Dangerous liaisons: Molecular basis for a syndemic relationship between Kaposi's sarcoma and P. falciparum malaria

Frontiers in Microbiology

Volumn 4, Issue MAR, 2013, Pages

  Conant, Katelyn L ^a   Kaleeba, Johnan A R ^a  

^a UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Basigin CD147; CD36; HHV 8; Kaposi's sarcoma; Malaria; PfEMP 1; PfRh5

Indexed keywords

HERPESVIRIDAE; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM;

EID: 84875908848     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00035     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Aitman, T. J., Cooper, L. D., Norsworthy, P. J., Wahid, F. N., Gray, J. K., Curtis, B. R., etal. (2000). Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation. Nature 405,1015-1016.
2. Akula, S. M., Pramod, N. P., Wang, F. Z., and Chandran, B. (2002). Integrin alpha3beta1 (CD 49c/29) is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) entry into the target cells. Cell 108, 407-419.
3. Ascoli, V., Belli, S., Benedetti, M., Trinca, S., Ricci, P., and Comba, P. (2001). High incidence of classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Mantua, Po Valley, Northern Italy (1989-1998). Br. J. Cancer 85, 379-382.
4. Ascoli, V., Facchinelli, L., Valerio, L., Manno, D., and Coluzzi, M. (2006a). Kaposi's sarcoma, human herpesvirus 8 infection and the potential role of promoter-arthropod bites in northern Sweden. J. Med. Virol. 78, 1452-1455.
5. Ascoli, V., Facchinelli, L., Valerio, L., Zucchetto, A., Dal Maso, L., and Coluzzi, M. (2006b). Distribution of mosquito species in areas with high and low incidence of classic Kaposi's sarcoma and seroprevalence for HHV-8. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20, 198-208.
6. Ascoli, V., Manno, D., and Coluzzi, M. (2006c). Geographic variation in human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence and possible association with exposure to bites from blood-sucking arthropods. J. Infect. Dis. 194, 401-402; author reply 402.
7. Bagavandoss, P., and Wilks, J. W. (1990). Specific inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation by thrombospondin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 170, 867-872.
8. Baruch, D. I., Ma, X. C., Singh, H. B., Bi, X., Pasloske, B. L., and Howard, R. J. (1997). Identification of aregion of PfEMP1 that mediates adherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to CD36: conserved function with variant sequence. Blood 90, 3766-3775.
9. Baruch, D. I., Pasloske, B. L., Singh, H. B., Bi, X., Ma, X. C., Feldman, M., etal. (1995). Cloning the P. falciparum gene encoding PfEMP1, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes. Cell 82, 77-87.
10. Basilico, N., Mondani, M., Parapini, S., Speciale, L., Ferrante, P., and Taramelli, D. (2004). Plasmodium falciparum parasitized red blood cells modulate the production of endothelin-1 by human endothelial cells. Minerva Med. 95, 153-158.
11. Bassett, M. T., Levy, L., Chokunonga, E., Mauchaza, B., Ferlay, J., and Parkin, D. M. (1995). Cancer in the European population of Harare, Zimbabwe, 1990-1992. Int. J. Cancer 63,24-28.
12. Baum, J., Chen, L., Healer, J., Lopaticki, S., Boyle, M., Triglia, T., etal. (2009). Reticulocyte-binding protein homologue 5 - an essential adhesin involved in invasion of human erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. Int. J. Parasitol. 39, 371-380.
13. Berendt, A. R. (1993). Sequestration and its discontents: infected erythrocyte-endothelial cell interactions in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Res. Immunol. 144, 740-745; discussion 754-762.
14. Biswas, C., Zhang, Y., DeCastro, R., Guo, H., Nakamura, T., Kataoka, H., etal. (1995). The human tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor (renamed EMMPRIN) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cancer Res. 55, 434-439.
15. Bougatef, F., Quemener, C., Kellouche, S., Naimi, B., Podgorniak, M. P., Millot, G., etal. (2009). EMMPRIN promotes angiogenesis through hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha-mediated regulation of soluble VEGF isoforms and their receptor VEGFR-2. Blood 114, 5547-5556.
16. Bubman, D., and Cesarman, E. (2003). Pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 17, 717-745.
17. Casper, C. (2006). Defining a role for antiviral drugs in the treatment of persons with HHV-8 infection. Herpes 13, 42-47.
