Emotional Mimicry as Social Regulation

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 142-157

  Hess, Ursula ^a   Fischer, Agneta ^b  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

facial mimicry; social regulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875430533     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1088868312472607     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Achaibou A.,Pourtois G.,Schwartz S.,Vuilleumier P.Simultaneous recording of EEG and facial muscle reactions during spontaneous emotional mimicry.Neuropsychologia. 2008;46:1104-1113.
2. Adams R. B.,Gordon H. L.,Baird A. A.,Ambady N.,Kleck R. E.Effect of gaze on amygdala sensitivity to anger and fear faces.Science. 2003;300:1536-1537.
3. Bailey P. E.,Henry J. D.Subconscious facial expression mimicry is preserved in older adulthood.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:995-1000.
4. Bailey P. E.,Henry J. D.,Nangle M. R.Electromyographic evidence for age-related differences in the mimicry of anger.Psychology and Aging. 2009;24:224-229.
5. Barresi J.,Moore C.Intentional relations and social understanding.Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1996;19:107-122.
6. Barsalou L. W.Perceptual symbol systems.Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1999;22:577-660.
7. Bavelas J. B.,Black A.,Chovil N.,Lemery C. R.,Mullett J.Form and function in motor mimicry: Topographic evidence that the primary function is communicative.Human Communication Research. 1988;14:275-299.
8. Bavelas J. B.,Black A.,Lemery C. R.,Mullett J.Experimental methods for studying "Elementary motor mimicry".Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1986a;10:102-119.
9. Bavelas J. B.,Black A.,Lemery C. R.,Mullett J."I show how you feel": Motor mimicry as a communicative act.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986b;50:322-329.
10. Beall P. M.,Moody E. J.,McIntosh D. N.,Hepburn S. L.,Reed C. L.Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions in typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2008;101:206-223.
11. Berger M. S.,Hadley S. W.Some effects of a model's performance on an observer's electromyographic activity.American Journal of Psychology. 1975;88:263-276.
12. Bernieri F. J.,Rosenthal R.Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior. Feldman R. S.Rimé B., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1991:401-432.
13. Blairy S.,Herrera P.,Hess U.Mimicry and the judgment of emotional facial expressions.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1999;23:5-41.
14. Blaison C.,Hareli S.,Strauss C.,Hess U. Imitating eyes: Mimicry of emotions shown in the eyes. Paper presented at the CERE; 2012 Canterbury, Kent, UK; 2012.
15. Bogart K. R.,Matsumoto D.Facial mimicry is not necessary to recognize emotion: Facial expression recognition by people with moebius syndrome.Social Neuroscience. 2010;5:241-251.
16. Bourgeois P.,Hess U.The impact of social context on mimicry.Biological Psychology. 2008;77:343-352.
17. Cacioppo J. T.,Petty R. E.Attitudes and cognitive response: An electrophysiological approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1979;37:2181-2199.
18. Calder A. J.,Young A. W.Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression.Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2005;6:641-651.
19. Cannon P.,Hayes A.,Tipper S.An electromyographic investigation of the impact of task relevance on facial mimicry.Cognition & Emotion. 2009;23:918-929.
20. Castelli F.Understanding emotions from standardized facial expressions in autism and normal development.Autism. 2005;9:428-449.
21. Chartrand T. L.,Bargh J. A.The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;76:893-910.
22. Chartrand T. L.,Dalton A. N.Oxford handbook of human action. Morsella E.Bargh J. A.Gollwitzer P. M., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2009:458-483.
23. Cohn J. F.,Kanade T.Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. Coan J. A.Allen J. J. B., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:222-238.
24. Davis M. H.Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview; 1994:.
25. Decety J.,Jackson P. L.A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2006;15:54-58.
26. de Wied M.,van Boxtel A.,Zaalberg R.,Goudena P. P.,Matthys W.Facial EMG responses to dynamic emotional facial expressions in boys with disruptive behavior disorders.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2006;40:112-121.
27. Dimberg U.Facial reactions to facial expressions.Psychophysiology. 1982;19:643-647.
28. Dimberg U.,Lundqvist L. O.Gender differences in facial reactions to facial expressions.Biological Psychology. 1990;30:151-159.
29. Dimberg U.,Petterson M.Facial reactions to happy and angry facial expressions: Evidence for right hemisphere dominance.Psychophysiology. 2000;37:693-696.
30. Dimberg U.,Thunberg M.Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 1998;39:39-45.
31. Dimberg U.,Thunberg M.,Elmehed K.Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions.Psychological Science. 2000;11:86-89.
32. Dimberg U.,Thunberg M.,Grunedal S.Facial reactions to emotional stimuli: Automatically controlled emotional responses.Cognition & Emotion. 2002;16:449-472.
