Comments and illustrations regarding the guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) - Update 2008

Ultraschall in der Medizin, Supplement

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  Dietrich, Christoph F ^a  

^a CARITAS KRANKENHAUS   (Germany)

Author keywords

Characterisation; Detection; Guidelines; Liver; Ultrasonography

Indexed keywords

ECHO CONTRAST MEDIUM;

ABDOMINAL BLUNT TRAUMA; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; KIDNEY INJURY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER HEMANGIOMA; LIVER METASTASIS; LIVER TUMOR; MICROVASCULATURE; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NODULAR HYPERPLASIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREAS ADENOMA; PANCREAS TUMOR; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; VESICOURETERAL REFLUX;

ADENOMA, ISLET CELL; CARCINOMA, PANCREATIC DUCTAL; CONTRAST MEDIA; ENDOSONOGRAPHY; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS; PANCREATIC DISEASES; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 54549110292     PISSN: 14314894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027799     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T et al. Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) - Update 2008. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: 28-44
2. Albrecht T, Blomley M, Bolondi L et al. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. January 2004. Ultraschall in Med 2004; 25: 249-256
3. Tranquart F, Claudon M, Correas JM. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. J Radiol 2005; 86: 1047-1054
4. Leen E, Moug SJ, Morgan P. Potential impact and utilization of ultrasound contrast media. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: P16-24
5. Dietrich CF. 3D real time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, a new technique. Röntgenstr Fortschr 2002; 174: 160-163
6. Piscaglia F, Bolondi L. The safety of Sonovue in abdominal applications: retrospective analysis of 23188 investigations. Ultrasound Med Biol 2006; 32: 1369-1375
7. Blomley M, Claudon M, Cosgrove D. WFUMB Safety Symposium on Ultrasound Contrast Agents: clinical applications and safety concerns. Ultrasound Med Biol 2007; 33: 180-186
8. Barnett SB. Safe use of ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound Med Biol 2007; 33: 171-172
9. Barnett SB, Duck F, Ziskin M. WFUMB Symposium on Safety of Ultrasound in Medicine: conclusions and recommendations on biological effects and safety of ultrasound contrast agents, 2006. Ultrasound Med Biol 2007; 33: 233-234
10. Barnett SB, Duck F, Ziskin M. Recommendations on the safe use of ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound Med Biol 2007; 33: 173-174
11. Leen E, Ceccotti P, Kalogeropoulou C et al. Prospective multicenter trial evaluating a novel method of characterizing focal liver lesions using contrast-enhanced sonography. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 1551-1559
12. Bryant TH, Blomley MJ, Albrecht T et al. Improved characterization of liver lesions with liver-phase uptake of liver-specific microbubbles: prospective multicenter study. Radiology 2004; 232: 799-809
13. Albrecht T, Blomley MJ, Burns PN et al. Improved detection of hepatic metastases with pulse-inversion US during the liver-specific phase of SHU 508A: multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 227: 361-370
14. Dietrich CF, Kratzer W, Strobe D et al. Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumors by contrast-enhanced sonography versus CT and MRI. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1699-1705
15. Ricci P, Laghi A, Cantisani V et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography with SonoVue: enhancement patterns of benign focal liver lesions and correlation with dynamic gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 821-827
16. Burns PN, Wilson SR. Focal liver masses: enhancement patterns on contrast-enhanced images - concordance of US scans with CT scans and MR images. Radiology 2007; 242: 162-174
17. Wilson SR, Burns PN. An algorithm for the diagnosis of focal liver masses using microbubble contrast-enhanced pulse-inversion sonography. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 1401-1412
18. Dietrich CF, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Schuessler G et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the liver - state of the art. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2007; 132: 1225-1231
19. Xu HX, Xie XY, Lu MD et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma ≤ 2 cm. J Clin Ultrasound 2008; 36: 257-266
20. Xu HX, Liu GJ, Lu MD et al. Characterization of small focal liver lesions using real-time contrast-enhanced sonography: diagnostic performance analysis in 200 patients. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 349-361