18. Casper, C., and Wald, A. (2007). The use of antiviral drugs in the prevention and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease and primary effusion lymphoma. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 312, 289-307.
19. Chen, L., Lopaticki, S., Riglar, D. T., Dekiwadia, C., Uboldi, A. D., Tham, W H., etal. (2011). An EGF-like protein forms a complex with PfRh5 and is required for invasion of human erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. PLoSPathog. 7:e1002199. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002199
20. Chen, Q., Heddini, A., Barragan, A., Fernandez, V., Pearce, S. F., and Wahlgren, M. (2000). The semicon-served head structure of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 mediates binding to multiple independent host receptors. J. Exp. Med. 192,1-10.
21. Chen, Z., Mi, L., Xu, J., Yu, J., Wang, X., Jiang, J., etal. (2005). Function of HAb18G/CD147 in invasion of host cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Infect. Dis. 191, 755-760.
22. Chene, A., Donati, D., Guerreiro-Cacais, A. O., Levitsky, V., Chen, Q., Falk, K. I., etal. (2007). A molecular link between malaria and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. PLoS Pathog. 3:e80. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030080
23. Cheng, F., Pekkonen, P., Laurinavicius, S., Sugiyama, N., Henderson, S., Gunther, T., etal. (2011). KSHV-initiated notch activation leads to membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase-dependent lymphatic endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Host Microbe 10, 577-590.
24. Chilongola, J., Balthazary, S., Mpina, M., Mhando, M., and Mbugi, E. (2009). CD36 deficiency protects against malarial anaemia in children by reducing Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell adherence to vascular endothelium. Trop. Med. Int. Health 14, 810-816.
25. Cohen, A., Brodie, C., and Sarid, R. (2006). An essential role of ERK signalling in TPA-induced reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Gen. Virol. 87, 795-802.
26. Coluzzi, M., Calabro, M. L., Manno, D., Chieco-Bianchi, L., Schulz, T. F., and Ascoli, V (2003). Reduced seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), related to suppression of Anopheles density in Italy. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17, 461-464.
27. Coluzzi, M., Calabro, M. L., Manno, D., Chieco-Bianchi, L., Schulz, T. F., and Ascoli, V (2004a). HHV-8 transmission via saliva to soothe blood-sucking arthropod bites. Br. J. Cancer 91,998-999; author reply 999.
28. Coluzzi, M., Calabro, M. L., Manno, D., Chieco-Bianchi, L., Schulz, T. F., and Ascoli, V (2004b). Saliva and the transmission of human herpesvirus 8: potential role of promoter-arthropod bites. J. Infect. Dis. 190, 199-200; author reply 200-201.
29. Cowman, A. F., and Crabb, B. S. (2006). Invasion of red blood cells by malaria parasites. Cell 124, 755-766.
30. Crombie, R., Kawasaki, K., Hojo, K., and Laurence, J. (2001). Peptides derived from salivary thrombospondin-1 replicate its anti-HIV effect: potential role in microbicide development. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 27, 91-93.
31. Crombie, R., Silverstein, R. L., MacLow, C., Pearce, S. F., Nachman, R. L., and Laurence, J. (1998). Identification of a CD36-related thrombospondin 1-binding domain in HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp 120: relationship to HIV-1-specific inhibitory factors in human saliva. J. Exp. Med. 187, 25-35.
32. Crosnier, C., Bustamante, L. Y., Bartholdson, S. J., Bei, A. K., Theron, M., Uchikawa, M., etal. (2011). Basigin is a receptor essential for erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 480, 534-537.
33. Dai, L., Bratoeva, M., Toole, B. P., Qin, Z., and Parsons, C. (2012a). KSHV activation of VEGF secretion and invasion for endothelial cells is mediated through viral upregulation of emmprin-induced signal transduction. Int. J. Cancer 131, 834-843.
34. Dai, L., Qin, Z., Defee, M., Toole, B. P., Kirkwood, K. L., and Parsons, C. (2012b). Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induces a functional tumor-associated phenotype for oral fibroblasts. CancerLett. 318, 214-220.
35. Dell'Eva, R., Pfeffer, U., Vene, R., Anfosso, L., Forlani, A., Albini, A., etal. (2004). Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo and growth of Kaposi's sarcoma xenograft tumors by the anti-malarial artesunate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 68, 2359-2366.
