Phonological processing in first-degree relatives of individuals with autism: An fMRI study

Human Brain Mapping

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1447-1463

  Wilson, Lisa B ^a   Tregellas, Jason R ^a,b   Slason, Erin ^a   Pasko, Bryce E ^a   Hepburn, Susan ^a   Rojas, Donald C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD); Broad autism phenotype (BAP); Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Nonword repetition; Phonology; Priming

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; FIRST DEGREE RELATIVE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NORMAL HUMAN; PHONETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; PARENTS; SPEECH PERCEPTION;

EID: 84876416708     PISSN: 10659471     EISSN: 10970193     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22001     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Abell F, Krams M, Ashburner J, Passingham R, Friston K, Frackowiak R, Happe F, Frith C, Frith U ( 1999): The neuroanatomy of autism: a voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans. Neuroreport 10: 1647-1651.
2. Ackermann H, Mathiak K, Riecker A ( 2007): The contribution of the cerebellum to speech production and speech perception: Clinical and functional imaging data. Cerebellum 6: 202-2013.
3. Ackermann H, Riecker A ( 2004): The contribution(s) of the insula to speech production: A review of the clinical and functional imaging literature. Brain Struct Funct 214: 419-433.
4. Alarcon M, Abrahams BS, Stone JL, Duvall JA, Perederiy JV, Bomar JM, Sebat J, Wigler M, Martin CL, Ledbetter DH, et al. ( 2008): Linkage, association, and gene-expression analyses identify CNTNAP2 as an autism-susceptibility gene. Am J Hum Genet 82: 150-159.
5. Alarcon M, Cantor RM, Liu J, Gilliam TC, Geschwind DH ( 2002): Evidence for a language quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7q in multiplex autism families. Am J Hum Genet 70: 60-71.
6. Alarcon M, Yonan AL, Gilliam TC, Cantor RM, Geschwind DH ( 2005): Quantitative genome scan and Ordered-Subsets Analysis of autism endophenotypes support language QTLs. Mol Psychiatry 10: 747-757.
7. Allen D, Rapin I ( 1992): Autistic children are also dysphasic. In: Naruse H, Ornitz E, editor. Neurobiology of Infantile Autism. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica. pp 73-80.
8. Amaral DG, Schumann CM, Nordahl CW ( 2008): Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neurosci 31: 137-145.
9. Anderson JS, Lange N, Froehlich A, DuBray MB, Druzgal TJ, Froimowitz MP, Alexander AL, Bigler ED, Lainhart JE ( 2010): Decreased left posterior insular activity during auditory language in autism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31: 131-139.
10. Annett M ( 1985): Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
11. APA ( 1994): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association.
12. Arking DE, Cutler DJ, Brune CW, Teslovich TM, West K, Ikeda M, Rea A, Guy M, Lin S, Cook EH, et al. ( 2008): A common genetic variant in the neurexin superfamily member CNTNAP2 increases familial risk of autism. Am J Hum Genet 82: 160-164.
13. Ashburner J, Friston KJ ( 2005): Unified segmentation. Neuroimage 26: 839-851.
14. Awh E, Jonides J, Smith E, Schumacher E, Koeppe R, Katz S ( 1996): Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in working memory: PET evidence. Psychol Sci 7: 25-31.
15. Baddeley A ( 1992): Working memory. Science 255: 556-559.
16. Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff E, Yuzda E, Rutter M ( 1995): Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med 25: 63-77.
17. Balota DA, Yap MJ, Cortese MJ, Hutchison KA, Kessler B, Loftis B, Neely JH, Nelson DL, Simpson GB, Treiman R ( 2007): The English Lexicon Project. Behav Res Methods 39: 445-459.
18. Baron-Cohen S ( 1988): Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: Cognitive or affective? J Autism Dev Disord 18: 379-402.