21. Bernatik T, Becker D, Neureiter D et al. Detection of liver metastases-comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound using first versus second generation contrast agents. Ultraschall in Med 2003; 24: 175-179
22. Hohmann J, Albrecht T, Hoffmann CW et al. Ultrasonographic detection of focal liver lesions: increased sensitivity and specificity with microbubble contrast agents. Eur J Radiol 2003; 46: 147-159
23. Hohmann J, Albrecht T, Oldenburg A et al. Liver metastases in cancer: detection with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Abdom Imaging 2004; 29: 669-681
24. Oldenburg A, Hohmann J, Foert E et al. Detection of hepatic metastases with low MI real time contrast-enhanced sonography and SonoVue. Ultraschall in Med 2005; 26: 277-284
25. Konopke R, Kersting S, Saeger HD et al. Detection of liver lesions by contrast-enhanced ultrasound: comparison to intraoperative findings. Ultraschall in Med 2005; 26: 107-113
26. Bernatik T, Strobel D, Hahn EG et al. Detection of liver metastases: comparison of contrast-enhanced wide-band harmonic imaging with conventional ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 509-515
27. Dietrich CF, Chichakli M, Hirche TO et al. Sonographic findings of the hepatobiliary-pancreatic system in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 409-416
28. Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Trojan J et al. Improved characterization of histologically proven liver tumors by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography during the portal venous and specific late phase of SHU 508A. Gut 2004; 53: 401-405
29. Konopke R, Kersting S, Bergert H et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to detect liver metastases: A prospective trial to compare transcutaneous unenhanced and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in patients undergoing laparotomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22: 201-207
30. Leen E, Ceccotti P, Moug SJ et al. Potential value of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography during partial hepatectomy for metastases: an essential investigation before resection? Ann Surg 2006; 243: 236-240
31. Torzilli G. Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography in surgery for liver tumors. Eur J Radiol 2004; 51: S25-S29
32. Torzilli G, Olivari N, Moroni E et al. Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography in surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: S34-S38
33. von Herbay A, Vogt C, Willers R et al. Real-time imaging with the sonographic contrast agent SonoVue: differentiation between benign and malignant hepatic lesions. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 1557-1568
34. von Herbay A, Vogt C, Haussinger D. Late-phase pulse-inversion sonography using the contrast agent levovist: differentiation between benign and malignant focal lesions of the liver. Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 1273-1279
35. Nicolau C, Vilana R, Catala V et al. Importance of evaluating all vascular phases on contrast-enhanced sonography in the differentiation of benign from malignant focal liver lesions. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 158-167
36. Nicolau C, Bru C. Focal liver lesions:evaluation with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Abdom Imaging 2004; 14(Suppl.8): 63-71
37. Kim SH, Lee JM, Lee JY et al. Value of contrast-enhanced sonography for the characterization of focal hepatic lesions in patients with diffuse liver disease: receiver operating characteristic analysis. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 1077-1084
38. Ding H, Wang WP, Huang BJ et al. Imaging of focal liver lesions: low-mechanical-index real-time ultrasonography with SonoVue. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24: 285-297
39. Catala V, Nicolau C, Vilana R et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions: comparative study of contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus spiral computed tomography. Eur Radiol 2007; 17: 1066-1073
40. Mork H, Ignee A, Schuessler G et al. Analysis of neuroendocrine tumor metastases in the liver using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 652-662
41. Ignee A, Weiper D, Schuessler G et al. Sonographic characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma at time of diagnosis. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 289-294
42. Leen E. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the characterization of focal liver lesions. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: E27-E34
43. Ramnarine KV, Kyriakopoulou K, Gordon P et al. Improved characterization of focal liver tumors: dynamic power Doppler imaging using NC100100 echo-enhancer. Eur J Ultrasound 2000; 11: 95-104