36. Donati, D., Zhang, L. P., Chene, A., Chen, Q., Flick, K., Nystrom, M., etal. (2004). Identification of apoly-clonal B-cell activator in Plasmodium falciparum. Infect. Immun. 72, 5412-5418.
37. Douglas, A. D., Williams, A. R., Illingworth, J. J., Kamuyu, G., Biswas, S., Goodman, A. L., etal. (2011). The blood-stage malaria antigen PfRH5 is susceptible to vaccine-inducible cross-strain neutralizing antibody. Nat. Commun. 2, 601.
38. Dourmishev, L. A., Dourmishev, A. L., Palmeri, D., Schwartz, R. A., and Lukac, D. M. (2003). Molecular genetics of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67, 175-212.
39. Ferrari, N., Morini, M., Pfeffer, U., Minghelli, S., Noonan, D. M., and Albini, A. (2003). Inhibition of Kaposi's sarcoma in vivo by fenretinide. Clin. Cancer Res. 9,6020-6029.
40. Fried, M., and Duffy, P. E. (1998). Maternal malaria and parasite adhesion. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.) 76,162-171.
41. Fry, A. E., Ghansa, A., Small, K. S., Palma, A., Auburn, S., Diakite, M., etal. (2009). Positive selection of a CD36 nonsense variant in sub-Saharan Africa, but no association with severe malaria phenotypes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18,2683-2692.
42. Gallagher, S. M., Castorino, J. J., and Philp, N. J. (2009). Interaction of monocarboxylate transporter 4 with beta1-integrin and its role in cell migration. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 296, C414-C421.
43. Ganem, D. (2006). KSHV infection and the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 1, 273-296.
44. Gao, X., Ikuta, K., Tajima, M., and Sairenji, T. (2001). 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induces Epstein-Barr virus reactivation via NF-kappaB and AP-1 as regulated by protein kinase C and mitogenactivated protein kinase. Virology 286, 91-99.
45. Gasperini, P., Espigol-Frigole, G., McCormick, P. J., Salvucci, O., Maric, D., Uldrick, T. S., etal. (2012). Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus promotes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition through Notch-dependent signaling. Cancer Res. 72, 1157-1169.
46. Gelhaus, A., Scheding, A., Browne, E., Burchard, G. D., and Horstmann, R. D. (2001). Variability of the CD36 gene in West Africa. Hum. Mutat. 18, 444-450.
47. Goedert, J. J., Vitale, F., Lauria, C., Serraino, D., Tamburini, M., Montella, M., et al. (2002). Risk factors for classical Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94,1712-1718.
48. Good, D. J., Polverini, P. J., Rastinejad, F., Le Beau, M. M., Lemons, R. S., Frazier, W. A., etal. (1990). A tumor suppressor-dependent inhibitor of angiogenesis is immunologically and functionally indistinguishable from a fragment of thrombospondin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 6624-6628.
49. Grundhoff, A., and Ganem, D. (2004). Inefficient establishment of KSHV latency suggests an additional role for continued lytic replication in Kaposi sarcoma pathogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 124-136.
50. Guo, H., Li, R., Zucker, S., and Toole, B. P. (2000). EMMPRIN (CD147), an inducer of matrix metalloproteinase synthesis, also binds interstitial collagenase to the tumor cell surface. Cancer Res. 60,888-891.
51. Hadinoto, V., Shapiro, M., Sun, C. C., and Thorley-Lawson, D. A. (2009). The dynamics of EBV shedding implicate a central role for epithelial cells in amplifying viral output. PLoS Pathog. 5:e 1000496. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000496
52. Haverkos, H. W. (2008). Multifactorial etiology of Kaposi' sarcoma: a hypothesis. J. Biosci. 33, 643-651.
53. Hengge, U. R., Ruzicka, T., Tyring, S. K., Stuschke, M., Roggendorf, M., Schwartz, R. A., etal. (2002a). Update on Kaposi's sarcoma and other HHV8 associated diseases. Part 1: epidemiology, environmental predispositions, clinical manifestations, and therapy. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 281-292.
54. Hengge, U. R., Ruzicka, T., Tyring, S. K., Stuschke, M., Roggendorf, M., Schwartz, R. A., et al. (2002b). Update on Kaposi's sarcoma and other HHV8 associated diseases. Part 2: pathogenesis, Castleman's disease, and pleural effusion lymphoma. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 344-352.
