Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation

Journal of Business Venturing

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 373-396

  Cardon, Melissa S ^a   Gregoire, Denis A ^b   Stevens, Christopher E ^c   Patel, Pankaj C ^d  

^a PACE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GONZAGA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d BALL STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Affect; Emotion; Entrepreneur; Passion; Scale development

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875626094     PISSN: 08839026     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.003     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Aguinis H., Pierce C.A., Culpepper S.A. Scale coarseness as a methodological artifact: correcting correlation coefficients attenuated from using coarse scales. Organizational Research Methods 2009, 12:623-665.
2. Aldrich H.W., Zimmer C. Entrepreneurship through social networks. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship 1986, 3-23. Ballinger, Cambridge, MA. D. Sexton, R. Smilor (Eds.).
3. Alexander E.S., Onwuegbuzie A.J. Academic procrastination and the role of hope as a coping strategy. Personality and Individual Differences 2007, 42:1301-1310.
4. Amabile T.M. Entrepreneurial creativity through motivational synergy. Journal of Creative Behavior 1997, 31:18-26.
5. Amir Y., Sharon I. Replication research: a "must" for the scientific advancement of psychology. Replication Research in the Social Sciences 1991, 51-69. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. J.W. Neuliep (Ed.).
6. Arthur W., Bell S.T., Edwards B.D. A longitudinal examination of the comparative criterion-related validity of additive and referent-shift consensus operationalizations of team efficacy. Organizational Research Methods 2007, 10:35-58.
7. Bagozzi R.P. On the meaning of formative measurement and how it differs from reflective measurement: comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007). Psychological Methods 2007, 12:229-237.
8. Bagozzi R.P., Yi Y., Phillips L.W. Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly 1991, 36:421-458.
9. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control 1997, Freeman, New York.
10. Baron R. The role of affect in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management Review 2008, 33:328-340.
11. Baron R., Ensley M. Opportunity recognition as the detection of meaningful patterns: evidence from comparisons of novice and experienced entrepreneurs. Management Science 2006, 52:1331-1344.
12. Bartholomew S., Smith A.D. Improving survey response rates from chief executive officers in small firms: the importance of social networks. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2006, 30:83-96.
13. Baum J.R., Locke E.A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology 2004, 89:587-598.
14. Baum J.R., Locke E.A., Smith K.G. A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal 2001, 44:292-303.
15. Bierly P.E., Kessler E.H., Christensen E.W. Organizational learning, knowledge, and wisdom. Journal of Organizational Change Management 2000, 13:595-618.
16. Bollen K.A. Interpretation confounding is due to misspecification, not to type of indicator: comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007). Psychological Methods 2007, 12:229-237.
17. Bollen K.A., Lenox R. Conventional wisdom on measurement: a structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 110:498-522.
18. Brännback M., Carsrud A., Elfving J., Krueger N.K. Sex, [drugs], and entrepreneurial passion? An exploratory study. Paper Presented at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference. Bloomington, IN 2006.
19. Brannick M.T., Chan D., Conway J.M., Lance C.E., Spector P.E. What is method variance and how can we cope with it? A panel discussion. Organizational Research Methods 2010, 13:407-420.
20. Burke P.J., Reitzes D.C. The link between identity and role performance. Social Psychology Quarterly 1981, 44:83-92.
21. Burke P.J., Reitzes D.C. An identity theory approach to commitment. Social Psychology Quarterly 1991, 54:239-251.
22. Button S., Mathieu J., Zajac D. Goal orientation in organizational research: a conceptual and empirical foundation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1996, 67:26-48.
23. Callero P.L. Role-identity salience. Social Psychology Quarterly 1985, 48:203-215.
24. Cardon M.S. Is passion contagious? The transference of entrepreneurial emotion to employees. Human Resource Management Review 2008, 18:77-86.
25. Cardon M.S., Kirk C. Passion, self-efficacy, and persistence in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Conference. Montreal, Canada 2010.
26. Cardon M.S., Zietsma C., Saparito P., Matherne B., Davis C. A tale of passion: new insights into entrepreneurship from a parenthood metaphor. Journal of Business Venturing 2005, 20:23-45.
27. Cardon M.S., Sudek R., Mitteness C. The impact of perceived entrepreneurial passion on angel investing. Proceedings of the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference 2009, vol. 29. Babson College, Wellesley, MA. A.L. Zacharakis (Ed.).
