Fortuitously discovered liver lesions

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 19, Issue 21, 2013, Pages 3173-3188

  Dietrich, Christoph F ^a   Sharma, Malay ^b   Gibson, Robert N ^c   Schreiber Dietrich, Dagmar ^d   Jenssen, Christian ^e  

^a CARITAS KRANKENHAUS   (Germany)

^b Jaswant Rai Speciality Hospital   (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^d Asklepios Klinik St Augustin   (Germany)

^e Internal Medicine Gastroenterology   (Germany)

Author keywords

Contrast enhanced ultrasound; Focal nodular hyperplasia; Guidelines; Hemangioma; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Metastasis; Recommendations; Ultrasonography

Indexed keywords

SONOVUE; TUMOR MARKER;

BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; EDITORIAL; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER HEMANGIOMA; LIVER HISTOLOGY; LIVER INJURY; LIVER METASTASIS; LIVER TUMOR; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NODULAR HYPERPLASIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE;

EID: 84878594869     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i21.3173     Document Type: Editorial

References (126)

1. Albrecht T, Blomley M, Bolondi L, Claudon M, Correas JM, Cosgrove D, Greiner L, Jäger K, Jong ND, Leen E, Lencioni R, Lindsell D, Martegani A, Solbiati L, Thorelius L, Tranquart F, Weskott HP, Whittingham T. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. January 2004. Ultraschall Med 2004; 25: 249-256[PMID: 15300497 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2004-813245]
2. Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T, Bolondi L, Bosio M, Calliada F, Correas JM, Darge K, Dietrich C, D'Onofrio M, Evans DH, Filice C, Greiner L, Jäger K, Jong Nd, Leen E, Lencioni R, Lindsell D, Martegani A, Meairs S, Nolsøe C, Piscaglia F, Ricci P, Seidel G, Skjoldbye B, Solbiati L, Thorelius L, Tranquart F, Weskott HP, Whittingham T. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) - update 2008. Ultraschall Med 2008; 29: 28-44[PMID: 18270887 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2007-963785]
3. Piscaglia F, Nolsøe C, Dietrich CF, Cosgrove DO, Gilja OH, Bachmann Nielsen M, Albrecht T, Barozzi L, Bertolotto M, Catalano O, Claudon M, Clevert DA, Correas JM, D'Onofrio M, Drudi FM, Eyding J, Giovannini M, Hocke M, Ignee A, Jung EM, Klauser AS, Lassau N, Leen E, Mathis G, Saftoiu A, Seidel G, Sidhu PS, ter Haar G, Timmerman D, Weskott HP. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33: 33-59[PMID: 21874631 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0031-1281676]
4. Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsøe CP, Piscaglia F, Wilson SR, Barr RG, Chammas MC, Chaubal NG, Chen MH, Clevert DA, Correas JM, Ding H, Forsberg F, Fowlkes JB, Gibson RN, Goldberg BB, Lassau N, Leen EL, Mattrey RF, Moriyasu F, Solbiati L, Weskott HP, Xu HX. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver- -update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall Med 2013; 34: 11-29[PMID: 23129518 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1325499]
5. Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, Nolsøe CP, Piscaglia F, Wilson SR, Barr RG, Chammas MC, Chaubal NG, Chen MH, Clevert DA, Correas JM, Ding H, Forsberg F, Fowlkes JB, Gibson RN, Goldberg BB, Lassau N, Leen EL, Mattrey RF, Moriyasu F, Solbiati L, Weskott HP, Xu HX. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver - update 2012: A WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39: 187-210[PMID: 23137926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.09.002]
6. Dietrich CF, Jenssen C. Focal liver lesion, incidental finding. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2012; 137: 2099-2116[PMID: 23033169 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1305302]
7. Sienz M, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Reference values in abdominal ultrasound - liver and liver vessels. Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48: 1141-1152[PMID: 20839165 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0029-1245566]
8. Sienz M, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Reference values in abdominal ultrasound - biliopancreatic system and spleen. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 845-870[PMID: 21766264 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0031-1273362]
