Motivational determinants of reasoning about social relations: The role of need for cognitive closure

Thinking and Reasoning

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 150-177

  Bukowski, Marcin ^a   von Hecker, Ulrich ^b   Kossowska, Małgorzata ^a  

^a JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Background knowledge; Cognitive biases; Mental representation of social knowledge; Need for cognitive closure; Reasoning

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877922850     PISSN: 13546783     EISSN: 14640708     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2012.752407     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Bar-Tal, Y., Raviv, A. and Spitzer, A. 1999. The need and ability to achieve cognitive structuring: Individual differences that moderate the effect of stress on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 33 - 51. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.33 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.33
2. Bukowski, M., Se{ogonek}dek, G., Kossowska, M. and Trejtowicz, M. 2012. The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques: The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 43: 12 - 19. doi: 10.2478/v10059-012-0002-9 doi: 10.2478/v10059-012-0002-9
3. Chun, W. Y., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2006). The role of task demands and processing resources in the use of base-rate and individuating information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 205-217
4. Chun, W. Y., Spiegel, S. and Kruglanski, A. W. 2002. Assimilative behavior identification can also be resource dependent: A unimodel perspective on personal-attribution phases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 542 - 555. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.542
5. Crockett, W. H. 1983. " Balance, agreement, and positivity in the cognition of small social. structures ". In Advances in experimental social psychology, Edited by: Berkowitz, L. 1 - 57. New York: Academic Press.
6. De Neys, W. 2006. Dual processing in reasoning: Two systems but one reasoner. Psychological Science, 17: 428 - 433. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01723 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01723.x
7. De Neys, W. and Glumicic, T. 2008. Conflict monitoring in dual process theories of thinking. Cognition, 106: 1248 - 1299. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.06.002 doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.06.002
8. De Neys, W., Schaeken, W. and d'Ydewalle, G. 2005. Working memory and everyday conditional reasoning: Retrieval and inhibition of stored counterexamples. Thinking and Reasoning, 11: 349 - 381. doi:10.1080/13546780442000222 doi: 10.1080/13546780442000222
9. Dijksterhuis, A. P., Van Knippenberg, A. D., Kruglanski, A. W. and Schaper, C. 1996. Motivated social cognition: Need for closure effects on memory and judgement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32: 254 - 270. doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.0012 doi: 10.1006/jesp.1996.0012
10. Ditto, P. H. and Lopez, D. F. 1992. Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63: 568 - 584. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568
11. Evans, J. B. T. 1989. Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences, Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
12. Evans, J. B. T. 2002. Logic and human reasoning: An assessment of the deduction paradigm. Psychological Bulletin, 128: 978 - 996. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.978 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.978
13. Evans, J. B. T. 2003. In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7: 454 - 459. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
14. Evans, J. and St., B. T. 2006. The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation. Psychnomic Bulletin and Review, 13: 378 - 395. doi: 10.3758/BF03193858 doi: 10.3758/BF03193858
15. Evans, J. and St., B. T. 2008. Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgement, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59: 255 - 278. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
16. Evans, J. B. T. and Curtis-Holmes, J. 2005. Rapid responding increases belief bias: Evidence for the dual-process theory of reasoning. Thinking and Reasoning, 11: 382 - 389. doi:10.1080/13546780542000005 doi: 10.1080/13546780542000005
17. Ford, T. E. and Kruglanski, A. W. 1995. Effects of epistemic motivations on the use of accessible constructs in social judgements. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21: 950 - 962. doi:10.1177/0146167295219009 doi: 10.1177/0146167295219009
18. Freund, T., Kruglanski, A. W. and Spitzajzen, A. 1985. The freezing and unfreezing of impressional primacy: Effects of the need for structure and fear of invalidity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11: 479 - 487. doi:10.1177/0146167285114013 doi: 10.1177/0146167285114013
19. Heaton, A. W. and Kruglanski, A. W. 1991. Person perception by introverts and extraverts under time pressure: Effects of need for closure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17: 161 - 165. doi:10.1177/014616729101700207 doi: 10.1177/014616729101700207
20. Heider, F. 1958. The psychology of interpersonal relations, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
21. Higgins, E. T. 1996. " Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience ". In Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, Edited by: Higgins, E. T. and Kruglanski, A. W. 133 - 168. New York: Guilford Press.
22. Hummert, M. L., Crockett, W. H. and Kemper, S. 1990. Processing mechanisms underlying use of the balance schema. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58: 5 - 21. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.5 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.5
23. Johnson-Laird, P. N. 1983. Mental models. Towards a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24. Johnson-Laird, P. N. 2006. How we reason, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
25. Johnson-Laird, P. N. and Bara, B. G. 1984. Syllogistic inference. Cognition, 16: 1 - 61. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(84)90035-0 doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(84)90035-0
26. Kossowska, M. 2007a. Motivation toward closure and cognitive processes: An individual differences approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 43: 2149 - 2158. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.027 doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.027
27. Kossowska, M. 2007b. The role of cognitive inhibition in motivation toward closure. Personality and Individual Differences, 42: 1117 - 1126. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.026 doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.026
28. Kossowska, M. and Bar-Tal, Y. 2012. Need for closure and heuristic information processing: The moderating role of the ability to achieve the need for closure. British Journal of Psychology, Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12001