28. Cardon M.S., Wincent J., Singh J., Drnovsek M. The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review 2009, 34:511-532.
29. Cardon M.S., Foo M.D., Shepherd D.A., Wiklund J. Exploring the heart: entrepreneurial emotion is a hot topic. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2012, 36:1-10.
30. Chandler G.N., DeTienne D.R., McKelvie A., Mumford T.V. Causation and effectuation processes: a validation study. Journal of Business Venturing 2011, 26:375-390.
31. Chen C.C., Greene P.G., Crick A. Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?. Journal of Business Venturing 1998, 13:295-316.
32. Chen X.-P., Yao X., Kotha S. Passion and preparedness in entrepreneurs' business plan presentations: a persuasion analysis of venture capitalists' funding decisions. Academy of Management Journal 2009, 52:199-214.
33. Cliff J.E. Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender, and business size. Journal of Business Venturing 1998, 13:523-542.
34. Cohen A. Antecedents of organizational commitment across occupational groups: a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1992, 13:539-559.
35. Cook T.D., Campbell D.T. Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings 1979, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL.
36. Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience 1990, Harper Perennial, New York.
37. Csikszentmihalyi M. Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life 1997, Harper Perennial, New York.
38. Damasio A.R. Fundamental feelings. Nature 2003, 413:781.
39. Diamantopoulos A., Siguaw J.A. Formative versus reflexive indicators in organizational measure development: a comparison and empirical illustration. British Journal of Management 2006, 17:263-282.
40. Diamantopoulos A., Riefler P., Roth K.P. Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research 2008, 61:1203-1218.
41. Doty D.H., Glick W.H. Common method bias: does common methods variance really bias results?. Organizational Research Methods 1998, 1:374-406.
42. Drnovsek M., Cardon M.S., Murnieks C.Y. Collective passion in entrepreneurial teams. The Entrepreneurial Mind 2009, 191-218. Springer Publishing, New York, NY. A. Carsrud, M. Brannback (Eds.).
43. Drucker P. Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1985, Harper Row, New York.
44. Eby L.T., Durley J.R., Evans S.C., Ragins B.R. Mentor's perceptions of negative mentoring experiences: scale development and nomological validation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:358-373.
45. Edwards J.R. Multidimensional constructs in organizational behavior research: an integrative framework. Organizational Research Methods 2001, 42:144-192.
46. Edwards J.R. The fallacy of formative measurement. Organizational Research Methods 2011, 14:370-388.
47. Fan X., Thompson B., Wang L. Effects of sample size, estimation method, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:56-83.
48. Farmer S., Yao X., Kung-McIntyre K. Social roles, identities, and entrepreneurship: a three-nation study in the US, China, and Taiwan. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2011, 35:245-273.
49. Fauchart E., Gruber M. Darwinians, communitarians and missionaries: the role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal 2011, 54:935-957.
50. Foo M. Emotions and entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2011, 35:375-393.
51. Foo M., Uy M., Baron R.A. How do feelings influence effort? An empirical study of entrepreneurs' affect and venture effort. Journal of Applied Psychology 2009, 94:1086-1094.
52. Gartner W.B., Starr J.A., Bhat S. Predicting new venture survival: an analysis of "Anatomy of a Startup" cases from Inc. Magazine. Journal of Business Venturing 1999, 14:215-232.
53. Gilson L., Shalley C. A little creativity goes a long way: an examination of teams' engagement in creative process. Journal of Management 2004, 30:453-470.
54. Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 1959, Doubleday, Garden City, NY.
55. Grégoire D.A., Barr P.S., Shepherd D.A. Cognitive processes of opportunity recognition: the role of structural alignment. Organization Science 2010, 21:413-431.
56. Grégoire D.A., Corbett A.C., McMullen J.S. The cognitive perspective in entrepreneurship: an agenda for future research. Journal of Management Studies 2011, 48:1443-1477.
57. Gundry L.K., Welsch H.P. The ambitious entrepreneur: high growth strategies of women-owned enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing 2001, 16:453-470.
58. Hinkin T.R., Tracey J.B. An analysis of variance approach to content validation. Organizational Research Methods 1999, 2:175-186.
59. Hmieleski K., Baron R. Entrepreneurs' optimism and new venture performance: a social cognitive perspective. Academy of Management Journal 2009, 52:473-488.
60. Hoang H., Gimeno J. Becoming a founder: how founder role identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing 2010, 25:41-53.
