Do women choose different jobs from men? Mechanisms of application segregation in the market for managerial workers

Organization Science

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 737-756

  Barbulescu, Roxana ^a   Bidwell, Matthew ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Careers; Financial services industry; Gender roles; Gender segregation; hiring; Identification; Job applications; Matching; Supply side; Work life balance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877964977     PISSN: 10477039     EISSN: 15265455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1120.0757     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Baron JN, Mittman BS, Newman AE (1991) Targets of opportunity: Organizational and environmental determinants of gender integration within the California civil service, 1979-1985. Amer. J. Sociol. 96(6):1362-1401.
2. Berger J, Rosenholtz SJ, Zelditch M Jr (1980) Status organizing processes. Annual Rev. Sociol. 66:479-508.
3. Bertrand M, Goldin C, Katz LF (2009) Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the corporate and financial sectors. NBER Working Paper 14681, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
4. Bidwell MJ, Briscoe FS (2010) The dynamics of interorganizational careers. Organ. Sci. 21(5):1034-1053.
5. Bielby DD, Bielby WT (1988) She works hard for the money: Household responsibilities and the allocation of work effort. Amer. J. Sociol. 93(5):1031-1059.
6. Bielby WT, Baron JN (1986) Men and women at work: Sex segregation and statistical discrimination. Amer. J. Sociol. 91(4):759-799.
7. Bielby WT, Bielby DD (1992) I will follow him: Family ties, genderrole beliefs, and reluctance to relocate for a better job. Amer. J. Sociol. 97(5):1241-1267.
8. Blau FD, Kahn LM (2007) The gender pay gap: Have women gone as far as they can? Acad. Management Perspect. 21(1):7-23.
9. Boulis AK, Jacobs JA (2008) The Changing Face of Medicine: Women Doctors and the Evolution of Health Care in America (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY).
10. Brett JM, Stroh LK (2003) Working 61 plus hours a week: Why do managers do it? J. Appl. Psych. 88(1):67-78.
11. Campbell DT, Fiske DW (1959) Convergent and discriminant validity by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psych. Bull. 56(2):81-105.
12. Cejka MA, Eagly AH (1999) Gender-stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment. Personality Soc. Psych. Bull. 25(4):413-423.
13. Cheryan S, Davies PG, Plaut VC, Steele CM (2009) Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 97(6):1045-1060.
14. Cohen J (1992) A power primer. Psych. Bull. 112(1):155-159.
15. Cohen LE, Broschak JP, Haveman HA (1998) And then there were more? The effect of organizational sex composition on the hiring and promotion of managers. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 63(5):711-727.
16. Correll SJ (2001) Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments. Amer. J. Sociol. 106(6):1691-1730.
17. Correll SJ (2004) Constraints into preferences: Gender, status, and emerging career aspirations. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 69(1):93-113.
18. Cross S, Markus H (1994) Self-schemas, possible selves, and competent performance. J. Ed. Psych. 86(3):423-438.
19. Cycyota CS, Harrison DA (2006) What (not) to expect when surveying executives: A meta-analysis of top manager response rates and techniques over time. Organ. Res. Methods 9(2):133-160.
20. Daily CM, Certo ST, Dalton DR (1999) A decade of corporate women: Some progress in the boardroom, none in the executive suite. Strategic Management J. 20(1):93-99.
21. Daymont TN, Andrisani PJ (1984) Job preferences, college major, and the gender gap in earnings. J. Human Resources 19(3):408-428.
22. Eagly AH (1987) Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social Role Interpretation (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).
23. Eagly AH, Steffen FJ (1984) Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 46(4):735-754.
24. Eagly AH, Wood W (1999) The origins of sex differences in human behavior-Evolved dispositions versus social roles. Amer. Psych. 54(6):408-423.
25. Eccles JS (1987) Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions. Psych. Women Quart. 11(2):135-172.
26. Eccles JS (1994) Understanding women's educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement related choices. Psych. Women Quart. 18(4):585-609.
27. Elvira MM, Cohen LE (2001) Location matters: A cross-level analysis of the effects of organizational sex composition on turnover. Acad. Management J. 44(3):591-605.
28. England P, Browne I (1992) Internalization and constraint in women's subordination. Current Perspect. Soc. Theory 12:97-123.
29. England P, Li S (2006) Desegregation stalled: The changing gender composition of college majors, 1971-2002. Gender Soc. 20(5):657-677.
30. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2004) EEOC and Morgan Stanley announce settlement of sex discrimination lawsuit. Press release (July 12), U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Washington, DC. http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/ newsroom/release/7-12-04.cfm.
31. Fernandez R, Friedrich C (2010) Gender and Race Sorting at the Application Interface (MIT Sloan, Cambridge, MA).
32. Fernandez RM, Sosa ML (2005) Gendering the job: Networks and recruitment at a call center. Amer. J. Sociol. 111(3):859-904.
33. Foote NN (1951) Identification as the basis for a theory of motivation. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 16(1):14-21.
34. Glick P, Zion C, Nelson C (1988) What mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions? J. Personality Soc. Psych. 55(2):178-186.
35. Goldin C, Rouse C (2000) Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of "blind" auditions on female musicians. Amer. Econom. Rev. 90(4): 715-741.
36. Gorman EH, Kmec JA (2007) We (have to) try harder. Gender Soc. 21(6):828-856.
37. Gorman EH, Kmec JA (2009) Hierarchical rank and women's organizational mobility: Glass ceilings in corporate law firms. Amer. J. Sociol. 114(5):1428-1474.