19. Baron-Cohen S, Ring H, Chitnis X, Wheelwright S, Gregory L, Williams S, Brammer M, Bullmore E ( 2006): fMRI of parents of children with Asperger Syndrome: A pilot study. Brain Cogn 61: 122-130.
20. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E ( 2001): The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord 31: 5-17.
21. Benson RR, Whalen DH, Richardson M, Swainson B, Clark VP, Lai S, Liberman AM ( 2001): Parametrically dissociating speech and nonspeech perception in the brain using fMRI. Brain Lang 78: 364-396.
22. Bigler ED, Mortensen S, Neeley ES, Ozonoff S, Krasny L, Johnson M, Lu J, Provencal SL, McMahon W, Lainhart JE ( 2007): Superior temporal gyrus, language function, and autism. Dev Neuropsychol 31: 217-238.
23. Bishop DV, Maybery M, Wong D, Maley A, Hill W, Hallmayer J ( 2004): Are phonological processing deficits part of the broad autism phenotype? Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet B 128: 54-60.
24. Bishop DV, North T, Donlan C ( 1996): Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: Evidence from a twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37: 391-403.
25. Bles M, Jansma BM ( 2008): Phonological processing of ignored distractor pictures, an fMRI investigation. BMC Neurosci 9: 20.
26. Boddaert N, Chabane N, Gervais H, Good CD, Bourgeois M, Plumet MH, Barthelemy C, Mouren MC, Artiges E, Samson Y, et al. ( 2004): Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: A voxel-based morphometry MRI study. Neuroimage 23: 364-369.
27. Bohland JW, Guenther FH ( 2006): An fMRI investigation of syllable sequence production. Neuroimage 32: 821-841.
28. Booth JR, Burman DD, Meyer JR, Gitelman DR, Parrish TB, Mesulam MM ( 2002): Functional anatomy of intra- and cross-modal lexical tasks. Neuroimage 16: 7-22.
29. Bradford Y, Haines J, Hutcheson H, Gardiner M, Braun T, Sheffield V, Cassavant T, Huang W, Wang K, Vieland V, et al. ( 2001): Incorporating language phenotypes strengthens evidence of linkage to autism. Am J Med Genet 105: 539-547.
30. Brunswick N, McCrory E, Price CJ, Frith CD, Frith U ( 1999): Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: A search for Wernicke's Wortschatz? Brain 122( Part 10): 1901-1917.
31. Burton MW, Locasto PC, Krebs-Noble D, Gullapalli RP ( 2005): A systematic investigation of the functional neuroanatomy of auditory and visual phonological processing. Neuroimage 26: 647-661.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 2009): Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United Sates, 2006. Surveillance Summaries, December 18, 2009. MMWR 58( SS10): 1-20.
33. Chen SH, Desmond JE ( 2005a) Cerebrocerebellar networks during articulatory rehearsal and verbal working memory tasks. Neuroimage 24: 332-338.
34. Chen SH, Desmond JE ( 2005b) Temporal dynamics of cerebro-cerebellar network recruitment during a cognitive task. Neuropsychologia 43: 1227-1237.
35. Chou TL, Davis MH, Marslen-Wilson WD, Booth JR ( 2006): Phonological priming in visual word recognition for english words: An event-related functional MRI study. Chin J Psychol 48: 1-18.
36. Church JA, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL ( 2010): The "Task B problem" and other considerations in developmental functional neuroimaging. Hum Brain Mapp 31: 852-862.
37. Constantino JN, Zhang Y, Frazier T, Abbacchi AM, Law P ( 2010): Sibling recurrence and the genetic epidemiology of autism. Am J Psychiatry 167: 1349-1356.
38. Courchesne E ( 1997): Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7: 269-278.
39. Courchesne E, Saitoh O, Yeung-Courchesne R, Press GA, Lincoln AJ, Haas RH, Schreibman L ( 1994): Abnormality of cerebellar vermian lobules VI and VII in patients with infantile autism: Identification of hypoplastic and hyperplastic subgroups with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162: 123-130.