61. Howell R.D., Breivik E., Wilcox J.B. Reconsidering formative measurement. Psychological Methods 2007, 12:205-218.
62. Hoyle R.H., Panter A.T. Writing about structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications 1995, 158-176. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. R.H. Hoyle (Ed.).
63. Hsu J.C. Multiple Comparisons 1996, Chapman and Hall.
64. Hu L.T., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria vs new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55.
65. John O.P., Benet-Martinez V. Measurement: reliability, construct validation, and scale construction. Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology 2000, 339-369. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. H.T. Reis, C.M. Judd (Eds.).
66. Katila R., Ahuja G. Something old, something new: a longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal 2002, 45:1183-1194.
67. Katz J., Gartner W.B. Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review 1988, 13:429-441.
68. Kline R.B. Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modeling 2005, Guilford, New York, NY.
69. Landis J.R., Koch G.G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977, 33:159-174.
70. Lee S.Y., Florida R., Acs Z.J. Creativity and entrepreneurship: a regional analysis of new firm formation. Regional Studies 2004, 38:879-891.
71. Lewis K. Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:587-604.
72. Liu D., Chen X., Yao X. From autonomy to creativity: a multilevel investigation of the mediating role of harmonious passion. Journal of Applied Psychology 2011, 96:294-309.
73. Lopez S.J., Snyder C.R., Teramoto-Pedrotti J. Hope: many definitions, many measures. Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures 2003, 91-107. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. S.J. Lopez, C.R. Snyder (Eds.).
74. MacKenzie S.B., Podsakoff P.M., Jarvis C.B. The problem of measurement model misspecification in behavioral and organizational research and some recommended solutions. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:710-730.
75. Marsh H.W., Wen Z.L., Hau K.T. Structural equation models of latent interactions: evaluation of alternative estimation strategies and indicator construction. Psychological Methods 2004, 9:275-300.
76. McMullen J.S., Shepherd D.A. Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review 2006, 31:132-152.
77. Mitteness C., Sudek R., Cardon M.S. Investor characteristics that determine whether perceived passion leads to higher evaluations of funding potential Journal of Business Venturing 2012, 27:592-606.
78. Murnieks, C. 2007. Who am I? The quest for an entrepreneurial identity and an investigation of its relationship to entrepreneurial passion and goal-setting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado-Boulder.
79. Murnieks C., Mosakowski E. Entrepreneurial passion: an identity theory perspective. Paper Presented at the Academy of Management Conference. Atlanta, GA 2006.
80. Murnieks C.Y., Mosakowski E., Cardon M.S. Pathways of passion: identity centrality, passion, and behavior among entrepreneurs 2012, Journal of Management, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206311433855 (February 3).
81. Netemeyer R.G., Bearden W.O., Sharma S. Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications 2003, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
82. Nunnally J. Psychometric Theory 1978, McGraw-Hill, New York. 2nd ed.
83. Nunnally J.C., Bernstein I.H. Psychometric Theory 1994, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
84. Perry-Smith J. Social yet creative: the role of social relationships in facilitating individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal 2006, 49:85-101.
85. Perttula K. The POW Factor: Understanding and Igniting Passion for One's Work 2004, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
86. Perttula K. Passion for work: initial measurement and construct validation. Academy of Management Conference. Chicago, IL 2010.
87. Podsakoff P.M., MacKenzie S.B., Lee J.-Y., Podsakoff N.P. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:879-903.
88. Ronstadt R. The corridor principle. Journal of Business Venturing 1988, 3:31-40.
89. Sackett P.R., Larson J.R. Research strategies and tactics in industrial and organizational psychology. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1990, 419-490. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA. Second ed. M.D. Dunnette, L.M. Hough (Eds.).
90. Scandura T.A., Williams E.A. Research methodology in management: current practices, trends, and implications for future research. Academy of Management Journal 2000, 43:1248-1264.
91. Schindehutte M., Morris M., Allen J. Beyond achievement: entrepreneurship as extreme experience. Small Business Economics 2006, 27:349-368.
92. Schriesheim C., Powers K., Scandura T., Gardiner C., Lankau M. Improving construct measurement in management research: comments and a quantitative approach for assessing the theoretical content adequacy of paper-and-pencil survey-type instruments. Journal of Management 1993, 19:385-417.
93. Schwarz N., Clore G.L. Feelings and phenomenal experiences. Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles 2007, 385-407. Guildord Press, New York. 2nd ed. E.T. Higgins, A. Kruglanski (Eds.).