9. Sienz M, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Sonography today: reference values in abdominal ultrasound: aorta, inferior vena cava, kidneys. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 293-315[PMID: 22383286 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1282004]
10. Karhunen PJ. Benign hepatic tumours and tumour like conditions in men. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 183-188[PMID: 3950039]
11. Devine AS, Jackson CS, Lyons L, Mason JD. Frequency of incidental findings on computed tomography of trauma patients. West J Emerg Med 2010; 11: 24-27[PMID: 20411070]
12. Völk M, Strotzer M, Lenhart M, Techert J, Seitz J, Feuerbach S. Frequency of benign hepatic lesions incidentally detected with contrast-enhanced thin-section portal venous phase spiral CT. Acta Radiol 2001; 42: 172-175[PMID: 11259945]
13. Hirche TO, Russler J, Schröder O, Schuessler G, Kappeser P, Caspary WF, Dietrich CF. The value of routinely performed ultrasonography in patients with Crohn disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 1178-1183[PMID: 12408523]
14. Rungsinaporn K, Phaisakamas T. Frequency of abnormalities detected by upper abdominal ultrasound. J Med Assoc Thai 2008; 91: 1072-1075[PMID: 18839847]
15. Lu SN, Wang LY, Chang WY, Chen CJ, Su WP, Chen SC, Chuang WL, Hsieh MY. Abdominal sonographic screening in a single community. Gaoxiong Yixue Kexue Zazhi 1990; 6: 643-646[PMID: 2266568]
16. Linhart P, Bönhof JA, Baqué PE, Pering C. Ultrasound in diagnosis of benign and malignant liver tumors. Zentralbl Chir 1998; 123: 119-123[PMID: 9556882]
17. Little JM, Richardson A, Tait N. Hepatic dystychoma: a five year experience. HPB Surg 1991; 4: 291-297[PMID: 1810371]
18. Schwartz LH, Gandras EJ, Colangelo SM, Ercolani MC, Panicek DM. Prevalence and importance of small hepatic lesions found at CT in patients with cancer. Radiology 1999; 210: 71-74[PMID: 9885589]
19. Jones EC, Chezmar JL, Nelson RC, Bernardino ME. The frequency and significance of small (less than or equal to 15 mm) hepatic lesions detected by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158: 535-539[PMID: 1738990]
20. Laghi F, Catalano O, Maresca M, Sandomenico F, Siani A. Indeterminate, subcentimetric focal liver lesions in cancer patients: additional role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Ultraschall Med 2010; 31: 283-288[PMID: 20517816 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245383]
21. Dietrich CF. Liver tumor characterization--comments and illustrations regarding guidelines. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33 Suppl 1: S22-S30[PMID: 22723025 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0032-1312892]
22. Schuessler G, Fellbaum C, Fauth F, Jacobi V, Schmidt- Matthiesen A, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. The infammatory pseudotumour -- an unusual liver tumour. Ultraschall Med 2006; 27: 273-279[PMID: 16767617 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-858530]
23. Nuernberg D, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound in gastroenterology-- liver and spleen. Z Gastroenterol 2006; 44: 991-1000[PMID: 16981073 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-926971]
24. Biecker E, Fischer HP, Strunk H, Sauerbruch T. Benign hepatic tumours. Z Gastroenterol 2003; 41: 191-200[PMID: 12650132 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-37316]
25. Anderson SW, Kruskal JB, Kane RA. Benign hepatic tumors and iatrogenic pseudotumors. Radiographics 2009; 29: 211-229[PMID: 19168846 DOI: 10.1148/rg.291085099]
26. Trojan J, Hammerstingl R, Engels K, Schneider AR, Zeuzem S, Dietrich CF. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignant mesenchymal liver tumors. J Clin Ultrasound 2010; 38: 227-231[PMID: 20336772 DOI: 10.1002/ jcu.20690]
27. Dietrich CF, Serra C, Jedrejczyk M. Chapter 2, Ultrasound of liver. In: Dietrich CF, editor. EFSUMB Europen Course Book. London: Latimer Trend, 2012: 27-55
28. Dietrich CF, Kratzer W, Strobe D, Danse E, Fessl R, Bunk A, Vossas U, Hauenstein K, Koch W, Blank W, Oudkerk M, Hahn D, Greis C. Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumors by contrastenhanced sonography versus CT and MRI. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1699-1705[PMID: 16586537]
