Biomarkers of bone turnover in diagnosis and therapy of osteoporosis: A consensus advice from an Austrian working group

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift

Volumn 162, Issue 21-22, 2012, Pages 464-477

  Bieglmayer, Christian ^a,b   Dimai, Hans Peter ^c   Gasser, Rudolf Wolfgang ^d   Kudlacek, Stefan ^e   Obermayer Pietsch, Barbara ^c   Woloszczuk, Wolfgang ^f   Zwettler, Elisabeth ^g   Griesmacher, Andrea ^h  

^a OQUASTA (Austrian Society for Quality Assurance and Standardization of Medical Laboratory Tests)   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^d INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^e KRANKENHAUS DER BARMHERZIGEN BRÜDER   (Austria)

^f Biomarker Design Forschungs GmbH   (Austria)

^g LUDWIG BOLTZMANN INSTITUTE FOR LUNG VASCULAR RESEARCH   (Austria)

^h UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

Advice; Biomarkers; Bone turnover; Osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; DENOSUMAB; RALOXIFENE;

ARTICLE; AUSTRIA; BONE DENSITY; BONE MASS; BONE METABOLISM; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; BONE TURNOVER; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT MOBILITY; PHYSICIAN; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIMARY OSTEOPOROSIS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ABSORPTIOMETRY, PHOTON; ALENDRONATE; ALGORITHMS; AUSTRIA; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BONE DENSITY; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; BONE DISEASES, METABOLIC; CALCIUM; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; MALE; OSTEOPOROSIS; OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84876298072     PISSN: 00435341     EISSN: 1563258X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10354-012-0133-9     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Seibel MJ. Biochemical markers of bone remodelling. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32:83-113.
2. Delmas PD, Eastell R, Garnero P, et al. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(Suppl 6):S2-17.
3. WHO Technical report series - assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Geneva: WHO; 1994.
4. Kanis J, Melton L, Christiansen C, et al. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9:1137-41.
5. Johnell O, Kanis J. Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(Suppl 2):S3-7.
6. Cooper C, Campion G, Melton LJ 3rd. Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporos Int. 1992;2:285-9.
7. Cooper C, Cole ZA, Holroyd CR, et al. and IOF CSA Working Group on Fracture Epidemiology. Secular trends in the incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:1277-88.
8. Dimai HP, Svedbom A, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, et al. Epidemiology of hip fractures in Austria: evidence for a change in the secular trend. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:685-92.
9. Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Ensrud KC, et al. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:556-61.
10. Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, Johansson H, et al. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:581-9.
11. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. FRAX™ and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:385-97.
12. Anderson F, Francis R, Selby P, et al. Sex hormones and osteoporosis in men. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998;68:185-8.
13. Ludwig H, Fritz E, Friedl H. Epidemiologic and age dependent data on multiple myeloma in Austria. J Nat Cancer Inst. 1982;68:729-33.
14. McFarlane X, Bhalla A, Reeves D, et al. Osteoporosis in treated adult coeliac disease. Gut. 1995;36:710-4.
15. Szulc P, Delmas PD. Biochemical markers of bone turnover: potential use in the investigation and management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:1683-704.
16. Kanis JA, Stevenson M, McCloskey EV, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-utility analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11:1-231.
17. Takkouche B, Montes-Martinez A, Gill SS, et al. Psychotropic medications and the risk of fracture: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2007;30:171-84.
18. Christiansen C, Baastrup PC, Transbol I. Osteopenia and dysregulation of divalent cations in lithium-treated patients. Neuropsychobiology. 1975;1:344-54.
19. Zamani A, Omrani GR, Nasab MM. Lithium's effect on bone mineral density. Bone. 2009;44:331-4.
20. Targownik LE, Lix LM, Metge CJ, et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. CMAJ. 2008;179:319-26.
21. Loke YK, Singh S, Furberg CD. Long-term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2009;180:32-9.
22. Jamal SA, Browner WS, Bauer DC, et al. Warfarin use and risk for osteoporosis in elderly women. Study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:829-832.
23. Rezaieyazdi Z, Falsoleiman H, Khajehdaluee M, et al. Reduced bone density in patients on long term warfarin. Int J Rheum Dis. 2009;12:130-5
24. Kanis JA, Melton LJ, Christiansen C, et al. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9:1117-41.
25. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Risk of hip fracture according to the World Health Organization criteria for osteoporosis and osteopenia. Bone. 2000;27:585-90.
26. Cummings S, Black D, Nevitt M. for the study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet. 1993;341,72-5.
27. Cooper C, Atkinson E, Jacobsen S, et al. Population based study of survival following osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137:1001-5.
28. Kudlacek S, Schneider B, Resch H, et al. Die lumbale BMD - Risikofaktor für Wirbelkörperfrakturen bei der Frau. Dtsch Med Wschr. 1998;123:651-7.