29. Kossowska, M. and Jaśko, K. " Need and ability in the process of knowledge formation ". In Personality dynamics: Embodiment, meaning construction, and the social world, Edited by: Cervone, D., Fajkowska, M., Eysenck, M. W. and Maruszewski, T. 109 - 123. Clinton Corners, NY: Eliot Werner Publications. in press
30. Kossowska, M., Orehek, E. and Kruglanski, A. W. 2010. " Motivation towards closure and cognitive resources: An individual differences approach ". In Handbook of individual differences in cognition: Attention, memory and executive control, Edited by: Gruszka, A., Mathews, G. and Szymura, B. 669 - 382. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
31. Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York: Plenum
32. Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). The psychology of closed mindedness. New Yrok: Psychology Press
33. Kruglanski, A. W., Dechense, M., Orehek, E. and Pierro, A. 2009. Three decades of lay epistemics: The why, how, and who of knowledge formation. European Review of Social Psychology, 20: 146 - 191. doi:10.1080/10463280902860037 doi: 10.1080/10463280902860037
34. Kruglanski, A. and Freund, T. 1983. The freezing and un-freezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19: 448 - 468. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(83)90022-7 doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(83)90022-7
35. Kruglanski, A. W. and Orehek, E. 2007. Partitioning the domain of social inference: Dual mode and systems models and their alternatives. Annual Review of Psychology, 58: 291 - 316. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085629 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085629
36. Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Pierro, A. and Mannetti, L. 2002. When similarity breeds content: Need for closure and the allure of homogeneous and self-resembling groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 648 - 662. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.648 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.648
37. Kruglanski, A. W. and Webster, D. M. 1996. Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing". Psychological Review, 103: 263 - 283. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263 doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
38. Mayseless, O. and Kruglanski, A. W. 1987. What makes you so sure? Effects of epistemic motivations on judgemental confidence. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39: 162 - 183. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(87)90036-7 doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(87)90036-7
39. McKay, R., Langdon, R. and Coltheart, M. 2006. Need for closure, jumping to conclusions, and decisiveness in delusion-prone individuals. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194: 422 - 426. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000221353.44132.25 doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000221353.44132.25
40. Piotrowska, K., Kossowska, M. and Bukowski, M. 2011. Wpływ sytuacyjnie wzbudzonej potrzeby poznawczego domknie{ogonek}cia na różnice indywidualne w aktywizacji treści stereotypowych. [The influence of situationally evoked need for cognitive closure on individual differences in the activation of stereotypic associations]. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 17: 229 - 240.
41. Roets, A. and van Hiel, A. 2008. Why some hate to dilly-dally and others do not: The arousal invoking capacity of decision-making for low and high scoring need for closure individuals. Social Cognition, 26: 259 - 272. doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.3.333 doi: 10.1521/soco.2008.26.3.333
42. Roets, A., van Hiel, A., Cornelis, I. and Soetens, B. 2008. The interaction between need and capacity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 84: 779 - 792. doi: 10.1177/0146167208315554
43. Sloman, S. A. 1996. The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119: 3 - 22. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3
44. Stanovich, K. E. 1999. Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
45. Strack, F. and Mussweiler, T. 1997. Explaining the enigmatic anchoring effect: Mechanism of selective accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 437 - 446. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.437 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.437
46. Stupple, E. J. N., Ball, L. J., Evans, J., St., B. T. and Kamal-Smith, E. 2011. When logic and belief collide: Individual differences in reasoning times support a selective processing model. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23: 931 - 941. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2011.589381 doi: 10.1080/20445911.2011.589381
47. von Hecker, U. 1997. How do logical rules help to construct social mental models?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33: 367 - 400. doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1325 doi: 10.1006/jesp.1997.1325
48. von Hecker, U., Crockett, W., Hummert, M. L. and Kemper, S. 1996. Social cliques as mental models. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26: 741 - 749. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199609)26 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199609)26:5<741::AID-EJSP787>3.0.CO;2-8
49. von Hecker, U. and Dutke, S. 2004. Integrative social perception: Individuals low in working memory benefit more from external representations. Social Cognition, 22: 336 - 365. doi: 10.1521/soco.22.3.336.35969 doi: 10.1521/soco.22.3.336.35969
50. von Hecker, U. and Se{ogonek}dek, G. 1999. Uncontrollability, depression and the construction of mental models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 833 - 850. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.833 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.833
51. von Hecker, U., Sedek, G., Piber-Dabrowska, K., & Bedynska, S. (2005). Generative reasoning in depression, aging, and under stereotyping. In R. W. Engle, G., Sedek, U. von Hecker, & D. N. McIntosh (Eds.), Working memory and cognitive control in aging and psychopathology (pp. 377-401). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
52. Webster, D. and Kruglanski, A. 1994. Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67: 1049 - 1062. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049
53. Webster, D. M. 1993. Motivated augmentation and reduction of the overattribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 261 - 271. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.261 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.261
54. Webster, D. M., Richter, L. and Kruglanski, A. W. 1996. On leaping to conclusions when feeling tired: Mental fatigue effects on impressional primacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32: 181 - 195. doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.0009 doi: 10.1006/jesp.1996.0009
55. Wright, R. A. and Kirby, L. D. 2001. " Effort determination of cardiovascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology ". In Advances in experimental social psychology, Edited by: Zanna, M. P. 255 - 307. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.