29. Strobel D, Seitz K, Blank W, Schuler A, Dietrich C, von Herbay A, Friedrich-Rust M, Kunze G, Becker D, Will U, Kratzer W, Albert FW, Pachmann C, Dirks K, Strunk H, Greis C, Bernatik T. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of focal liver lesions--diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice (DEGUM multicenter trial). Ultraschall Med 2008; 29: 499-505[PMID: 19241506 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2008-1027806]
30. Trillaud H, Bruel JM, Valette PJ, Vilgrain V, Schmutz G, Oyen R, Jakubowski W, Danes J, Valek V, Greis C. Characterization of focal liver lesions with SonoVue-enhanced sonography: international multicenter-study in comparison to CT and MRI. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 3748-3756[PMID: 19673015]
31. Strobel D, Seitz K, Blank W, Schuler A, Dietrich CF, von Herbay A, Friedrich-Rust M, Bernatik T. Tumor-specific vascularization pattern of liver metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia in the differential diagnosis of 1,349 liver lesions in contrastenhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Ultraschall Med 2009; 30: 376-382[PMID: 19688669 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109672]
32. Zech CJ. Incidental livers lesions--a modern approach. MMW Fortschr Med 2011; 153: 41-44; quiz 45[PMID: 21932643]
33. Frydrychowicz A, Lubner MG, Brown JJ, Merkle EM, Nagle SK, Rofsky NM, Reeder SB. Hepatobiliary MR imaging with gadolinium-based contrast agents. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 35: 492-511[PMID: 22334493 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22833]
34. Seitz K, Strobel D, Bernatik T, Blank W, Friedrich-Rust M, Herbay Av, Dietrich CF, Strunk H, Kratzer W, Schuler A. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for the characteriza-tion of focal liver lesions - prospective comparison in clinical practice: CEUS vs. CT (DEGUM multicenter trial). Parts of this manuscript were presented at the Ultrasound Dreiländertreffen 2008, Davos. Ultraschall Med 2009; 30: 383-389[PMID: 19688670 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109673]
35. Seitz K, Greis C, Schuler A, Bernatik T, Blank W, Dietrich CF, Strobel D. Frequency of tumor entities among liver tumors of unclear etiology initially detected by sonography in the noncirrhotic or cirrhotic livers of 1349 patients. Results of the DEGUM multicenter study. Ultraschall Med 2011; 32: 598-603[PMID: 22161557 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1281858]
36. Seitz K, Bernatik T, Strobel D, Blank W, Friedrich-Rust M, Strunk H, Greis C, Kratzer W, Schuler A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the characterization of focal liver lesions in clinical practice (DEGUM Multicenter Trial): CEUS vs. MRI--a prospective comparison in 269 patients. Ultraschall Med 2010; 31: 492-499[PMID: 20652854 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0029-1245591]
37. Strobel D, Bernatik T, Blank W, Schuler A, Greis C, Dietrich CF, Seitz K. Diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in the differential diagnosis of small (≤ 20 mm) and subcentimetric (≤ 10 mm) focal liver lesions in comparison with histology. Results of the DEGUM multicenter trial. Ultraschall Med 2011; 32: 593-597[PMID: 22161556 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1271114]
38. Ying L, Lin X, Xie ZL, Tang FY, Hu YP, Shi KQ. Clinical utility of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for identification of malignant liver lesions: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 2798-2805[PMID: 22772145 DOI: 10.1007/ s00330-012-2540-0]
39. Yu H, Wilson SR. Differentiation of benign from malignant liver masses with Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse technique. Ultrasound Q 2011; 27: 217-223[PMID: 22124386 DOI: 10.1097/RUQ.0b013e318239422e]
40. Onur MR, Poyraz AK, Ucak EE, Bozgeyik Z, Özercan IH, Ogur E. Semiquantitative strain elastography of liver masses. J Ultrasound Med 2012; 31: 1061-1067[PMID: 22733855]
41. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42: 1208-1236[PMID: 16250051 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20933]
42. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1020-1022[PMID: 21374666 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24199]
43. von Herbay A, Vogt C, Häussinger D. Late-phase pulseinversion sonography using the contrast agent levovist: differentiation between benign and malignant focal lesions of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 1273-1279[PMID: 12388513]