33. Ekman P.,Friesen W. V.The facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1978:.
34. Fischer A. H.,Becker D.,Veenstra L.The social regulation of mimicry: The case of disgust and pride. 2012;:.
35. Fischer A. H.,Gillebaart M.,Rotteveel M.,Becker D.,Vliek M.Veiled emotions: The effect of covered faces on emotion perception and attitudes.Social Psychological & Personality Science. 2012;3:266-273.
36. Fischer A. H.,Manstead A. S. R.Handbook of emotions. Lewis M.Haviland-Jones J.Barrett L. F., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 2008:456-470.
37. Flack W.Peripheral feedback effects of facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions on emotional feelings.Cognition & Emotion. 2006;20:177-195.
38. Frijda N. H.Impulsive action and motivation.Biological Psychology. 2010;84:570-579.
39. Fujimura T.,Sato W.,Suzuki N.Facial expression arousal level modulates facial mimicry.International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2010;76:88-92.
40. Gallese V.Embodied simulation: From neurons to phenomenal experience.Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 2005;4:23-48.
41. Gallese V.,Goldman A.Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading.Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 1998;2:493-501.
42. Goldman A.,Sripada C. S.Simulationist models of face-based emotion recognition.Cognition. 2005;94:193-213.
43. Häfner M.,IJzerman H.The face of love: Spontaneous accommodation as social emotion regulation.Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin. 2011;37:1551-1563.
44. Halberstadt J.,Winkielman P.,Niedenthal P.,Dalle N.Emotional conception: How embodied emotion concepts guide perception and facial action.Psychological Science. 2009;20:1254-1261.
45. Harrison N. A.,Morgan R.,Critchley H. D.From facial mimicry to emotional empathy: A role for norepinephrine?.Social Neuroscience. 2010;5:393-400.
46. Hatfield E.,Cacioppo J. T.,Rapson R. L.Emotional contagion. Madison, WI: C.W. Brown; 1994:.
47. Hawk S. T.,Fischer A. H.,Van Kleef G. A.Face the noise: Embodied responses to nonverbal vocalizations of discrete emotions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012;102:796-814.
48. Hawk S. T.,Fischer A. H.,Van Kleef G. A.Taking your place or matching your face: Two routes to empathic embarrassment.Emotion. 2011;11:502-513.
49. Haxby J. V.,Hoffman E. A.,Gobbini M. I.The distributed human neural system for face perception.Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2000;4:223-233.
50. Hermans E. J.,Putman P.,van Honk J.Testosterone administration reduces empathetic behavior: A facial mimicry study.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31:859-866.
51. Hermans E. J.,van Wingen G.,Bos P. A.,Putman P.,van Honk J.Reduced spontaneous facial mimicry in women with autistic traits.Biological Psychology. 2009;80:348-353.
52. Herrera P.,Bourgeois P.,Cheung N.,Hess U.La communication emotionnelle entre individus de groupes culturels differents.Science et Comportement. 1998;27:S104.
53. Herrera P.,Bourgois P.,Hess U. Counter mimicry effects as a function of racial attitudes. Paper presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research; 1998Denver, CO; 1998.
54. Hess U.,Adams R. B.,Grammer K.,Kleck R. E.Face gender and emotion expression: Are angry women more like men? [Article 19].Journal of Vision. 2009;9 (12): 1-8.
55. Hess U.,Adams R. B.,Kleck R. E.Looking at you or looking elsewhere: The influence of head orientation on the signal value of emotional facial expressions.Motivation and Emotion. 2007;31:137-144.
56. Hess U.,Adams R. B.,Kleck R. E.Intergroup misunderstandings: Impact of divergent social realities. Demoulin S.Leyens J.-P.Dovidio J. F., ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2009:85-100.
57. Hess U.,Blairy S.Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy.International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2001;40:129-141.
58. Hess U.,Blairy S.,Kleck R. E.The influence of expression intensity, gender, and ethnicity on judgments of dominance and affiliation.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2000;24:265-283.
59. Hess U.,Bourgeois P.You smile-I smile: Emotion expression in social interaction.Biological Psychology. 2010;84:514-520.
60. Hess U.,Herrera P.,Bourgeois P.,Blairy S. Do people mimic what they see or what they know? Facial mimicry revisited. Paper presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research; 1997Cape Cod, MA; 1997.
61. Hess U.,Kappas A.,Banse R.The intensity of facial expressions is determined by underlying affective state and social situation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995;69:280-288.
62. Hess U.,Kirouac G.Handbook of emotion. 2000). Emotion expression in groups. In LewisM.Haviland-JonesJ. (Eds.), Handbook of emotion (2nd ed., pp. 368-381). New York, NY: Guilford.Lewis M.Haviland-Jones J., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 2000:368-381.
63. Hess U.,Philippot P.,Blairy S.Facial reactions to emotional facial expressions: Affect or cognition?.Cognition & Emotion. 1998;12:509-532.