40. Courchesne E, Yeung-Courchesne R, Press GA, Hesselink JR, Jernigan TL ( 1988): Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism. N Engl J Med 318: 1349-1354.
41. Dalton KM, Nacewicz BM, Alexander AL, Davidson RJ ( 2007): Gaze-fixation, brain activation, and amygdala volume in unaffected siblings of individuals with autism. Biol Psychiatry 61: 512-520.
42. Dawson G, Webb S, Schellenberg GD, Dager S, Friedman S, Aylward E, Richards T ( 2002): Defining the broader phenotype of autism: Genetic, brain, and behavioral perspectives. Dev Psychopathol 14: 581-611.
43. Dawson G, Webb SJ, Wijsman E, Schellenberg G, Estes A, Munson J, Faja S ( 2005): Neurocognitive and electrophysiological evidence of altered face processing in parents of children with autism: Implications for a model of abnormal development of social brain circuitry in autism. Dev Psychopathol 17: 679-697.
44. Elsabbagh M, Volein A, Csibra G, Holmboe K, Garwood H, Tucker L, Krljes S, Baron-Cohen S, Bolton P, Charman T, et al. ( 2009): Neural correlates of eye gaze processing in the infant broader autism phenotype. Biol Psychiatry 65: 31-38.
45. Enticott PG, Bradshaw JL, Iansek R, Tonge BJ, Rinehart NJ ( 2009): Electrophysiological signs of supplementary-motor-area deficits in high-functioning autism but not Asperger syndrome: An examination of internally cued movement-related potentials. Dev Med Child Neurol 51: 787-791.
46. Flagg EJ, Cardy JE, Roberts W, Roberts TP ( 2005): Language lateralization development in children with autism: Insights from the late field magnetoencephalogram. Neurosci Lett 386: 82-87.
47. Folstein S, Rutter M ( 1977): Infantile autism: A genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 18: 297-321.
48. Folstein SE, Santangelo SL, Gilman SE, Piven J, Landa R, Lainhart J, Hein J, Wzorek M ( 1999): Predictors of cognitive test patterns in autism families. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40: 1117-1128.
49. Frith U, Happe F ( 1994): Autism: beyond "theory of mind". Cognition 50: 115-132.
50. Fulbright RK, Jenner AR, Mencl WE, Pugh KR, Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Frost SJ, Skudlarski P, Constable RT, Lacadie CM, et al. ( 1999): The cerebellum's role in reading: A functional MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20: 1925-1930.
51. Gabig CS ( 2008): Verbal working memory and story retelling in school-age children with autism. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 39: 498-511.
52. Gaffney GR, Tsai LY, Kuperman S, Minchin S ( 1987): Cerebellar structure in autism. Am J Dis Child 141: 1330-1332.
53. Ghosh SS, Tourville JA, Guenther FH ( 2008): A neuroimaging study of premotor lateralization and cerebellar involvement in the production of phonemes and syllables. J Speech Lang Hear Res 51: 1183-1202.
54. Graves WW, Grabowski TJ, Mehta S, Gupta P ( 2008): The left posterior superior temporal gyrus participates specifically in accessing lexical phonology. J Cogn Neurosci 20: 1698-1710.
55. Haist F, Song AW, Wild K, Faber TL, Popp CA, Morris RD ( 2001): Linking sight and sound: fMRI evidence of primary auditory cortex activation during visual word recognition. Brain Lang 76: 340-350.
56. Hardan AY, Girgis RR, Adams J, Gilbert AR, Keshavan MS, Minshew NJ ( 2006): Abnormal brain size effect on the thalamus in autism. Psychiatry Res 147: 145-151.
57. Hardan AY, Girgis RR, Adams J, Gilbert AR, Melhem NM, Keshavan MS, Minshew NJ ( 2008a) Brief report: Abnormal association between the thalamus and brain size in Asperger's disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 38: 390-394.