44. von Herbay A, Vogt C, Willers R, Häussinger D. Real-time imaging with the sonographic contrast agent SonoVue: differentiation between benign and malignant hepatic lesions. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 1557-1568[PMID: 15557299]
45. Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Trojan J, Fellbaum C, Schuessler G. Improved characterisation of histologically proven liver tumours by contrast enhanced ultrasonography during the portal venous and specific late phase of SHU 508A. Gut 2004; 53: 401-405[PMID: 14960524]
46. Lanka B, Jang HJ, Kim TK, Burns PN, Wilson SR. Impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in a tertiary clinical practice. J Ultrasound Med 2007; 26: 1703-1714[PMID: 18029922]
47. Mörk H, Ignee A, Schuessler G, Ott M, Dietrich CF. Analysis of neuroendocrine tumour metastases in the liver using contrast enhanced ultrasonography. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 652-662[PMID: 17454888 DOI: 10.1080/0036552060 1021765]
48. Dörffel Y, Wermke W. Neuroendocrine tumors: characterization with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Ultraschall Med 2008; 29: 506-514[PMID: 19241507 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2008-1027555]
49. Wermke W. Sonographische Differenzialdiagnose. Leberkrankheiten. Köln: Deutscher Ärzteverlag, 2005
50. Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Hocke M, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Greis C. Pitfalls and artefacts using contrast enhanced ultrasound. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 350-356[PMID: 21391167 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245851]
51. Ignee A, Piscaglia F, Ott M, Salvatore V, Dietrich CF. A benign tumour of the liver mimicking malignant liver disease- -cholangiocellular adenoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 633-636[PMID: 19396663 DOI: 10.1080/00365520802538229]
52. Cui XW, Ignee A, Braden B, Woenckhaus M, Dietrich CF. Biliary papillomatosis and new ultrasound imaging modalities. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 226-231[PMID: 22298103 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1281967]
53. Dietrich CF, Nuernberg D. Lehratlas der interventionellen Sonographie. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme, 2011
54. Bernatik T, Seitz K, Blank W, Schuler A, Dietrich CF, Strobel D. Unclear focal liver lesions in contrast-enhanced ultrasonography--lessons to be learned from the DEGUM multicenter study for the characterization of liver tumors. Ultraschall Med 2010; 31: 577-581[PMID: 20740399 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245649]
55. Gottschalk U, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound guided interventions, part 1, diagnostic procedures. Z Gastroenterol 2009; 47: 682-690[PMID: 19606412 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0028-1109402]
56. Gottschalk U, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound-guided interventions and description of the equipment. Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48: 1305-1316[PMID: 21043010 DOI: 10.1055/ s-0029-1245706]
57. Caturelli E, Solmi L, Anti M, Fusilli S, Roselli P, Andriulli A, Fornari F, Del Vecchio Blanco C, de Sio I. Ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of early hepatocellular carcinoma complicating liver cirrhosis: a multicentre study. Gut 2004; 53: 1356-1362[PMID: 15306600 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.032359]
58. Wee A. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular nodular lesions: role, controversies and approach to diagnosis. Cytopathology 2011; 22: 287-305[PMID: 21762411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00882.x]
59. Young NA, Mody DR, Davey DD. Misinterpretation of normal cellular elements in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens: observations from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Non- Gynecologic Cytopathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126: 670-675[PMID: 12033954]
60. Schlottmann K, Klebl F, Zorger N, Feuerbach S, Schölmerich J. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows for interventions of hepatic lesions which are invisible on convential B-mode. Z Gastroenterol 2004; 42: 303-310[PMID: 15095120 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-812712]