55. Horenstein, M. G., Nador, R. G.,Chadburn, A., Hyjek, E. M.,Inghirami, G., Knowles, D. M.,etal. (1997). Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression in primary effusion lymphomas containing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8. Blood90, 1186-1191.
56. Huang, Y., Dai, Z., Barbacioru, C., and Sadee, W (2005). Cystine-glutamate transporter SLC7A11 in cancer chemosensitivity and chemoresistance. Cancer Res. 65, 7446-7454.
57. Iruela-Arispe, M. L., Bornstein, P., and Sage, H. (1991). Thrombospondin exerts an antiangiogenic effect on cord formation by endothelial cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 5026-5030.
58. Kaleeba, J. A., and Berger, E. A. (2006). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus fusionentry receptor: cystine transporter xCT. Science 311, 1921-1924.
59. Kanekura, T., and Chen, X. (2010). CD147/basigin promotes progression of malignant melanoma and other cancers. J. Dermatol. Sci. 57, 149-154.
60. Kestens, L., Melbye, M., Biggar, R. J., Stevens, W J., Piot, P., De Muynck, A., etal. (1985). Endemic African Kaposi's sarcoma is not associated with immunodeficiency. Int. J. Cancer 36,49-54.
61. Krown, S. E., Northfelt, D. W., Osoba, D., and Stewart, J. S. (2004). Use of liposomal anthracyclines in Kaposi's sarcoma. Semin. Oncol. 31,36-52.
62. Lin, C. J., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Byekwaso, T., Orem, J., Rabkin, C. S., and Mbulaiteye, S. M. (2008). Intestinal parasites in Kaposi sarcoma patients in Uganda: indication of shared risk factors or etiologic association. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78, 409-412.
63. Lopaticki, S., Maier, A. G., Thompson, J., Wilson, D. W., Tham, W H., Triglia, T., etal. (2011). Reticulocyte and erythrocyte binding-like proteins function cooperatively in invasion of human erythrocytes by malaria parasites. Infect. Immun. 79, 1107- 1117.
64. Luka, J., Kallin, B., and Klein, G. (1979). Induction of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cycle in latently infected cells by n-butyrate. Virology 94, 228-231.
65. Marieb, E. A., Zoltan-Jones, A., Li, R., Misra, S., Ghatak, S., Cao, J., etal. (2004). Emmprin promotes anchorage-independent growth in human mammary carcinoma cells by stimulating hyaluronan production. Cancer Res. 64, 1229-1232.
66. McAllister, S. C., Fruh, K., and Moses, A. V (2005). Functional genomics and the development of pathogenesis-targeted therapies for Kaposi's sarcoma. Pharmacogenomics 6,235-244.
67. McGilvray, I. D., Serghides, L., Kapus, A., Rotstein, O. D., and Kain, K. C. (2000). Nonopsonic monocyte/macrophage phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes: a role for CD36 in malarial clearance. Blood 96, 3231- 3240.
68. Montella, M., Franceschi, S., Geddes, M., Arniani, S., and Cocchiarella, G. (1996). Classic Kaposi's sarcoma and volcanic soil in southern Italy. Lancet 347,905.
69. Montella, M., Franceschi, S., Geddes da Filicaia, M., De Macro, M., Arniani, S., Balzi, D., etal. (1997). Classical Kaposi sarcoma and volcanic soil in southern Italy: a case-control study. Epidemiol. Prev. 21, 114-117.
70. Montella, M., Serraino, D., Crispo, A., Rezza, G., Carbone, S., and Tamburini, M. (2000). Is volcanic soil a cofactor for classic Kaposi's sarcoma? Eur. J. Epidemiol. 16, 1185-1186.
71. Montesu, M. A., De Marco, R., and Cottoni, F. (1995). Soil silicates and Kaposi's sarcoma in Sardinia. Lancet 346,1436-1437.
72. Moormann, A. M., Snider, C. J., and Chelimo, K. (2011). The company malaria keeps: how coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus leads to endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 24, 435-441.
73. Nelson, J., Bagnato, A., Battistini, B., and Nisen, P. (2003). The endothelin axis: emerging role in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 110-116.
