Motivated social cognition: Need for closure effects on memory and judgment

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 254-270

  Dijksterhuis, Ap ^a   Van Knippenberg, Ad ^b   Kruglanski, Arie W ^b   Schaper, Carel ^b  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030131717     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1996.0012     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Belmore, S. M. (1987). Determinants of attention during impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13, 480-489.
2. Boldenhausen, G.V., & Lichtenstein, M. (1987). Social stereotypes and information processing strategies: The impact of task complexity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 871-880.
3. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In R.S. Wyer & T.K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Cratylus (1995). De Nederlandse Need for closure schaal. Nederlands tijdschrift voor de psychologie, 50, 231-232.
5. Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (1995). Memory for stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent information as a function of processing pace. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 689-694.
6. Doosje, B., Spears, R., & Koomen, W. (1995). When bad isn't all bad: The strategic use of sample information in generalization and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 642-655.
7. Fiske, S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155-194.
8. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). San Diego, Academic Press.
9. Ford, T.E., & Kruglanski, A.W. (1995). Effects of epistemic motivations on the use of accessible constructs in social judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 950-962.
10. Freund, T., Kruglanski, A. W., & Shpitzajzen, A. (1985). The freezing and unfreezing of impressional primacy: Effects of the need for structure and the fear of invalidity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 479-487.
11. Fyock, J., & Stangor, C. (1994). The role of memory-biases in stereotype maintenance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 331-343.
12. Gordon, S. E., & Wyer, R. S. (1987). Person memory: Category-set -size effects on the recall of a person's behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 648-662.
13. Hastie, R., & Kumar, P. A. (1979). Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 25-38.
14. Hemsley, G. D., & Marmurek, H. H. C. (1982). Person memory: The processing of consistent and inconsistent information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 433-438.
15. Higgins, E.T., & Bargh, J. A. (1987). Social cognition and social perception. In M. R. Rozenzweig and L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, 38, 369-425.
16. Kruglanski, A. W. (1990). Motivations for judging and knowing: Implications for causal attribution. In E. T. Higgins and R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), The handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundation of social behavior, Vol. 2, New York: Guilford, pp. 333-368.
17. Kruglanski, A. W. (in press). Motivated gatekeeper of our minds: Need for closure effects on interpersonal and group processes. In E. T. Higgins and R. Sorrentino (Eds.) The handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundation of social behavior, Vol. 3. New York: Guilford.
18. Kruglanski, A. W., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay inferences: Effects of impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468.
19. Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1991). Group members' reactions to opinion deviates and conformists at varying degrees of proximity to decision deadline and of environmental noise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 215-225.
20. Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M., & Klem, A. (1993). Motivated resistance to openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 861-876.
21. Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (in press). Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "Freezing." Psychological Review.
22. Macrae, C. N., Hewstone, M., & Griffiths, R. J. (1993). Processing load and memory for stereo-type-based information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 77-87.
23. Neuberg, S. L., & Newsom, J. T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 113-131.
24. Pendry, L. F., & Macrae, C. N. (1994). Stereotypes and mental life: The case of the motivated but thwarted tactician. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 303-325.
25. Pryor, J. B., McDaniel, M. A., & Kott-Russo, T. (1986). The influence of the level of schema abstractness upon the processing of social information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 312-327.
26. Rojahn, K., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1992). Memory for schema-relevant information : A meta-analytic resolution. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 81-109.
27. Rothbart, M., Evans, M., & Fulero, S. (1979). Recall for confirming events: Memory processes and the maintenance of social stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 343-355.
28. Ruble, D. N., & Stangor, C. (1986). Stalking the elusive schema: Insights form developmental and social psychological analyses of gender schemas. Social Cognition, 4, 227-261.
29. Schaller, M., Boyd, C., Yohannes, J., & O'Brien (1995). The prejudiced personality revisited: Personal need for structure and formation of erroneous group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 544-555.
30. Srull, T. K. (1981). Some tests of associative storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 440-462.
31. Srull, T.K. (1983). Organizational and retrieval processes in person memory: An examination of processing objectives, presentation format, and the possible role of self-generated retrieval cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1157-1170.
32. Stangor, Ch., & Lange, J.E. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in understanding stereotypes and stereotyping. In M. Zanna (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 26, pp. 357-416).
33. Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures, Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42-61.
34. Stangor, C., & Ruble, D. N. (1989). Stereotype development and memory: What we remember depends on how much we know. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 18-35.
35. Stern, L. D., Marrs, S., Millar, M. G., & Cole, E. (1984). Processing time and the recall of inconsistent and consistent behaviors of individuals and groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 253-262.
36. Thompson, E. P., Roman, R. J., Moskowitz, G. B., Chaiken, S., & Bargh, J. A. (1994). Accuracy motivation attenuates covert priming effects: The systematic reprocessing of social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 474-489.
37. Thompson, M.M., Naccarato, M.E., & Parker, K.H (1992). Measuring cognitive needs: The development and validation of the Personal Need for Structure (PNS) and Personal Fear of Invalidity (PFI) measures. Unpublished manuscript, Univ. of Waterloo.
38. Vonk, R., & van Knippenberg, A. (1995). Processing attitude statements from in-group and out-group members: Effects of within-group and within-person inconsistencies on reading times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 215-227.
39. Webster, D. M. (1993). Motivated augmentation and reduction of the overattribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 261-271.
40. Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in Need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1049-1062.
41. Webster, D. M., Richter, L., and Kruglanski, A. W. (in press). On leaping to conclusions when feeling tired: Mental fatigue effects on impressional primacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
42. Yzerbyt, V. Y., Schadron, G., Leyens, J. P., & Rocher, S. (1994). Social judgeability : The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 48-55.