61. Wu W, Chen MH, Yin SS, Yan K, Fan ZH, Yang W, Dai Y, Huo L, Li JY. The role of contrast-enhanced sonography of focal liver lesions before percutaneous biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187: 752-761[PMID: 16928941 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.05.0535]
62. Yoon SH, Lee KH, Kim SY, Kim YH, Kim JH, Lee SH, Kim TK. Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided biopsy of focal hepatic lesions not localised on B-mode ultrasound. Eur Radiol 2010; 20: 2047-2056[PMID: 20309559 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-010-1757-z]
63. Clevert DA, Helck A, Paprottka PM, Zengel P, Trumm C, Reiser MF. Ultrasound-guided image fusion with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical utility for imaging and interventional diagnostics of hepatic lesions. Radiologe 2012; 52: 63-69[PMID: 22249703 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-011-2252-5]
64. Jung EM, Friedrich C, Hoffstetter P, Dendl LM, Klebl F, Agha A, Wiggermann P, Stroszcynski C, Schreyer AG. Volume navigation with contrast enhanced ultrasound and image fusion for percutaneous interventions: first results. PLoS One 2012; 7: e33956[PMID: 22448281 DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0033956]
65. Dietrich CF, Mertens JC, Braden B, Schuessler G, Ott M, Ignee A. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of histologically proven liver hemangiomas. Hepatology 2007; 45: 1139-1145[PMID: 17464990 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21615]
66. Dietrich CF, Schuessler G, Trojan J, Fellbaum C, Ignee A. Differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2005; 78: 704-707[PMID: 16046421 DOI: 10.1259/ bjr/88181612]
67. Guang Y, Xie L, Ding H, Cai A, Huang Y. Diagnosis value of focal liver lesions with SonoVue®-enhanced ultrasound compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography and contrast-enhanced MRI: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137: 1595-1605[PMID: 21850382 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1035-8]
68. Xie L, Guang Y, Ding H, Cai A, Huang Y. Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for focal liver lesions: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011; 37: 854-861[PMID: 21531500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.03.006]
69. Dietrich CF, Riemer-Hommel P. Challenges for the German Health Care System. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 557-572[PMID: 22660990 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312742]
70. Braden B, Helm B, Fabian T, Dietrich CF. Bacillary angiomatosis of the liver, a suspected ultrasound diagnosis? Z Gastroenterol 2000; 38: 785-789[PMID: 11072674 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2000-7518]
71. Faust D, Fellbaum C, Zeuzem S, Dietrich CF. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver: a rare differential diagnosis of cholestasis with response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Z Gastroenterol 2003; 41: 255-258[PMID: 12664346 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2003-37899]
72. Berzigotti A, Frigato M, Manfredini E, Pierpaoli L, Mulè R, Tiani C, Zappoli P, Magalotti D, Malavolta N, Zoli M. Liver hemangioma and vascular liver diseases in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 4503-4508[PMID: 22110281 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i40.4503]
73. Vilana R, Forner A, Bianchi L, García-Criado A, Rimola J, de Lope CR, Reig M, Ayuso C, Brú C, Bruix J. Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhosis patients may display a vascular pattern similar to hepatocellular carcinoma on contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Hepatology 2010; 51: 2020-2029[PMID: 20512990 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23600]
74. Hirche TO, Russler J, Braden B, Schuessler G, Zeuzem S, Wehrmann T, Seifert H, Dietrich CF. Sonographic detection of perihepatic lymphadenopathy is an indicator for primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004; 19: 586-594[PMID: 15088111 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-004-0598-0]
75. Braconi C, Patel T. Cholangiocarcinoma: new insights into disease pathogenesis and biology. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2010; 24: 871-884vii[PMID: 20937455 DOI: 10.1016/ j.idc.2010.07.006]