29. Dobnig H. A review of the health consequences of the vitamin D deficiency pandemic. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Sept 21. Epub ahead of print.
30. Sahota O, Mundey MK, San P, et al. The relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone: calcium homeostasis, bone turnover, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis. Bone. 2004;35:312-9.
31. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84:18-28.
32. Kudlacek S, Schneider B, Peterlik M, et al. And Austrian study group on normative values of bone metabolism. Assessment of vitamin D and calcium status in healthy adult Austrians. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33:323-31.
33. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am J Med. 2004;116:634-9.
34. Garnero P, Munoz F, Sornay-Rendu E, et al. Associations of vitamin D status with bone mineral density, bone turnover, bone loss and fracture risk in healthy postmenopausal women. The OFELY study. Bone. 2007;40:716-22.
35. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, et al. Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during winter prevents seasonal bone loss: a randomized controlled open-label prospective trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1221-30.
36. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293:2257-64.
37. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. and Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911-30.
38. Garnero P, Hausherr E, Chapuy MC, et al. Markers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:1531-8.
39. Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Duboeuf F, et al. Markers of bone turnover predict postmenopausal forearm bone loss over 4 years: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14:1614-21.
40. Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Claustrat B et al. Biochemical markers of bone turnover, endogenous hormones and the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women. The OFELY study. J Bone Min Res. 2000;15:1526-36.
41. Garnero P, Delmas PD. Contribution of bone mineral density and bone turnover markers to the estimation of risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2004;4:50-63.
42. Morrison NA, Qi JC, Tokita A, et al. Prediction of bone density from vitamin D receptor alleles. Nature. 1994;367:284-7.
43. Obermayer-Pietsch BM, Bonelli CM, Walter DE, et al. Genetic predisposition for adult lactose intolerance and relation to diet, bone density, and bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:42-7.
44. Gugatschka M, Dobnig H, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, et al. Molecularly defined lactose malabsorption, milk consumption and anthropometric differences in adult males. Quart J Med. 2005;12:857-63.
45. Ji GR, Yao M, Sun CY, et al. Association of collagen type I alpha1 (COLIA1) Sp1 polymorphism with osteoporotic fracture in Caucasian post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2009;37:1725-32.
46. Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Chapuy MC, et al. Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:337-49.
47. Srivastava AK Vilet EL, Lewiecki EM, et al. Clinical use of serum and urine bone markers in the management of osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:1015-26.
48. Chesnut CH 3rd, Bell NH, Clark GS, et al. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen monitors therapeutic effect and predicts response of bone mineral density. Am J Med. 1997;102:29-37.
49. Delmas PD. The role of markers of bone turnover in the assessment of fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int. 1998;8(Suppl 1):S32-6.
50. van Daele PL, Seibel MJ, Burger H, et al. Case-control-analysis of bone resorption markers, disability, and hip fracture risk: the Rotterdam study. Brit Med J. 1996;312:482-3.
51. Pfeilschifter J, Kann PH. Diagnostik der Osteoporose. Z Gastroenterol. 2002;40:46-56.
52. Stepan JJ. Clinical value of the biochemical markers of bone remodelling in the assessment of bone metabolic diseases. Jugoslov Med Biohem. 2006;25:241-8.
53. Bauer DC, Garnero P, Hochberg MC et al. Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: the fracture Intervention trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:292-9.
54. Kreihuber A. Osteoporosetherapie - aktueller Datenüberblick zu Raloxifen. J Miner Stoffwechs. 2008;15:220-2.
55. Maricic M, Adachi JD, Sarkar S, et al. Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1140-3.
56. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al. the FREEDOM trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:756-65.
57. Jiang Y, Zhao JJ, Mitlak BH, et al. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) (teriparatide) improves both cortical and cancellous bone structure. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:1932-41.
58. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434-41.
59. Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, et al. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:459-68.
60. Christgau S, Cloos PA. Current and future applications of bone turnover markers. Clin Lab. 2003;49:439-46.
61. Tonino RP, Meunier PJ, Emkey R, et al. Skeletal benefits of alendronate: 7-year treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3109-15
62. Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, et al. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1586-92.
63. Bergmann P, Body JJ, Boonen S, et al. and Members of Advisory Board on Bone Markers. Evidence-based guidelines for the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the selection and monitoring of bisphosphonate treatment in osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63:19-26.