44. Schuessler G, Ignee A, Hirche T et al. Improved detection and characterization of liver tumors with echo-enhanced ultrasound. Z Gastroenterol 2003; 41: 1167-1176
45. Strobel D, Kleinecke C, Hansler J et al. Contrast-enhanced sonography for the characterization of hepatocellular carcinomas-correlation with histological differentiation. Ultraschall in Med 2005; 26: 270-276
46. Albrecht T, Overberg A, Hoffmann CW et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with phase inversion ultrasound during the late liver-specific phase of Levovist. Acad Radiol 2002; 9: S375
47. Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N et al. Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: the problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42: 27-34
48. Celik H, Ozdemir H, Yucel C et al. Characterization of hyperechoic focal liver lesions: quantitative evaluation with pulse inversion harmonic imaging in the late phase of levovist. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24: 39-47
49. Quaia E, Stacul F, Gaiani S et al. Comparison of diagnostic performance of unenhanced vs SonoVue-enhanced ultrasonography in focal liver lesions characterization. The experience of three Italian centers. Radiol Med 2004; 108: 71-81
50. Strobel D, Raeker S, Martus P et al. Phase inversion harmonic imaging versus contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography for the characterization of focal liver lesions. Int J Colorectal Dis 2003; 18: 63-72
51. von Herbay A, Haeussinger D, Gregor M et al. Chatacterization and detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): comparison of the ultrasound contrast agents SonoVue (BR 1) and Levovist (SH U 508A). Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: 168-175
52. Wang WP, Ding H, Qi Q et al. Characterization of focal hepatic lesions with conttast-enhanced C-cube gray scale ultrasonography. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 1667-1674
53. Wilson SR, Burns PN, Muradali D et al. Harmonic hepatic US with microbubble contrast agent: initial experience showing improved characterization of hemangioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastasis. Radiology 2000; 215: 153-161
54. Dietrich CF, Mertens JC, Braden B et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of histologically proven liver hemangiomas. Hepatology 2007; 45: 1139-1145
55. Bartolotta TV, Midiri M, Quaia E et al. Liver hemangiomas undetermined at grey-scale ultrasound: contrast-enhancement patterns with SonoVue and pulse-inversion US. Eur Radiol 2005; 15: 685-693
56. Bleuzen A, Huang C, Olar M et al. Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in focal lesions of the liver using cadence contrast pulse sequencing. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: 40-48
57. Blomley MJ, Sidhu PS, Cosgrove DO et al. Do different types of liver lesions differ in their uptake of the microbubble contrast agent SH U508A in the late liver phase? Early experience. Radiology 2001; 220: 661-667
58. Byun JH, Kim TK, Lee CW et al. Arterioportal shunt: prevalence in small hemangiomas versus that in hepatocellular carcinomas 3 cm or smaller at two-phase helical CT. Radiology 2004; 232: 354-360
59. Chan YL, Lee SF, Yu SC et al. Hepatic malignant tumor versus cavernous hemangioma: differentiation on multiple breath-hold turbo spin-echo MRI sequences with different T2-weighting and T2-relaxation time measurements on a single slice multi-echo sequence. Clin Radiol 2002; 57: 250-257
60. Quaia E, Bertolotto M, Dalla PL. Characterization of liver hemangiomas with pulse inversion harmonic imaging. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 537-544
61. Quaia E, Bartolotta TV, Midiri M et al. Analysis of different contrast enhancement patterns after microbubble-based contrast agent injection in liver hemangiomas with atypical appearance on baseline scan. Abdom Imaging 2006; 31: 59-64
62. Gossmann J, Scheuermann EH, Frilling A et al. Multiple adenomas and hepatocellular carcinoma in a renal transplant patient with glycogen storage disease type 1a (von Gierke disease). Transplantation 2001; 72: 343-344
63. Bartolozzi C, Lencioni R, Paolicchi A et al. Differentiation of hepatocellular adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: comparison of power Doppler imaging and conventional color Doppler sonography. Eur Radiol 1997; 7: 1410-1415
64. Quaia E, Calliada F, Bertolotto M et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology 2004; 232: 420-430
65. Fabre A, Audet P, Vilgrain V et al. Histologic scoring of liver biopsy in focal nodular hyperplasia with atypical presentation. Hepatology 2002; 35: 414-420
66. Nguyen BN, Flejou JF, Terris B et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: a comprehensive pathologic study of 305 lesions and recognition of new histologic forms. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23: 1441-1454