76. Fevery J, Verslype C. An update on cholangiocarcinoma associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010; 26: 236-245[PMID: 20216413 DOI: 10.1097/ MOG.0b013e328337b311]
77. Palmer WC, Patel T. Are common factors involved in the pathogenesis of primary liver cancers? A meta-analysis of risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 69-76[PMID: 22420979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.02.022]
78. Ignee A, Weiper D, Schuessler G, Teuber G, Faust D, Dietrich CF. Sonographic characterisation of hepatocellular carcinoma at time of diagnosis. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 289-294[PMID: 15765302 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-813815]
79. Leoni S, Piscaglia F, Golfieri R, Camaggi V, Vidili G, Pini P, Bolondi L. The impact of vascular and nonvascular findings on the noninvasive diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma based on the EASL and AASLD criteria. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 599-609[PMID: 19935786 DOI: 10.1038/ ajg.2009.654]
80. Dietrich CF, Cui XW, Boozari B, Hocke M, Ignee A. Contrastenhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnostic algorithm of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma, comments on the AASLD guidelines. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33 Suppl 1: S57-S66[PMID: 22723030 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312903]
81. Dietrich CF, Maddalena ME, Cui XW, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Ignee A. Liver tumor characterization--review of the literature. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33 Suppl 1: S3-10[PMID: 22723026 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312897]
82. Dietrich CF, Cui XW, Barreiros AP, Hocke M, Ignee A. EFSUMB guidelines 2011: comment on emergent indications and visions. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33 Suppl 1: S39-S47[PMID: 22723028 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312895]
83. Dietrich CF, Cui XW, Schreiber-Dietrich DG, Ignee A. EFSUMB guidelines 2011: comments and illustrations. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33 Suppl 1: S11-S21[PMID: 22723024 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312890]
84. Barreiros AP, Piscaglia F, Dietrich CF. Contrast enhanced ultrasound for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): comments on AASLD guidelines. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 930-932[PMID: 22739095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.018]
85. Evert M, Dombrowski F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver. Pathologe 2008; 29: 47-52[PMID: 18057936 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-007-0953-3]
86. Dietrich CF. 3D real time contrast enhanced ultrasonography, a new technique. Rofo 2002; 174: 160-163[PMID: 11898076 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-20102]
87. Omata M, Lesmana LA, Tateishi R, Chen PJ, Lin SM, Yoshida H, Kudo M, Lee JM, Choi BI, Poon RT, Shiina S, Cheng AL, Jia JD, Obi S, Han KH, Jafri W, Chow P, Lim SG, Chawla YK, Budihusodo U, Gani RA, Lesmana CR, Putranto TA, Liaw YF, Sarin SK. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2010; 4: 439-474[PMID: 20827404 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9165-7]
88. Giorgio A, Calisti G, Giorgio V. CEUS and HCC: are the 2008 EFSUMB guidelines still valid or has their wash-out already started? Ultraschall Med 2011; 32: 315-316[PMID: 21667409 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273350]
89. Chen LD, Xu HX, Xie XY, Xie XH, Xu ZF, Liu GJ, Wang Z, Lin MX, Lu MD. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: differential diagnosis with contrastenhanced ultrasound. Eur Radiol 2010; 20: 743-753[PMID: 19760416 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1599-8]
90. Chen LD, Xu HX, Xie XY, Lu MD, Xu ZF, Liu GJ, Liang JY, Lin MX. Enhancement patterns of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: comparison between contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT. Br J Radiol 2008; 81: 881-889[PMID: 18941048 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/22318475]
91. Burns PN, Wilson SR. Focal liver masses: enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced images--concordance of US scans with CT scans and MR images. Radiology 2007; 242: 162-174[PMID: 17090710 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2421051006]