64. Hess U.,Philippot P.,Blairy S.The social context of nonverbal behavior. Philippot P.Feldman R. S., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1999:213-241.
65. Heyes C.Automatic imitation.Psychological Bulletin. 2011;137:463-483.
66. Hietanen J. K.,Surakka V.,Linnankoski I.Facial electromyographic responses to vocal affect expressions.Psychophysiology. 1998;35:530-536.
67. Hinsz V. B.,Tomhave J. A.Smile and (half) the world smiles with you, frown and you frown alone.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1991;17:586-592.
68. Houde S.,Simard A.,Hess U. I show you how you feel: Mimicry as a function of assigned emotional state. Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research; 2009Berlin, Germany; 2009.
69. Jakobs E.,Manstead A. S. R.,Fischer A. H.Social motives and emotional feelings as determinants of facial displays: The case of smiling.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1999;25:424-435.
70. Jakobs E.,Manstead A. S. R.,Fischer A. H.Social context effects on facial activity in a negative emotional setting.Emotion. 2001;1:51-69.
71. Kaiser S.,Wehrle T.Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Series in affective science. Scherer K. R.Schorr A.Johnstone T., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:285-300.
72. Keltner D.,Haidt J.Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis.Cognition & Emotion. 1999;13:505-521.
73. Knutson B.Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1996;20:165-182.
74. Korb S.,Grandjean D.,Scherer K. R.Timing and voluntary suppression of facial mimicry to smiling faces in a Go/NoGo task-An EMG study.Biological Psychology. 2010;85:347-349.
75. Lakin J. L.,Chartrand T. L.Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport.Psychological Science. 2003;14:334-339.
76. Lakin J. L.,Jefferis V. E.,Cheng C. M.,Chartrand T. L.The chameleon effect as social glue: Evidence for the evolutionary significance of nonconscious mimicry.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2003;27:145-162.
77. Lamm C.,Porges E. C.,Cacioppo J. T.,Decety J.Perspective taking is associated with specific facial responses during empathy for pain.Brain Research. 2008;1227:153-161.
78. Lanzetta J. T.,Englis B. G.Expectations of cooperation and competition and their effects on observers' vicarious emotional responses.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989;56:543-554.
79. Larsen J. T.,Norris C. J.,Cacioppo J. T.Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii.Psychophysiology. 2003;40:776-785.
80. Likowski K. U.,Mühlberger A.,Seibt B.,Pauli P.,Weyers P.Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2008;44:1065-1072.
81. Lipps T.Psychologische Untersuchungen (Band 1). Lipps T., ed. Leipzig, Germany: Engelmann; 1907:.
82. Littlewort G.,Whitehill J.,Wu T.,Fasel I.,Frank M.,Movellan J.,Bartlett M. The Computer Expression Recognition Toolbox (CERT). Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition; 2011; 2011.
83. Lundqvist L. O.Facial EMG reactions to facial expressions: A case of facial emotional contagion?.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 1995;36:130-141.
84. Lundqvist L. O.,Dimberg U.Facial expressions are contagious.Journal of Psychophysiology. 1995;9:203-211.
85. Magnée M. J. C. M.,Stekelenburg J. J.,Kemner C.,de Gelder B.Similar facial electromyographic responses to faces, voices, and body expressions.Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research. 2007;18:369-372.
86. Maringer M.,Krumhuber E. G.,Fischer A. H.,Niedenthal P. M.Beyond smile dynamics: Mimicry and beliefs in judgments of smiles.Emotion. 2011;11:181-187.
87. MatsumotoD.EkmanP. (2006). Multi-ethnic facial expression set. Unpublished images.
88. Maurice J. C. M.,Magnée M. J. C. M.,De Gelder B.,Van Engeland H.,Kemner C.Facial electromyographic responses to emotional information from faces and voices in individuals with pervasive developmental disorder.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2007;48:1122-1130.
89. McDonald S.,Li S. Z.,De Sousa A.,Rushby J.,Dimoska A.,James C.,Tate R. L.Impaired mimicry response to angry faces following severe traumatic brain injury.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2010;33:17-29.
90. McHugo G. J.,Lanzetta J. T.,Bush L. K.The effect of attitudes on emotional reactions to expressive displays of political leaders.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1991;15:19-41.
91. McHugo G. J.,Lanzetta J. T.,Sullivan D. G.,Masters R. D.,Englis B. G.Emotional reactions to a political leader's expressive displays.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985;49:1513-1529.
92. McIntosh D. N.,Reichmann-Decker A.,Winkielman P.,Wilbarger J. L.When the social mirror breaks: Deficits in automatic, but not voluntary mimicry of emotional facial expressions in autism.Developmental Science. 2006;9:295-302.