67. Choi BY, Nguyen MH. The diagnosis and management of benign hepatic tumors. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 401-412
68. Dietrich CF, Schuessler G, Trojan J et al. Differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2005; 78: 704-707
69. Gouysse G, Frachon S, Hervieu V et al. Endothelial cell differentiation in hepatocellular adenomas: implications for histopathological diagnosis. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 259-266
70. Huang-Wei C, Bleuzen A, Bourlier P et al. Differential Diagnosis of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia With Quantitative Parametric Analysis in Contrast-Enhanced Sonography. Invest Radiol 2006; 41: 363-368
71. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM et al. Hepatic resection for incidentaloma. J Gastrointest Sutg 2004; 8: 785-793
72. Dietrich CF, Schall H, Kirchner J et al. Sonographic detection of focal changes in the liver hilus in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy. Z Gastroenterol 1997; 35: 1051-1057
73. Dietrich CF, Wehrmann T, Zeuzem S et al. Analysis of hepatic echo patterns in chronic hepatitis C. Ultraschall in Med 1999; 20: 9-14
74. Hirche TO, Ignee A, Hirche H et al. Evaluation of hepatic steatosis by ultrasound in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int 2007; 27: 748-757
75. Dietrich CF. Characterization of benign focal liver lesions with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). In: Lencioni R (ed). Enhancing the role of ultrasound with contrast agents. Springer Verlag, 2006: 17-38
76. Bolondi L. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2003; 39: 1076-1084
77. Gaiani S, Celli N, Piscaglia F et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced perfusional sonography in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma hypervascular at spiral computed tomography. J Hepatol 2004; 41: 421-426
78. Nicolau C, Vilana R, Bru C. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the management of the cirrhotic patient and for detection of HCC. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 63-71
79. Ishida H, Konno K, Hamashima Y et al. Portal tumor thrombus due to gastrointestinal cancer. Abdom Imaging 1999; 24: 585-590
80. Eisert WG, van Ryn J, Kallmeyer M et al. Noninvasive method for measuring thrombus formation in patients after peripheral angioplasty using three-dimensional B-mode and color-coded Doppler ultrasonography. J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 37: 79S-83S
81. Furuse J, Matsutani S, Yoshikawa M et al. Diagnosis of portal vein tumor thrombus by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. J Clin Ultrasound 1992; 20: 439-446
82. Venturi A, Piscaglia F, Silvagni E et al. Role of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the assessment of metastatic portal vein thrombosis. Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: 75-78
83. Bauditz J, Schade T, Wermke W. Sonographic diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinomas by the use of contrast agents. Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: 161-167
84. Xu HX, Lu MD, Liu GJ et al. Imaging of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma with low-mechanical index contrast-enhanced sonography and SonoVue: initial experience. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 23-33
85. Gorg C, Graef C, Bert T. Contrast-enhanced sonography for differential diagnosis of an inhomogeneous spleen of unknown cause in patients with pain in the left upper quadrant. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 729-734
86. Nuernberg D, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound in gastroenterology-liver and spleen. Z Gastroenterol 2006; 44: 991-1000
87. Gorg C, Bert T. Contrast-enhanced sonography of focal splenic lesions with a second-generation contrast agent. Ultraschall in Med 2005; 26: 470-477
88. Faust D, Fellbaum C, Zeuzem S et al. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver: a rare differential diagnosis of cholestasis with response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Z Gastroenterol 2003; 41: 255-258
89. Braden B, Helm B, Fabian T et al. Bacillary angiomatosis of the liver, a suspected ultrasound diagnosis? Z Gastroenterol 2000; 38: 785-789
90. Braden B, Thalhammer A, Schwarz W et al. Bleeding complications from hepatic mucoidal aneurysmata: value of color duplex sonography after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 636-638
91. Schuessler G, Fellbaum C, Fauth F et al. The infammatory pseudotumor - an unusual liver tumor. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: 273-279
92. Chen MH, Yang W, Yan K et al. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in planning treatment protocols for hepatocellular carcinoma before radiofrequency ablation. Clin Radiol 2007; 62: 752-760