38. Greene WH (1997) Econometric Analysis, 3rd (international) ed. (Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ).
39. Groves RM, Peytcheva E (2008) The impact of nonresponse rates on nonresponse bias. Public Opinion Quart. 72(2):167-189.
40. Haveman HA, Broschak JP, Cohen LE (2009) Good times, bad times: The impact of organizational dynamics on the careers of male and female managers. Res. Sociol. Work 18:119-148.
41. Heckman JJ, Sedlacek G (1985) Heterogeneity, aggregation, and market wage functions-An empirical-model of self-selection in the labor-market. J. Political Econom. 93(6):1077-1125.
42. Heilman ME (1980) The impact of situational factors on personnel decisions concerning women: Varying the sex composition of the applicant pool. Organ. Behav. Human Performance 26(3):386-395.
43. Huffman ML, Cohen PN, Pearlman J (2010) Engendering change: Organizational dynamics and workplace gender desegregation, 1975-2005. Admin. Sci. Quart. 55(2):255-277.
44. Hull KE, Nelson RL (2000) Assimilation, choice, or constraint? Testing theories of gender differences in the careers of lawyers. Soc. Forces 79(1):229-264.
45. Ibarra H (2003) Working Identity: Unconventional Strategies for Reinventing Your Career (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA).
46. Jacobs JA (1989) Revolving Doors: Sex Segregation and Women's Careers (Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA).
47. Jacobs JA (1999) The sex segregation of occupations: Prospects for the 21st century. Powell GN, ed. Handbook of Gender and Work (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), 125-141.
48. Kmec JA (2005) Setting occupational sex segregation in motion- Demand-side explanations of sex traditional employment. Work Occupations 32(3):322-354.
49. Konrad AM, Ritchie JE Jr, Lieb P, Corrigall E (2000) Sex differences and similarities in job attribute preferences: A meta-analysis. Psych. Bull. 126(4):593-641.
50. Lincoln AE (2010) The shifting supply of men and women to occupations: Feminization in veterinary education. Soc. Forces 88(5): 1969-1998.
51. Logan JA (1996) Opportunity and choice in socially structured labor markets. Amer. J. Sociol. 102(1):114-160.
52. Marini MM, Fan P-L, Finley E, Beutel AM (1996) Gender and job values. Sociol. Ed. 69(1):49-65.
53. Markus H (1977) Self-schemata and processing information about the self. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 35(2):63-78.
54. Markus H, Nurius P (1986) Possible selves. Amer. Psychologist 41(9):954-969.
55. McDonald S (2011) What you know or who you know? Occupationspecific work experience and job matching through social networks. Soc. Sci. Res. 40(6):1664-1675.
56. McKenna CD (1995) The origins of modern management consulting. Bus. Econom. Hist. 24(1):51-58.
57. McQuillan J, Greil AL, Shreffler KM, Tichenor V (2008) The importance of motherhood among women in the contemporary United States. Gender Soc. 22(4):477-496.
58. Neidenthal PM, Cantor N, Kihlstrom JF (1985) Prototype matching: A strategy for social decision making. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 48(3):575-584.
59. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric Theory (McGraw- Hill, New York).
60. Okamoto D, England P (1999) Is there a supply side to occupational sex segregation? Sociol. Perspect. 42(4):557-582.
61. O'Neill OA, O'Reilly CAI (2010) Careers as tournaments: The impact of sex and gendered organizational culture preferences on MBA's income attainment. J. Organ. Behav. 31(6):856-876.
62. Perry EL, Alison D-B, Kulik CT (1994) Explaining gender-based selection decisions: A synthesis of contextual and cognitive approaches. Acad Management Rev. 19(4):786-820.
63. Phillipon T, Reshef A (2009) Wages and human capital in the U.S. financial industry: 1909-2006. NBER Working Paper 14644, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
64. Reskin BF (1988) Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the devaluation of women's work. Gender Soc. 2(1):58-81.
65. Reskin BF, Bielby DD (2005) A sociological perspective on gender and career outcomes. J. Econom. Perspect. 19(1):71-86.
66. Reskin BF, McBrier DB (2000) Why not ascription? Organizations' employment of male and female managers. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 65(2):210-233.
67. Reskin BF, Roos PA (1990) Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations (Temple University Press, Philadelphia).
68. Rhode DL (1991) Justice and Gender (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
69. Ridgeway CL, Correll SJ (2000) Limiting gender inequality through interaction: The end(s) of gender. Contemporary Sociol. 29(1):110-120.
70. Ridgeway CL, Berger J, Smith L (1985) Nonverbal cues and status: An expectation states approach. Amer. J. Sociol. 90(5):955-978.
71. Roth LM (2004a) Engendering inequality: Processes of sexsegregation on wall street. Sociol. Forum 19(2):203-228.
72. Roth LM (2004b) The social psychology of tokenism: Status and homophily processes on Wall Street. Sociol. Perspect. 47(2):189-214.
73. Roth PL, BeVier CA (1998) Response rates in HRM/OB survey research: Norms and correlates, 1990/1994. J. Management 24(1):97-117.
74. Shauman KA, Noonan MC (2007) Family migration and labor force outcomes: Sex differences in occupational context. Soc. Forces 85(4):1735-1764.
75. Stangor C, Lynch L, Duan C, Glas B (1992) Categorization of individuals on the basis on multiple social features. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 62(2):207-218.
76. Steele CM (1997) A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. Amer. Psychologist 52(6):613-629.
77. Stone P (2008) Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home (University of California Press, Berkeley).
78. Stryker S (1980) Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version (Cummings, Menlo Park, CA).
79. Swann WB, Rentfrow PJ, Guinn JS (2003) Self-verification: The search for coherence. Leary MR, Tangney JP, eds. Handbook of Self and Identity (Guildford Press, New York).
80. Vroom VH (1964) Work and Motivation (John Wiley & Sons, New York).