74. Ockenhouse, C. F., Ho, M., Tandon, N. N., Van Seventer, G. A., Shaw, S., White, N. J., etal. (1991). Molecular basis of sequestration in severe and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: differential adhesion of infected erythrocytes to CD36 and ICAM-1. J. Infect. Dis. 164, 163-169.
75. Ockenhouse, C. F., Tandon, N. N., Magowan, C., Jamieson, G. A., and Chulay, J. D. (1989). Identification of a platelet membrane glycoprotein as a falciparum malaria sequestration receptor. Science 243, 1469-1471.
76. Okuno, S., Sato, H., Kuriyama-Matsumura, K., Tamba, M., Wang, H., Sohda, S., etal. (2003). Role of cystine transport in intracellular glutathione level and cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cell lines. Br. J. Cancer 88, 951-956.
77. Pauk, J., Huang, M. L., Brodie, S. J., Wald, A., Koelle, D. M., Schacker, T., etal. (2000). Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1369-1377.
78. Pfeffer, U., Ferrari, N., Morini, M., Benelli, R., Noonan, D. M., and Albini, A. (2003). Antiangiogenic activity of chemopreventive drugs. Int. J. Biol. Markers 18, 70-74.
79. Piriou, A. S., Asito, P. O., Sumba, N., Fiore, J. M., Middeldorp, A. M., Moormann, R., etal. (2012). Early age at time of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection results in poorly controlled viral infection in infants from Western Kenya: clues to the etiology of endemic Burkitt lymphoma. J. Infect. Dis. 205, 906-913.
80. Podrez, E. A., Byzova, T. V., Febbraio, M., Salomon, R. G., Ma, Y., Valiyaveettil,M.,et al. (2007). Platelet CD36 links hyperlipidemia, oxidant stress and a prothrombotic phenotype. Nat. Med. 13,1086-1095.
81. Pushkarsky, T., Zybarth, G., Dubrovsky, L., Yurchenko, V., Tang, H., Guo, H., etal. (2001). CD147 facilitates HIV-1 infection by interacting with virus-associated cyclophilin A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 6360-6365.
82. Pyakurel, P., Pak, F., Mwakigonja, A. R., Kaaya, E., and Biberfeld, P. (2007). KSHV/HHV-8 and HIV infection in Kaposi's sarcoma development. Infect. Agent Cancer 2, 4.
83. Qian, L. W., Xie, J., Ye, F., and Gao, S. J. (2007). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection promotes invasion of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells by inducing matrix metalloproteinases. J. Virol. 81,7001-7010.
84. Qin, Z., Dai, L., Bratoeva, M., Slomiany, M. G., Toole, B. P., and Parsons, C. (2011). Cooperative roles for emmprin and LYVE-1 in the regulation of chemoresistance for primary effusion lymphoma. Leukemia 25, 1598-1609.
85. Qin, Z., Dai, L., Slomiany, M. G., Toole, B. P., and Parsons, C. (2010). Direct activation of emmprin and associated pathogenesis by an oncogenic herpesvirus. Cancer Res. 70, 3884-3889.
86. Renne, R., Zhong, W., Herndier, B., McGrath, M., Abbey, N., Kedes, D., etal. (1996). Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat. Med. 2, 342-346.
87. Riethdorf, S., Reimers, N., Assmann, V., Kornfeld, J. W., Terracciano, L., Sauter, G., etal. (2006). High incidence of EMMPRIN expression in human tumors. Int. J. Cancer 119, 1800-1810.
88. Riglar, D. T., Richard, D., Wilson, D. W., Boyle, M. J., Dekiwadia, C., Turnbull, L., etal. (2011). Super-resolution dissection of coordinated events during malaria parasite invasion of the human erythrocyte. Cell Host Microbe 9, 9-20.
89. Rochford, R., Cannon, M. J., and Moormann, A. M. (2005). Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma: a polymicrobial disease? Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 182-187.
90. Rodriguez, M., Lustigman, S., Montero, E., Oksov, Y., and Lobo, C. A. (2008). PfRH5: a novel reticulocyte-binding family homolog of Plasmodium falciparum that binds to the erythrocyte, and an investigation of its receptor. PLoS ONE 3:e3300. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003300
91. Rosano, L., Spinella, F., Di Castro, V., Nicotra, M. R., Albini, A., Natali, P. G., etal. (2003). Endothelin receptor blockade inhibits molecular effectors of Kaposi's sarcoma cell invasion and tumor growth in vivo. Am. J. Pathol. 163,753-762.