64. Bauer DC, Garnero P, Bilezikian JP, et al. Short-term changes in bone turnover markers and bone mineral density response to parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2006;91:1370-9.
65. Dobnig H, Sipos A, Jiang Y, et al. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation correlate with improvements in bone structure during teriparatide therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3970-7.
66. Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE, et al. and PaTH Study Investigators. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1207-15.
67. H, Cosman F, Endres DB, et al. Application of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the assessment and monitoring of bone diseases; Approved Guideline. In: NCCLS document C48-A (ISBN 1-56238-539-9) 2004; 24 (22). NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898 USA.
68. Bieglmayer C, Clodi M, Kudlacek S. Biomarker in der Osteologie: Aktueller Stand. J Miner Stoffwechs. 2006;13:82-7.
69. Ganero P. Markers of bone turnover in prostate cancer. Cancer Treatm Rev. 2001;27:187-92.
70. Jung K, Lein M, Stephan C, et al. Comparison of 10 serum bone turnover markers in prostate carcinoma patients with bone metastatic spread: diagnostic and prognostic implications. In J Ca. 2004;111:783-91.
71. Brown JE, Thomson CS, Ellis SP, et al. Bone resorption predicts for skeletal complications in metastatic bone disease. Brit J Ca. 2003;89:2031-37.
72. de la Piedra C, Castro-Errecaborde NA, Traba ML, et al. Bone remodelling markers in the detection of bone metastases in prostate cancer. Clin Chem Acta. 2003;331:45-53
73. Koizumi M, Takahashi S, Ogata E. Bone metabolic markers in bisphosphonate therapy for skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2003;10:21-7.
74. Brasso K, Christensen IJ, Johansen JS, et al. Prognostic value of PINP, bone alkaline phosphatase, CTX-I, and YKL-40 in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma. Prostate. 2006;66:503-13.
75. Beke D, Kudlacek S, Meran JG. Klinische Relevanz von Biomarkern bei der Skelettmetastasierung von Malignomen. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157:375-80.
76. Lipton A, Cook R, Saad F, et al. Normalization of bone markers is associated with improved survival in patients with bone metastases from solid tumors and elevated bone resorption receiving zoledronic acid. Cancer. 2008;113:193-201.
77. Lipton A, Chapman JA, Demers L, et al. Elevated bone turnover predicts for bone metastasis in postmenopausal breast cancer: results of NCIC CTG MA.14. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3605-10.
78. Naylor KE, Iqbal P, Fledelius C, et al. The effect of pregnancy on bone density and bone turnover. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:129-37.
79. Woitge HW, Friedmann B, Suttner S, et al. Changes in bone turnover induced by aerobic and anaerobic exercise in young males. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13:1797-1804.
80. Maïmoun L, Manetta J, Couret I, et al. The intensity level of physical exercise and the bone metabolism response. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27:105-111.
81. Huber F, Traber L, Roth HJ, et al. Markers of bone resorption - measurement in serum, plasma or urine? Clin Lab. 2003;49:203-7.
82. Schmidt-Gayk H, Huber F, Traber L, et al. Vitamin-D-Versorgung und Marker des Knochenabbaus (b-CrossLaps) bei prä- und postmenopausalen Frauen. Osteoporose Rheuma aktuell. 2003;4:36-42.
83. Garnero P, Mulleman D, Munoz F, et al. Long-term variability of markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women and implications for their clinical use: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:1789-94.
84. Christgau S, Bitsch-Jensen O, Hanover Bjarnason N, et al. Serum CrossLaps for monitoring the response in individuals undergoing antiresorptive therapy. Bone. 2000;26:505-11.
85. Bjarnason NH, Henriksen EEG, Alexandersen P, et al. Mechanism of circadian variation in bone resorption. Bone. 2002;30:307-13.
86. Schmidt-Gayk H, Roth HJ, Becker S, et al. Noninvasive parameters of bone metabolism. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1995 Jul;4:334-8.
87. Ohishi T, Takahashi M, Kushida K, et al. Changes of biochemical markers during fracture healing. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1998;118:126-30.
88. Ingle BM, Hay SM, Bottjer HM, et al. Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following distal forearm fracture. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10:399-407.
89. Akesson K, Käkönen SM, Josefsson PO, et al. Fracture-induced changes in bone turnover: a potential confounder in the use of biochemical markers in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23:30-5.
90. Veitch SW, Findlay SC, Hamer AJ, et al. Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following tibial shaft fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:364-72.
91. Garnero P, Delmas PD. Assessment of the serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase with a new immunoradiometric assay in patients with metabolic bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:1046-53.
92. Alvarez L, Guañabens N, Peris P, et al. Usefulness of biochemical markers of bone turnover in assessing response to the treatment of Paget's disease. Bone 2001;29:447-52.
93. Melkko J, Kauppila S, Niemi S, et al. Immunoassay for intact amino-terminal propeptide of human type I procollagen. Clin Chem. 1996;42:947-54.
94. Bornstein P. The NH. (2)-terminal propeptides of fibrillar collagens: highly conserved domains with poorly understood functions. Matrix Biol. 2002;21:217-26.
