1    Rapport, M.D.2    Kofler, M.J.3    Sarver, D.E.4
  • 47
    • 47549107909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory deficits in boys with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central ex-ecutive and subsystem processes
    • doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9215-y
    • Rapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central ex-ecutive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 825-837. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9215-y
    • (2008) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 825-837
    • Rapport, M.D.1    Alderson, R.M.2    Kofler, M.J.3    Sarver, D.E.4    Bolden, J.5    Sims, V.6
  • 48
    • 64249103825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperactivity in boys with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A ubiquitous core symptom or manifestation of working memory deficits?
    • doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9287-8
    • Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., & Alderson, R. M. (2009). Hyperactivity in boys with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A ubiquitous core symptom or manifestation of working memory deficits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 521-534. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9287-8
    • (2009) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 521-534
    • Rapport, M.D.1    Bolden, J.2    Kofler, M.J.3    Sarver, D.E.4    Raiker, J.S.5    Alderson, R.M.6
  • 49
    • 20144376716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in teens and adults: They don't all outgrow it
    • doi:10.1002/jclp.20117
    • Resnick, R. J. (2005). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in teens and adults: They don't all outgrow it. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session, 61, 529-533. doi:10.1002/jclp.20117
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session , vol.61 , pp. 529-533
    • Resnick, R.J.1
  • 50
    • 0031537332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forward and backward serial recall
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90006-4
    • Rosen, V. M., & Engle, R. W. (1997). Forward and backward serial recall. Intelligence, 25, 37-47. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90006-4
    • (1997) Intelligence , vol.25 , pp. 37-47
    • Rosen, V.M.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 51
    • 22144475054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of empirical data
    • doi:10.1016/ j.acn.2005.04.005
    • Schoechlin, C., & Engel, R. R. (2005). Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of empirical data. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 727-744. doi:10.1016/ j.acn.2005.04.005
    • (2005) Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , vol.20 , pp. 727-744
    • Schoechlin, C.1    Engel, R.R.2
  • 52
    • 62149113614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis
    • doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827
    • Simon, V., Czobor, P., Bálint, S., Mészáros, A., & Bitter, I. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 204-211. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827
    • (2009) The British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.194 , pp. 204-211
    • Simon, V.1    Czobor, P.2    Bálint, S.3    Mészáros, A.4    Bitter, I.5
  • 53
    • 33846282352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET
    • doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.1.11
    • Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., & Koeppe, R. A. (1996). Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 11-20. doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.1.11
    • (1996) Cerebral Cortex , vol.6 , pp. 11-20
    • Smith, E.E.1    Jonides, J.2    Koeppe, R.A.3
  • 54
    • 39449109614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtype differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with regard to ADHDsymptoms, psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial adjustment
    • doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.09.007
    • Sobanski, E., Brüggemann, D., Alm, B., Kern, S., Philipsen, A., Schmalzried, H., Rietschel, M. (2008). Subtype differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with regard to ADHDsymptoms, psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial adjustment. European Psychiatry, 23, 142-149. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.09.007
    • (2008) European Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 142-149
    • Sobanski, E.1    Brüggemann, D.2    Alm, B.3    Kern, S.4    Philipsen, A.5    Schmalzried, H.6    Rietschel, M.7
  • 55
    • 84878661817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SuperLab Pro (Version 4) [Computer program]. San Pedro, CA: Cedrus Corporation
    • SuperLab Pro (Version 4) [Computer program]. (2008). San Pedro, CA: Cedrus Corporation.
    • (2008)
  • 56
    • 0003976359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using multivariate statistics
    • (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon
    • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
    • (2001)
    • Tabachnick, B.G.1    Fidell, L.S.2
  • 57
    • 29444455685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple and complex spans and their relation to fluid abilities: Evidence from list-length effects
    • doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.06.003
    • Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2006). Simple and complex spans and their relation to fluid abilities: Evidence from list-length effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 68-80. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.06.003
    • (2006) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.54 , pp. 68-80
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 58
    • 0003860186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition
    • San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation
    • Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
    • (2003)
    • Wechsler, D.1
  • 59
    • 0036267482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological characteristics of adults with ADHD: A comprehensive review of initial studies
    • doi:10.1076/clin.16 .1.12.8336
    • Woods, S. P., Lovejoy, D. W., & Ball, J. D. (2002). Neuropsychological characteristics of adults with ADHD: A comprehensive review of initial studies. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 12-34. doi:10.1076/clin.16 .1.12.8336
    • (2002) The Clinical Neuropsychologist , vol.16 , pp. 12-34
    • Woods, S.P.1    Lovejoy, D.W.2    Ball, J.D.3
  • 60
    • 0036897689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concordance of self- and informant ratings of adults' current and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms
    • doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.379
    • Zucker, M., Morris, M. K., Ingram, S. M., Morris, R. D., & Bakeman, R. (2002). Concordance of self- and informant ratings of adults' current and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Psychological Assessment, 14, 379-389. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.379
    • (2002) Psychological Assessment , vol.14 , pp. 379-389
    • Zucker, M.1    Morris, M.K.2    Ingram, S.M.3    Morris, R.D.4    Bakeman, R.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.