94. Shane S. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science 2000, 11:448-469.
95. Shane S., Locke E.A., Collins C.J. Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review 2003, 13:257-279.
96. Shepherd D.A. Learning from business failure: propositions of grief recovery for the self-employed. Academy of Management Review 2003, 282:318-329.
97. Shipp A.J., Edwards J.R., Lambert L.S. Conceptualization and measurement of temporal focus: the subjective experience of the past, present, and future. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2009, 110:1-22.
98. Smith N.R., Miner J.B. Type of entrepreneur, type of firm, and managerial motivation: implications for organizational life cycle theory. Strategic Management Journal 1983, 4:325-340.
99. Snyder C.R., Harris C., Anderson J.R., Holleran S.A., Irving L.M., Sigmon S.T., Yoshinobu L., Gibb J., Langelle C., Harney P. The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991, 60:570-585.
100. Spector P.E. Summated Rating Scale Construction: An Introduction 1992, Sage, Newburg Park, CA.
101. Stryker S., Burke P.J. The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly 2000, 63:284-297.
102. Stryker S., Serpe R.T. Commitment, identity salience, and role behavior: theory and research example. Personality, Roles and Social Behavior 1982, 199-218. Springer Verlag, New York. W. Ickes, E.S. Knowles (Eds.).
103. Stryker S., Serpe R.T. Identity salience and psychological centrality: equivalent, overlapping, or complementary concepts?. Social Psychology Quarterly 1994, 57:16-35.
104. Sudek R. Angel investment criteria. Journal of Small Business Strategy 2006, 17:89-103.
105. Sundararajan M., Peters L. Role of emotions in the entrepreneur's opportunity recognition process. Paper Presented at the Academy of Management Conference. Philadelphia, PA 2007.
106. Tang J., Kacmar K.M., Busenitz L.W. Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing 2012, 27:77-94.
107. Tsang E.W.K., Kwan K.M. Replication and theory development in organizational science: a critical realist perspective. Academy of Management Review 1999, 24:759-780.
108. Ucbasaran D., Alsos G., Westhead P., Wright M. Habitual entrepreneurs. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship Research 2008, 4:1-93.
109. Utsch A., Rauch A. Innovativeness and initiative as mediators between achievement orientation and venture performance. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology 2000, 91:45-63.
110. Vallerand R.J. On the psychology of passion: in search of what makes people's lives most worth living. Canadian Psychology 2008, 49:1-13.
111. Vallerand R.J., Mageau G.A., Ratelle C., Leonard M., Blanchard C., Koestner R., Gagne M. Les Passions de l' Ame: on obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:756-767.
112. Vandenberg R., Lance C. Examining the causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management 1992, 18:153-167.
113. Venkataraman S. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Firm Emergence, and Growth. 1997, vol. 3:119-138. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
114. Vignoles V.L., Jen G., Regalia C., Manzi C., Scabini E. Beyond self-esteem: influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 90:308-333.
115. Wanous J.P., Hudy M.J. Single-item reliability: a replication and extension. Organizational Research Methods 2001, 4:361-375.
116. Wanous J.P., Reichers A.E., Hudy M.J. Overall job satisfaction: how good are single-item measures?. Journal of Applied Psychology 1997, 82:247-252.
117. Ward T.B. Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing 2004, 19:173-188.
118. Watson D., Clark L.A., Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:1063-1070.
119. Westhead P., Wright M. Novice, portfolio, and serial founders: are the different?. Journal of Business Venturing 1998, 13:173-204.
120. Williams L.J., Hartman N., Cavazotte F. Method variance and marker variables: a review and comprehensive CFA marker technique. Organizational Research Methods 2010, 13:477-514.
121. Wincent J., Cardon M.S., Singh J., Drnovsek M. Entrepreneurial affect: the distinction between emotion and passion. Academy of Management Conference. Anaheim, CA 2008.
122. Wu S., Matthews L., Dagher G.K. Need for achievement, business goals, and entrepreneurial persistence. Management Research News 2007, 30:928-941.
123. Zhao H., Seibert S.E. The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:259-271.
124. Zhao H., Seibert S.E., Hills G.E. The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 91:1265-1272.
125. Zhao H., Seibert S.E., Lumpkin G.T. The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Management 2010, 36:381-404.
126. Zhou J. When the presence of creative coworkers is related to creativity: role of supervisor close monitoring, developmental feedback, and creative personality. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:413-422.
127. Zhou J., George J. When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal 2001, 44:682-696.