92. Dietrich CF, Chichakli M, Hirche TO, Bargon J, Leitzmann P, Wagner TO, Lembcke B. Sonographic findings of the hepatobiliary-pancreatic system in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 409-416; quiz 417[PMID: 11934098]
93. Albrecht T, Blomley MJ. Characteristics of hepatic hemangiomas at contrast-enhanced harmonic US. Radiology 2001; 220: 269-270[PMID: 11426009]
94. Bartolotta TV, Midiri M, Quaia E, Bertolotto M, Galia M, Cademartiri F, Lagalla R. Liver haemangiomas undetermined at grey-scale ultrasound: contrast-enhancement patterns with SonoVue and pulse-inversion US. Eur Radiol 2005; 15: 685-693[PMID: 15611873 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-004-2569-9]
95. Brancatelli G, Federle MP, Blachar A, Grazioli L. Hemangioma in the cirrhotic liver: diagnosis and natural history. Radiology 2001; 219: 69-74[PMID: 11274536]
96. Burns PN, Wilson SR, Simpson DH. Pulse inversion imaging of liver blood flow: improved method for characterizing focal masses with microbubble contrast. Invest Radiol 2000; 35: 58-71[PMID: 10639037]
97. Byun JH, Kim TK, Lee CW, Lee JK, Kim AY, Kim PN, Ha HK, Lee MG. Arterioportal shunt: prevalence in small hemangiomas versus that in hepatocellular carcinomas 3 cm or smaller at two-phase helical CT. Radiology 2004; 232: 354-360[PMID: 15215556 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2322030966]
98. Jang HJ, Kim TK, Lim HK, Park SJ, Sim JS, Kim HY, Lee JH. Hepatic hemangioma: atypical appearances on CT, MR imaging, and sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 135-141[PMID: 12490492]
99. Quaia E, Alaimo V, Baratella E, Pizzolato R, Cester G, Medeot A, Cova MA. Effect of observer experience in the differentiation between benign and malignant liver tumors after ultrasound contrast agent injection. J Ultrasound Med 2010; 29: 25-36[PMID: 20040772]
100. Ghai S, Dill-Macky M, Wilson S, Haider M. Fluid-fluid levels in cavernous hemangiomas of the liver: baffled? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: S82-S85[PMID: 15728032]
101. Vilgrain V, Uzan F, Brancatelli G, Federle MP, Zappa M, Menu Y. Prevalence of hepatic hemangioma in patients with focal nodular hyperplasia: MR imaging analysis. Radiology 2003; 229: 75-79[PMID: 12944594 DOI: 10.1148/radiol. 2291021284]
102. Mathieu D, Zafrani ES, Anglade MC, Dhumeaux D. Association of focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic hemangioma. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 154-157[PMID: 2542117]
103. Hirche TO, Ignee A, Hirche H, Schneider A, Dietrich CF. Evaluation of hepatic steatosis by ultrasound in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int 2007; 27: 748-757[PMID: 17617117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01491.x]
104. Dietrich CF, Schall H, Kirchner J, Seifert H, Herrmann G, Caspary WF, Lembcke B. Sonographic detection of focal changes in the liver hilus in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy. Z Gastroenterol 1997; 35: 1051-1057[PMID: 9487637]
105. Dietrich CF, Wehrmann T, Zeuzem S, Braden B, Caspary WF, Lembcke B. Analysis of hepatic echo patterns in chronic hepatitis C. Ultraschall Med 1999; 20: 9-14[PMID: 10226340 DOI: 10.1055/s-1999-14225]
106. Dietrich CF. Letter to the editor: Kratzer W et al. Prevalence and risk factors of focal sparing in hepatic steatosis. Ultraschall in Med 2010; 31: 37 - 42. Ultraschall Med 2010; 31: 417-419[PMID: 20703973 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245583]
107. Gossmann J, Scheuermann EH, Frilling A, Geiger H, Dietrich CF. Multiple adenomas and hepatocellular carcinoma in a renal transplant patient with glycogen storage disease type 1a (von Gierke disease). Transplantation 2001; 72: 343-344[PMID: 11477366]
108. Dietrich CF, Mueller G, Beyer-Enke S. Cysts in the cyst pattern. Z Gastroenterol 2009; 47: 1203-1207[PMID: 19960398 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109385]
109. Nguyen BN, Fléjou JF, Terris B, Belghiti J, Degott C. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: a comprehensive pathologic study of 305 lesions and recognition of new histologic forms. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23: 1441-1454[PMID: 10584697]