93. Tak WY, Park SY, Jeon SW et al. Ultrasonography-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for treatment of a huge symptomatic hepatic cavernous hemangioma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 167-170
94. Buscarini E, Savoia A, Brambilla G et al. Radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors. Eur Radiol 2005; 15: 884-894
95. Frericks BB, Ritz JP, Roggan A et al. Multipolar radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors: initial experience. Radiology 2005; 237: 1056-1062
96. Frieser M, Schaber S, Peters A et al. Radiofrequency ablation using perfused needle electrodes-study of intermittent and continuous triple needle application ex vivo. Eur Surg Res 2005; 37: 312-316
97. Lencioni R. Editorial on Machi et al. "long term follow-up outcome of patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma". World J Surg 2005; 29: 1363
98. Lencioni R, Della PC, Bartolozzi C. Percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation in the therapeutic management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging 2005; 30: 401-408
99. Lencioni R, Cioni D, Crocetti L et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology 2005; 234: 961-967
100. Livraghi T, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F et al. Risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 856-858
101. Solbiati L, Ierace T, Tonolini M et al. Guidance and monitoring of radiofrequency liver tumor ablation with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Eur J Radiol 2004; 51: S19-S23
102. Hansler J, Neureiter D, Wasserburger M et al. Percutaneous US-guided radiofrequency ablation with perfused needle applicators: improved survival with the VX2 tumor model in rabbits. Radiology 2004; 230: 169-174
103. Hansler J, Frieser M, Tietz V et al. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) using saline-perfused (wet) needle electrodes for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma - long term experience. Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: 604-611
104. Israel GM, Bosniak MA. An update of the Bosniak renal cyst classification system. Urology 2005; 66: 484-488
105. Israel GM, Bosniak MA. How I do it: evaluating renal masses. Radiology 2005; 236: 441-450
106. Israel GM, Bosniak MA. MR imaging of cystic renal masses. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2004; 12: 403-412
107. Ascenti G, Gaeta M, Magno C et al. Contrast-enhanced second-harmonic sonography in the detection of pseudocapsule in renal cell carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 1525-1530
108. Quaia E, Siracusano S, Bertolotto M et al. Characterization of renal tumors with pulse inversion harmonic imaging by intermittent high mechanical index technique: initial results. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 1402-1412
109. Mickisch G, Carballido J, Hellsten S et al. Guidelines on renal cell cancer. Eur Urol 2001; 40: 252-255
110. Darge K, Moeller RT, Trusen A et al. Diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux with low-dose contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35: 73-78
111. Darge K, Riedmiller H. Current status of vesicoureteral reflux diagnosis. World J Urol 2004; 22: 88-95
112. Robrecht J, Darge K. In-vitro comparison of a 1st and a 2nd generation US contrast agent for reflux diagnosis. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2007; 179: 818-825
113. Ascenti G, Zimbaro G, Mazziotti S et al. Harmonic US imaging of vesicoureteric reflux in children: usefulness of a second generation US contrast agent. Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34: 481-487
114. Ascenti G, Zimbaro G, Mazziotti S et al. Vesicoureteral reflux: comparison between urosonography and radionuclide cystography. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18: 768-771
115. Zimbaro G, Ascenti G, Visalli C et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (voiding urosonography) of vesicoureteral reflux: state of the art. Radiol Med 2007; 112: 1211-1224
116. Papadopoulou F, Tsampoulas C, Siomou E et al. Cyclic contrast-enhanced harmonic voiding urosonography for the evaluation of reflux. Can we keep the cost of the examination low? Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 2521-2526
117. Bosio M, Manzoni GA. Detection of posterior urethral valves with voiding cystourethrosonography with echo contrast. J Urol 2002; 168: 1711-1715
118. Bosio M. Cystosonography with echocontrast: a new imaging modality to detect vesicoureteric reflux in children. Pediatr Radiol 1998; 28: 250-255
119. Xhepa R, Bosio M, Manzoni G. Voiding cystourethrosonography for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in a developing country. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19: 638-643