58. Hardan AY, Minshew NJ, Melhem NM, Srihari S, Jo B, Bansal R, Keshavan MS, Stanley JA ( 2008b) An MRI and proton spectroscopy study of the thalamus in children with autism. Psychiatry Res 163: 97-105.
59. Hashimoto T, Tayama M, Miyazaki M, Murakawa K, Kuroda Y ( 1993): Brainstem and cerebellar vermis involvement in autistic children. J Child Neurol 8: 149-153.
60. Herbert MR, Harris GJ, Adrien KT, Ziegler DA, Makris N, Kennedy DN, Lange NT, Chabris CF, Bakardjiev A, Hodgson J, et al. ( 2002): Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism. Ann Neurol 52: 588-596.
61. Herbster AN, Mintun MA, Nebes RD, Becker JT ( 1997): Regional cerebral blood flow during word and nonword reading. Hum Brain Mapp 5: 84-92.
62. Hickok G, Poeppel D ( 2007): The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 8: 393-402.
63. Hurst JA, Baraitser M, Auger E, Graham F, Norell S ( 1990): An extended family with a dominantly inherited speech disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 32: 352-355.
64. Hyde KL, Samson F, Evans AC, Mottron L ( 2010): Neuroanatomical differences in brain areas implicated in perceptual and other core features of autism revealed by cortical thickness analysis and voxel-based morphometry. Hum Brain Mapp 31: 556-566.
65. Jobard G, Crivello F, Tzourio-Mazoyer N ( 2003): Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage 20: 693-712.
66. Johnson MH, Halit H, Grice SJ, Karmiloff-Smith A ( 2002): Neuroimaging of typical and atypical development: A perspective from multiple levels of analysis. Dev Psychopathol 14: 521-536.
67. Jou RJ, Minshew NJ, Keshavan MS, Vitale MP, Hardan AY ( 2010): Enlarged right superior temporal gyrus in children and adolescents with autism. Brain Res 1360: 205-212.
68. Kielinen M, Rantala H, Timonen E, Linna SL, Moilanen I ( 2004): Associated medical disorders and disabilities in children with autistic disorder: A population-based study. Autism 8: 49-60.
69. Kjelgaard MM, Tager-Flusberg H ( 2001): An investigation of language impairment in autism: Implications for genetic subgroups. Lang Cogn Process 16: 287-308.
70. Kleinhans NM, Muller RA, Cohen DN, Courchesne E ( 2008): Atypical functional lateralization of language in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Res 1221: 115-125.
71. Knaus TA, Silver AM, Kennedy M, Lindgren KA, Dominick KC, Siegel J, Tager-Flusberg H ( 2010): Language laterality in autism spectrum disorder and typical controls: A functional, volumetric, and diffusion tensor MRI study. Brain Lang 112: 113-120.
72. Knaus TA, Silver AM, Lindgren KA, Hadjikhani N, Tager-Flusberg H ( 2008): fMRI activation during a language task in adolescents with ASD. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14: 967-979.
73. Knecht S, Deppe M, Drager B, Bobe L, Lohmann H, Ringelstein E, Henningsen H ( 2000a): Language lateralization in healthy right-handers. Brain 123( Part 1): 74-81.
74. Knecht S, Drager B, Deppe M, Bobe L, Lohmann H, Floel A, Ringelstein EB, Henningsen H ( 2000b): Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans. Brain 123( Part 12): 2512-2518.
75. Kouider S, de Gardelle V, Dehaene S, Dupoux E, Pallier C ( 2010): Cerebral bases of subliminal speech priming. Neuroimage 49: 922-929.
76. Kouider S, Dehaene S, Jobert A, Le Bihan D ( 2007): Cerebral bases of subliminal and supraliminal priming during reading. Cereb Cortex 17: 2019-2029.