110. Piscaglia F, Venturi A, Mancini M, Giangregorio F, Vidili G, Magnolfi F, Mirarchi M, Fornari F, Bolondi L. Diagnostic features of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Ultraschall Med 2010; 31: 276-282[PMID: 19941252 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109852]
111. Boozari B, Soudah B, Rifai K, Schneidewind S, Vogel A, Hecker H, Hahn A, Schlue J, Dietrich CF, Bahr MJ, Kubicka S, Manns MP, Gebel M. Grading of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma using late phase of contrast enhanced sonography - a prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43: 484-490[PMID: 21377941 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.01.001]
112. Dietrich CF. Comments and illustrations regarding the guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)--update 2008. Ultraschall Med 2008; 29 Suppl 4: S188-S202 [PMID: 18833497 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027799]
113. Wilson SR, Arenson AM. Sonographic evaluation of hepatic abscesses. J Can Assoc Radiol 1984; 35: 174-177[PMID: 6384228]
114. Wilson SR, Kim TK, Jang HJ, Burns PN. Enhancement patterns of focal liver masses: discordance between contrastenhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: W7-W12[PMID: 17579140 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.06.1060]
115. Dietrich CF. Contrast-enhanced low mechanical index endoscopic ultrasound (CELMI-EUS). Endoscopy 2009; 41 Suppl 2: E43-E44[PMID: 19288418 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1119491]
116. Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Frey H. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound with low mechanical index: a new technique. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 1219-1223[PMID: 16267707 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-858662]
117. Moriyasu F, Migihashi R, Matsumura T, Toda Y, Chiba T. Harmonic gray scale 3D contrast imaging of the liver. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 1: S228-S230[PMID: 12019876]
118. Hocke M, Dietrich CF. New technology--combined use of 3D contrast enhanced endoscopic ultrasound techniques. Ultraschall Med 2011; 32: 317-318[PMID: 21667410 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1274695]
119. Dietrich CF, Averkiou MA, Correas JM, Lassau N, Leen E, Piscaglia F. An EFSUMB introduction into Dynamic Contrast- Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) for quantification of tumour perfusion. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33: 344-351[PMID: 22843433 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1313026]
120. Cui XW, Ignee A, Jedrejczyk M, Dietrich CF. Dynamic Vascular Patterns (DVP), a quantification tool for contrast enhanced ultraound. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2013; 51: 427-431
121. Salvatore V, Borghi A, Piscaglia F. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for liver imaging: recent advances. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 2236-2252[PMID: 22352777]
122. Dietrich CF. Elastography, the new dimension in ultrasonography. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2011; 100: 1533-1542[PMID: 22161880 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a000735]
123. Dietrich CF. Echtzeit-Gewebeelastographie. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten nicht nur im Gastrointestinaltrakt. Endoskopie Heute 2010; 23: 177-212
124. Friedrich-Rust M, Wunder K, Kriener S, Sotoudeh F, Richter S, Bojunga J, Herrmann E, Poynard T, Dietrich CF, Vermehren J, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C. Liver fibrosis in viral hepatitis: noninvasive assessment with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging versus transient elastography. Radiology 2009; 252: 595-604[PMID: 19703889 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2523081928]
125. Kim KM, Choi WB, Park SH, Yu E, Lee SG, Lim YS, Lee HC, Chung YH, Lee YS, Suh DJ. Diagnosis of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by transient elastography in asymptomatic healthy individuals: a prospective study of living related potential liver donors. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 382-388[PMID: 17530363 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2016-1]
126. Yu H, Wilson SR. New noninvasive ultrasound techniques: can they predict liver cirrhosis? Ultrasound Q 2012; 28: 5-11[PMID: 22357223 DOI: 10.1097/RUQ.0b013e31824a4fc9]