92. Ruiz, S., Castro-Castro, A., and Bustelo, X. R. (2008). CD147 inhibits the nuclear factor of activated T-cells by impairing Vav1 and Rac1 downstream signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 5554-5566.
93. Ruocco, V., Ruocco, E., Schwartz, R. A., and Janniger, C. K. (2011). Kaposi sarcoma and quinine: a potentially overlooked triggering factor in millions of Africans. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 64, 434-436.
94. Samols, M. A., Skalsky, R. L., Maldonado, A. M., Riva, A., Lopez, M. C., Baker, H. V., etal. (2007). Identification of cellular genes targeted by KSHV-encoded microRNAs. PLoS Pathog. 3:e65. doi: 10.1371/journal. ppat.0030065
95. Shugars, D. C. (1999). Endogenous mucosal antiviral factors of the oral cavity. J. Infect. Dis. 179(Suppl. 3), S431-S435.
96. Sidhu, S. S., Nawroth, R., Retz, M., Lemjabbar-Alaoui, H., Dasari, V., and Basbaum, C. (2010). EMMPRIN regulates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, a potential role in accelerating lung tumorigenesis. Oncogene 29, 4145- 4156.
97. Silverstein, R. L., and Febbraio, M. (2007). CD36-TSP-HRGP interactions in the regulation of angiogenesis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 13, 3559-3567.
98. Silverstein, R. L., and Febbraio, M. (2009). CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in immunity, metabolism, angiogenesis, and behavior. Sci. Signal. 2, re3.
99. Singh, S., Alam, M. M., Pal-Bhowmick, I., Brzostowski, J. A., and Chitnis, C. E. (2010). Distinct external signals trigger sequential release of apical organelles during erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog. 6:e1000746. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000746
100. Slomiany, M. G., Dai, L., Tolliver, L. B., Grass, G. D., Zeng, Y., and Toole, B. P. (2009a). Inhibition of functional hyaluronan-CD44 interactions in CD133-positive primary human ovarian carcinoma cells by small hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 7593-7601.
101. Slomiany, M. G., Grass, G. D., Robertson, A. D., Yang, X. Y., Maria, B. L., Beeson, C., etal. (2009b). Hyaluronan, CD44, and emmprin regulate lactate efflux and membrane localization of monocarboxylate transporters in human breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 69, 1293-1301.
102. Snow, R. W., Guerra, C. A., Noor, A. M., Myint, H. Y., and Hay, S. I. (2005). The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434, 214-217.
103. Staudt, M. R., and Dittmer, D. P. (2007). The Rta/Orf50 transactivator proteins of the gamma-herpesviridae. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 312, 71-100.
104. Tang, Y., Nakada, M. T., Kesavan, P., McCabe, F., Millar, H., Rafferty, P., etal. (2005). Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer stimulates tumor angiogenesis by elevating vascular endothelial cell growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases. Cancer Res. 65,3193-3199.
105. Tanne, J. H. (2011). Trial shows vaccine halves malaria episodes in children in Africa. BMJ 343, d6832.
106. Tham, W H., Healer, J., and Cowman, A. E (2012). Erythrocyte and reticu-locyte binding-like proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Trends Parasitol. 28,23-30.
107. Thorley-Lawson, D. A., and Allday, M. J. (2008). The curious case of the tumour virus: 50 years of Burkitt's lymphoma. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6, 913-924.
108. Tolsma, S. S., Volpert, O. V., Good, D. J., Frazier, W. A., Polverini, P. J., and Bouck, N. (1993). Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have antiangiogenic activity. J. Cell Biol. 122,497-511.
109. Tosetti, F., Benelli, R., and Albini, A. (2002a). The angiogenic switch in solid tumors: clinical implications. Suppl. Tumori 1,S9-S11.
110. Tosetti, F., Ferrari, N., De Flora, S., and Albini, A. (2002b). Angioprevention': angiogenesis is a common and key target for cancer chemopreventive agents. FASEB J. 16,2-14.
111. Trossaert, M., Dieye, A., Dieye, Y., and Sarthou, J. L. (1991). Cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum and complications of malaria. Dakar Med. 36, 192-197.