77. Lee H, Devlin JT, Shakeshaft C, Stewart LH, Brennan A, Glensman J, Pitcher K, Crinion J, Mechelli A, Frackowiak RS, et al. ( 2007): Anatomical traces of vocabulary acquisition in the adolescent brain. J Neurosci 27: 1184-1189.
78. Lindgren KA, Folstein SE, Tomblin JB, Tager-Flusberg H ( 2009): Language and reading abilities of children with autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment and their first-degree relatives. Autism Res 2: 22-38.
79. Lord C, Paul R ( 1997): Language and communication in autism. In: Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR, editors. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
80. Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH Jr, Leventhal BL, DiLavore PC, Pickles A, Rutter M ( 2000): The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 30: 205-223.
81. Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A ( 1994): Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 24: 659-685.
82. Losh M, Childress D, Lam K, Piven J ( 2008): Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet B 147: 424-433.
83. Marien P, Engelborghs S, Fabbro F, De Deyn PP ( 2001): The lateralized linguistic cerebellum: A review and a new hypothesis. Brain Lang 79: 580-600.
84. Maziade M, Merette C, Cayer M, Roy MA, Szatmari P, Cote R, Thivierge J ( 2000): Prolongation of brainstem auditory-evoked responses in autistic probands and their unaffected relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 1077-1083.
85. Mitchell SR, Reiss AL, Tatusko DH, Ikuta I, Kazmerski DB, Botti JA, Burnette CP, Kates WR ( 2009): Neuroanatomic alterations and social and communication deficits in monozygotic twins discordant for autism disorder. Am J Psychiatry 166: 917-925.
86. Mizuno A, Villalobos ME, Davies MM, Dahl BC, Muller RA ( 2006): Partially enhanced thalamocortical functional connectivity in autism. Brain Res 1104: 160-174.
87. Mostofsky SH, Powell SK, Simmonds DJ, Goldberg MC, Caffo B, Pekar JJ ( 2009): Decreased connectivity and cerebellar activity in autism during motor task performance. Brain 132: 2413-2425.
88. Muller RA, Chugani DC, Behen ME, Rothermel RD, Muzik O, Chakraborty PK, Chugani HT ( 1998): Impairment of dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway in autistic men: Language activation data from positron emission tomography. Neurosci Lett 245: 1-4.
89. Muller RA, Pierce K, Ambrose JB, Allen G, Courchesne E ( 2001): Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: A functional magnetic resonance study. Biol Psychiatry 49: 665-676.
90. Murakami JW, Courchesne E, Press GA, Yeung-Courchesne R, Hesselink JR ( 1989): Reduced cerebellar hemisphere size and its relationship to vermal hypoplasia in autism. Arch Neurol 46: 689-694.
91. Murdoch BE ( 2010): The cerebellum and language: Historical perspective and review. Cortex 46: 858-868.
92. Newman RL, Joanisse MF ( 2011): Modulation of brain regions involved in word recognition by homophonous stimuli: An fMRI study. Brain Res 1367: 250-264.
93. Palmen SJ, van Engeland H ( 2004): Review on structural neuroimaging findings in autism. J Neural Transm 111: 903-929.
94. Peterson E, Schmidt GL, Tregellas JR, Winterrowd E, Kopelioff L, Hepburn S, Reite M, Rojas DC ( 2006): A voxel-based morphometry study of gray matter in parents of children with autism. Neuroreport 17: 1289-1292.
95. Piven J, Palmer P ( 1997): Cognitive deficits in parents from multiple-incidence autism families. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38: 1011-1021.
96. Piven J, Palmer P, Landa R, Santangelo S, Jacobi D, Childress D ( 1997a) Personality and language characteristics in parents from multiple-incidence autism families. Am J Med Genet 74: 398-411.
97. Piven J, Saliba K, Bailey J, Arndt S ( 1997b) An MRI study of autism: The cerebellum revisited. Neurology 49: 546-551.