95. Tahtela R, Seppanen J, Laitinen K, et al. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b in monitoring bisphosphonate treatment with clodronate: a comparison with urinary N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and serum type I procollagen amino-terminal propeptide. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:1109-16.
96. Chen P, Satterwhite JH, Licata AA, et al. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict BMD response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:962-70.
97. Schytte S, Hansen M, Moller S, et al. Hepatic and renal extraction of circulating type I procollagen aminopropeptide in patients with normal liver function and in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1999;59:627-34.
98. Hellman J, Kakonen SM, Matikainen MT, et al. Epitope mapping of nine monoclonal antibodies against osteocalcin: combinations into two-site assays affect both assay specificity and sample stability. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:1165-75.
99. Takahashi M, Kushida K, Nagano A, et al. Comparison of the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of an N-MID versus an intact osteocalcin immunoradiometric assay. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;294:67-76.
100. Durham BH, Robinson J, Fraser WD. Differences in the stability of intact osteocalcin in serum, lithium heparin plasma and EDTA plasma. Ann Clin Biochem. 1995;32:422-3.
101. Noonan K, Kalu ME, Holownia P, et al. Effect of different storage temperatures, sample collection procedures and immunoassay methods on osteocalcin measurement. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1996;34:841-4.
102. Colford J, Sailer D, Langman C. Five osteocalcin assays compared: tracer specificity, fragment interference, and calibration. Clin Chem. 1997;43:1240-1.
103. Vergnaud P, Garnero P, Meunier PJ, et al. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin measured with a specific immunoassay predicts hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:719-24.
104. Holzer G, Grasse AV, Zehetmayer S, et al. Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) gene mutations in osteoporosis: a pilot study. Transl Res. 2010;156:37-44.
105. Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, et al. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell. 2007;130:456-69.
106. Fernández-Real JM, Izquierdo M, Ortega F, et al. The relationship of serum osteocalcin concentration to insulin secretion, sensitivity, and disposal with hypocaloric diet and resistance training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:237-45.
107. Iki M, Tamaki J, Fujita Y, et al. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels are inversely associated with glycemic status and insulin resistance in an elderly Japanese male population: Fujiwara-kyo osteoporosis risk in men (FORMEN) Study. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Mar 25. Epub ahead of print.
108. Bonde M, Qvist P, Fledelius C, et al. Applications of an enzyme immunoassay for a new marker of bone resorption (CrossLaps): follow-up on hormone replacement therapy and osteoporosis risk assessment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:864-8.
109. Christgau S, Rosenquist C, Alexandersen P, et al. Clinical evaluation of the serum CrossLaps One Step ELISA, a new assay measuring the serum concentration of bone-derived degradation products from type I collagen C-telopetides. Clin Chem. 1998;44:2290-300.
110. Ganero P, Borel O, Delmas PD. Evaluation of a fully automated serum assay for C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen in osteoporosis. Clin Chem. 2001;47:694-702.
111. Ravn P, Clemmesen B, Riis BJ, et al. The effect on bone mass and bone markers of different doses of Ibandronate: a new bisphosphonate for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding study. Bone 1996;19:527-33.
112. Delmas PD, Adami S, Strugula C, et al. Intravenous Ibandronate Injections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1838-46.
113. Reginster J-Y, Adami S, Lakatos P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly oral ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2 year results from the MOBILE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:654-61.
114. Halleen JM, Raisanen S, Salo JJ, et al. Intracellular fragmentation of bone resorption products by reactive oxygen species generated by osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:22907-10.
115. Janckila AJ, Nakasato YR, Neustadt DH, et al. Disease-specific expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoforms. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:1916-9.
116. Halleen JM, Alatalo SL, Janckila AJ, et al. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is a specific and sensitive marker of bone resorption. Clin Chem. 2001;47:597-600.
117. Hannon RA, Clowes JA, Eagleton AC, et al. Clinical performance of immunoreactive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b as a marker of bone resorption. Bone 2004;34:187-94.
118. 103 K/DOQI guidelines for the management of renal osteodystrophy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(Suppl 3):S1-201.
119. Souberbielle J-C, Boutten A, Carlier M-C, et al. Inter-method variability in PTH measurement: implication for the care of CKD patients. Kidney Int. 2006;70:345-50.
120. Woitge HW, Knothe A, Witte K, et al. Circannual rhythmus and interactions of vitamin D metabolites, parathyroid hormone, and biochemical markers of skeletal homeostasis: a prospective study. JBMR. 2000;15:2443-50.
121. Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteporos Int. 2010;21:1151-4.
122. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, et al. The 2011 Report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:53-8.