112. Urban, B. C., Ferguson, D. J., Pain, A., Willcox, N., Plebanski, M., Austyn, J. M., etal. (1999). Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes modulate the maturation of dendritic cells. Nature 400, 73-77.
113. Veettil, M. V., Sharma-Walia, N., Sadagopan, S., Raghu, H., Sivakumar, R., Naranatt, P. P., etal. (2006). RhoA-GTPase facilitates entry of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus into adherent target cells in a Src-dependent manner. J. Virol. 80,11432-11446.
114. Vitale, F., Briffa, D. V., Whitby, D., Maida, I., Grochowska, A., Levin, A., etal. (2001). Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus and Kaposi's sarcoma in the elderly populations of 3 Mediterranean islands. Int. J. Cancer 91, 588-591.
115. Wabinga, H. R., Parkin, D. M., Wabwire-Mangen, F., and Nambooze, S. (2000). Trends in cancer incidence in Kyadondo County, Uganda, 1960-1997. Br. J. Cancer 82, 1585-1592.
116. Wakeham, K., Webb, E. L., Sebina, I., Muhangi, L., Miley, W., Johnson, W. T., etal. (2011). Parasite infection is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Ugandan women. Infect. Agent Cancer 6, 15.
117. Watanabe, A., Yoneda, M., Ikeda, F., Terao-Muto, Y., Sato, H., and Kai, C. (2010). CD147/EMMPRIN acts as a functional entry receptor for measles virus on epithelial cells. J. Virol. 84, 4183-4193.
118. Wenisch, C., Wenisch, H., Wilairatana, P., Looareesuwan, S., Vannaphan, S., Wagner, O., etal. (1996). Big endothelin in patients with complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J. Infect Dis. 173, 1281-1284.
119. Whitby, D., Marshall, V. A., Bagni, R. K., Miley, W. J., McCloud, T. G., Hines-Boykin, R., et al. (2007). Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by natural products from Kaposi's sarcoma endemic regions. Int.J. Cancer 120,321-328.
120. Wu, J., Ru, N. Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Wei, D., Ren, Z., etal. (2011). HAb18G/CD147 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition through TGF-beta signaling and is transcriptionally regulated by Slug. Oncogene 30, 4410-4427.
121. Xie, J., Ajibade, A. O., Ye, F., Kuhne, K., and Gao, S. J. (2008). Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus from latency requires MEK/ERK, JNK and p38 multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Virology 371, 139-154.
122. Xu, D., and Hemler, M. E. (2005). Metabolic activation-related CD 147-CD98 complex. Mol Cell Proteomics 4, 1061-1071.
123. Xu, H. Y., Qian, A. R., Shang, P., Xu, J., Kong, L. M., Bian, H. J., etal. (2007). siRNA targeted against HAb18G/CD147 inhibits MMP-2 secretion, actin and FAK expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line viaERK1/2 pathway. Cancer Lett. 247, 336-344.
124. Yang, H., Zou, W., Li, Y., Chen, B., and Xin, X. (2007). Bridge linkage role played by CD98hc of antitumor drug resistance and cancer metastasis on cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. 6, 942-947.
125. Yipp, B. G., Robbins, S. M., Resek, M. E., Baruch, D. I., Looareesuwan, S., and Ho, M. (2003). Src-family kinase signaling modulates the adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum on human microvascular endothelium under flow. Blood 101,2850-2857.
126. Zhu, E X., Cusano, T., and Yuan, Y. (1999). Identification of the immediate-early transcripts of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 73, 5556-5567.
127. Ziegler, J., Newton, R., Bourboulia, D., Casabonne, D., Beral, V., Mbidde, E., etal. (2003). Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma: a case-control study of HIV-seronegative people in Uganda. Int. J. Cancer 103, 233-240.
128. Ziegler, J. L. (1993). Endemic Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa and local volcanic soils. Lancet 342, 1348-1351.
129. Ziegler, J. L., Templeton, A. C., and Vogel, C. L. (1984). Kaposi's sarcoma: a comparison of classical, endemic, and epidemic forms. Semin. Oncol. 11,47-52.
130. Zou, W., Yang, H., Hou, X., Zhang, W., Chen, B., and Xin, X. (2007). Inhibition of CD147 gene expression via RNA interference reduces tumor cell invasion, tumorigenicity and increases chemosensitivity to paclitaxel in HO-8910pm cells. Cancer Lett. 248, 211-218.