98. Poldrack RA, Wagner AD, Prull MW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD ( 1999): Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 10: 15-35.
99. Price CJ, Friston KJ ( 1999): Scanning patients with tasks they can perform. Hum Brain Mapp 8: 102-108.
100. Pujol J, Deus J, Losilla JM, Capdevila A ( 1999): Cerebral lateralization of language in normal left-handed people studied by functional MRI. Neurology 52: 1038-1043.
101. Rapin I, Dunn MA, Allen DA, Stevens MC, Fein D ( 2009): Subtypes of language disorders in school-age children with autism. Dev Neuropsychol 34: 66-84.
102. Redcay E, Courchesne E ( 2008): Deviant functional magnetic resonance imaging patterns of brain activity to speech in 2-3-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry 64: 589-598.
103. Reddy KS ( 2005): Cytogenetic abnormalities and fragile-X syndrome in Autism Spectrum Disorder. BMC Med Genet 6: 3.
104. Richlan F, Kronbichler M, Wimmer H ( 2009): Functional abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 30: 3299-3308.
105. Rojas DC, Bawn SD, Benkers TL, Reite ML, Rogers SJ ( 2002): Smaller left hemisphere planum temporale in adults with autistic disorder. Neurosci Lett 328: 237-240.
106. Rojas DC, Maharajh K, Teale P, Rogers SJ ( 2008): Reduced neural synchronization of gamma-band MEG oscillations in first-degree relatives of children with autism. BMC Psychiatry 8: 66.
107. Rojas DC, Smith JA, Benkers TL, Camou SL, Reite ML, Rogers SJ ( 2004): Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in parents of children with autistic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161: 2038-2044.
108. Schaefer GB, Lutz RE ( 2006): Diagnostic yield in the clinical genetic evaluation of autism spectrum disorders. Genet Med 8: 549-556.
109. Schlaggar BL, McCandliss BD ( 2007): Development of neural systems for reading. Annu Rev Neurosci 30: 475-503.
110. Schmahmann JD ( 1996): From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing. Hum Brain Mapp 4: 174-198.
111. Schmidt GL, Kimel LK, Winterrowd E, Pennington BF, Hepburn SL, Rojas DC ( 2008): Impairments in phonological processing and nonverbal intellectual function in parents of children with autism. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30: 557-567.
112. Shaywitz BA, Lyon GR, Shaywitz SE ( 2006): The role of functional magnetic resonance imaging in understanding reading and dyslexia. Dev Neuropsychol 30: 613-632.
113. Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, Mencl WE, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, Constable RT, Marchione KE, Fletcher JM, Lyon GR, et al. ( 2002): Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biol Psychiatry 52: 101-110.
114. Shaywitz SE ( 1996): Dyslexia. Sci Am 275: 98-104.
115. Shaywitz SE ( 1998): Dyslexia. N Engl J Med 338: 307-312.
116. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA ( 2008): Paying attention to reading: the neurobiology of reading and dyslexia. Dev Psychopathol 20: 1329-1349.
117. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, Fulbright RK, Constable RT, Mencl WE, Shankweiler DP, Liberman AM, Skudlarski P, Fletcher JM, et al. ( 1998): Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 2636-2641.
118. Stanislaw H, Todorov N ( 1999): Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 31: 137-149.
119. Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, Hellgren L, Andersson L, Gillberg IC, Jakobsson G, Bohman M ( 1989): A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 30: 405-416.
120. Stoeckel C, Gough PM, Watkins KE, Devlin JT ( 2009): Supramarginal gyrus involvement in visual word recognition. Cortex 45: 1091-1096.
121. Strick PL, Dum RP, Fiez JA ( 2009): Cerebellum and nonmotor function. Annu Rev Neurosci 32: 413-434.
122. Sun YF, Lee JS, Kirby R ( 2010): Brain imaging findings in dyslexia. Pediatr Neonatol 51: 89-96.
123. Szaflarski JP, Binder JR, Possing ET, McKiernan KA, Ward BD, Hammeke TA ( 2002): Language lateralization in left-handed and ambidextrous people: fMRI data. Neurology 59: 238-244.