120. Dietrich CF, Ignee A, Frey H. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound with low mechanical index: a new technique. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 1219-1223
121. Hocke M, Schulze E, Gottschalk P et al. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound in discrimination between focal pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 246-250
122. Hocke M, Ignee A, Topalidis T et al. Contrast-enhanced endosonographic Doppler spectrum analysis is helpful in discrimination between focal chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2007; 35: 286-288
123. Dietrich CF, Braden B, Hocke M et al. Improved characterization of solitary solid pancreatic tumors using contrast-enhanced trans-abdominal ultrasound. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134: 635-643
124. Rickes S, Monkemuller K, Malfertheiner P. Acute severe pancreatitis: contrast-enhanced sonography. Abdom Imaging 2007; 32: 362-364
125. Rickes S, Monkemuller K, Malfertheiner P. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors. JOP 2006; 7: 584-592
126. Rickes S, Unkrodt K, Neye H et al. Differentiation of pancreatic tumors by conventional ultrasound, unenhanced and echo-enhanced power Doppler sonography. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 1313-1320
127. D'Onofrio M, Caffarri S, Zamboni G et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the characterization of pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: 1125-1129
128. D'Onofrio M, Martone E, Malago R et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the pancreas. JOP 2007; 8: 71-76
129. D'Onofrio M, Zamboni G, Faccioli N et al. Ultrasonography of the pancreas. 4. Contrast-enhanced imaging. Abdom Imaging 2007; 32: 171-181
130. von Herbay A, Schick D, Horger M et al. Low-MI-sonography with the contrast-agent SonoVue in the diagnosis of infarction of the spleen, kidney, liver and pancreas. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: 445-450
131. Dietrich CF. Endoscopic ultrasound, an introductory manual and atlas. Thieme Verlag, 2006
132. Dietrich CF. Endosonographie. Lehrbuch und Atlas des endoskopischen Ultraschalls. Thieme Verlag, 2008
133. Lencioni R. Enhancing the role of ultrasound with contrast agents. Springer, 2006
134. Dietrich CF. Ultraschall-Kurs (Hrsg.). Deutscher Ärzteverlag, 2006
135. Wermke W. Sonographische Differenzialdiagnose Leberkrankheiten. Deutscher Ärzteverlag, 2005
136. Bauditz J, Bodamer A, Wermke W. Kontrastmittelsonographie: Sind nach der Diagnose Pankreaskarziom weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich? Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: S31
137. Bauditz J, Fondis K, Wermke W. Sonomorphologie und Kontrastverhalten von Fokal Nodulären Hyperplasien der Leber im Langzeitverlauf. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: S31
138. Clevert D, Jung E, Staehler M et al. Charakterisierung fokaler Nierenläsion mittels kontrastverstärkter Low-MI-Technik im Vergleich zum CT und MRT. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: S33
139. Heide R, Strobel D. Kontrastmittelsonographie der Leber-Mittelklassegerät versus High-End-Gerät. Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: S34
140. Seitz K, Judmaier G. Das erweiterte Repertoire der Sonografie: Kontrastverstärker, Radiofrequenzablation und Punktion. Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: 158-160
141. Strobel D, Seitz K, Blank W et al. Klinischer Nutzen der Kontrastmittelsonographie in der Differentialdiagnose von Leberraumforderungen- Endauswertung der Multizenterstudie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in Med. Ultraschall in Med 2007; 28: S31
142. Weskott HP, Andreesen H, Wang Z et al. Kontrastmittelsonographie (CEUS) bei diffusen und umschriebenen Gallenblasenwandveränderungen. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: S32
143. Weskott HP, Wang Z. Kontrastmittelassoziierte Artefakte in der sonographischen Diagnostik. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: S28
144. Jedrzeyczyk M, Jakubowski W, Dietrich CF et al. Reliability of estimation of the soft tissue perfusion with use time intensity curves (TIC) in contrast enhanced ultrasound-basic problems. Ultrasonografia 2008; Supplement 1: 75
145. Schuessler G, Ignee A, Terhorst G et al. Charakterisierung von Nierentumoren durch signalverstärkten Ultraschall. Ultraschall in Med 2002; 23: S42
146. Ignee A, Braden B, Barreiros AP et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound for imaging of adrenal masses. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: S27
147. Ignee A, Erdmann J, Selbach J et al. Safety and efficacy of biopsy of renal masses guided by ultrasound. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: S27