124. Tager-Flusberg H ( 1996): Brief report: Current theory and research on language and communication in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 26: 169-172.
125. Tager-Flusberg H ( 1999): A psychological approach to understanding the social and language impairments in autism. Int Rev Psychiatry 11: 325-334.
126. Tager-Flusberg H ( 2005): Language and communication disorders in autism spectrum disorders. In: Bauman ML, Kemper TL, editors. The Neurobiology of Autism, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp 45-58.
127. Tager-Flusberg H, Caronna E ( 2007): Language disorders: Autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatr Clin North Am 54: 469-481.
128. Thatcher RW, North DM, Neubrander J, Biver CJ, Cutler S, Defina P ( 2009): Autism and EEG phase reset: Deficient GABA mediated inhibition in thalamo-cortical circuits. Dev Neuropsychol 34: 780-800.
129. Toth K, Dawson G, Meltzoff AN, Greenson J, Fein D ( 2007): Early social, imitation, play, and language abilities of young non-autistic siblings of children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37: 145-157.
130. Tsatsanis KD, Rourke BP, Klin A, Volkmar FR, Cicchetti D, Schultz RT. ( 2003): Reduced thalamic volume in high-functioning individuals with autism. Biol Psychiatry 53: 121-129.
131. Tuchman RF, Rapin I, Shinnar S ( 1991): Autistic and dysphasic children. I. Clinical characteristics. Pediatrics 88: 1211-1218.
132. Turkeltaub PE, Coslett HB ( 2010): Localization of sublexical speech perception components. Brain Lang 114: 1-15.
133. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M ( 2002): Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 15: 273-289.
134. Vaden KI Jr, Muftuler LT, Hickok G ( 2010): Phonological repetition-suppression in bilateral superior temporal sulci. Neuroimage 49: 1018-1023.
135. Vellutino FR, Fletcher JM, Snowling MJ, Scanlon DM ( 2004): Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45: 2-40.
136. Verhoeven JS, De Cock P, Lagae L, Sunaert S ( 2010): Neuroimaging of autism. Neuroradiology 52: 3-14.
137. Vernes SC, Newbury DF, Abrahams BS, Winchester L, Nicod J, Groszer M, Alarcon M, Oliver PL, Davies KE, Geschwind DH, et al. ( 2008): A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders. N Engl J Med 359: 2337-2345.
138. Virkud YV, Todd RD, Abbacchi AM, Zhang Y, Constantino JN ( 2009): Familial aggregation of quantitative autistic traits in multiplex versus simplex autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet B 150: 328-334.
139. Wagner RK, Togesen JK, Rashotte CA ( 1999): Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
140. Wassink TH, Piven J, Patil SR ( 2001): Chromosomal abnormalities in a clinic sample of individuals with autistic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 11: 57-63.
141. Wechsler D ( 1999): Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
142. Wheelwright S, Auyeung B, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S ( 2010): Defining the broader, medium and narrow autism phenotype among parents using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Mol Autism 1: 10.
143. Whitehouse AJ, Barry JG, Bishop DV ( 2008): Further defining the language impairment of autism: Is there a specific language impairment subtype? J Commun Disord 41: 319-336.
144. Wilke M, Lidzba K ( 2007): LI-tool: A new toolbox to assess lateralization in functional MR-data. J Neurosci Methods 163: 128-136.
145. Williams DL, Minshew NJ ( 2007): Understanding autism and related disorders: What has imaging taught us? Neuroimaging Clin N Am 17: 495-509, ix.
146. Wilson LB, Tregellas JR, Slason E, Pasko BE, Rojas DC ( 2011): Implicit phonological priming during visual word recognition. Neuroimage 55: 724-731.