93. Moody E. J.,McIntosh D. N.,Mann L. J.,Weisser K. R.More than mere mimicry? The influence of emotion on rapid facial reactions to faces.Emotion. 2007;7:447-457.
94. Niedenthal P. M.Embodying emotion.Science. 2007;316:1002-1005.
95. Niedenthal P. M.,Brauer M.,Halberstadt J.,Innes-Ker A. H.When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression.Cognition & Emotion. 2001;15:853-864.
96. Niedenthal P. M.,Mermillod M.,Maringer M.,Hess U.Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression; 2010:417-433.
97. Oberman L. M.,Winkielman P.,Ramachandran V. S.Slow echo: Facial EMG evidence for the delay of spontaneous, but not voluntary, emotional mimicry in children with autism spectrum disorders.Developmental Science. 2009;12:510-520.
98. Parkinson B.Relations and dissociations between appraisal and emotion ratings of reasonable and unreasonable anger and guilt.Cognition & Emotion. 1999;13:347-385.
99. Parkinson B.Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Scherer K. R.Schorr A.Johnstone T., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:173-186.
100. Parkinson B.Interpersonal emotion transfer: Contagion and social appraisal.Social & Personality Psychology Compass. 2011;5:428-439.
101. Parkinson B.,Fischer A. H.,Manstead A. S. R.Emotion in social relations: Cultural, group, and interpersonal processes. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2005:.
102. Preston S. D.,de Waal F. B. M.Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases.Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2003;25:1-20.
103. Prinz W.Perception and action planning.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 1997;9:129-154.
104. Rizzolatti G.,Craighero L.The mirror-neuron system.Annual Review of NeuroScience. 2004;27:169-192.
105. Roseman I. J.,Evdokas A.Appraisals cause experienced emotions: Experimental evidence.Cognition & Emotion. 2004;18:1-28.
106. Rychlowska M.,Zinner L.,Niedenthal P. Decoding the Mona Lisa smile: Eye contact triggers embodied simulation of meaning in smiles. Paper presented at the 16th General Meeting of the European Association for the Social Psychology; 2011 Stockholm, Sweden; 2011.
107. Sato W.,Fujimura T.,Suzuki N.Enhanced facial EMG activity in response to dynamic facial expressions.International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2008;70:70-74.
108. Sato W.,Yoshikawa S.Spontaneous facial mimicry in response to dynamic facial expressions.Cognition. 2007;104:1-18.
109. SchererK. R. (1987). Towards a dynamic theory of emotion: The component process model of affective states. Geneva Studies in Emotion and Communication, 1, 1-98. Retrieved from http://www.unige.ch/fapse/emotion/publications/pdf/tdte_1987.pdf.
110. Scherer K. R.Profiles of emotion-antecedent appraisal: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures.Cognition & Emotion. 1997;11:113-150.
111. Schrammel F.,Pannasch S.,Graupner S.-T.,Mojzisch A.,Velichkovsky B. M.Virtual friend or threat? The effects of facial expression and gaze interaction on psychophysiological responses and emotional experience.Psychophysiology. 2009;46:922-931.
112. Simard A.,Lasalle M.,Houde S.,Hess U. I show you how you feel: Mimicry as a function of assigned emotional state. Paper presented at The 2011 Meeting of the International Society for Research on Emotion; 2011Kyoto, Japan; 2011.
113. Smith C. A.,Ellsworth P. C.Dimensions of cognitive appraisal in emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985a;48:813-838.
114. Smith C. A.,Ellsworth P. C.Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985b;48:813-838.
115. Sonnby-Borgström M.Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2002;43:433-443.
116. Sonnby-Borgström M.,Jõnsson P.Dismissing-avoidant pattern of attachment and mimicry reactions at different levels of information processing.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2004;45:103-113.
117. Sonnby-Borgström M.,Jönsson P.,Svensson O.Emotional empathy as related to mimicry reactions at different levels of information processing.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2003;27:3-23.
118. Spezio M. L.,Adolphs R.,Hurley R. S. E.,Piven J.Abnormal use of facial information in high-functioning autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2007;37:929-939.
119. Stel M.,van Dijk E.,Olivier E.You want to know the truth? Then don't mimic!.Psychological Science. 2009;20:693-699.
120. Stel M.,van Knippenberg A.The role of facial mimicry in the recognition of affect.Psychological Science. 2008;19:984-985.
121. Stepper S.,Strack F.Proprioceptive determinants of affective and nonaffective feelings.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993;64:211-220.
122. Tamietto M.,Castelli L.,Vighetti S.,Perozzo P.,Geminiani G.,Weiskrantz L.,de Gelder B.Unseen facial and bodily expressions trigger fast emotional reactions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009;106:17662-17666.
123. Thibault P.,Bourgeois P.,Hess U.The effect of group-identification on emotion recognition: The case of cats and basketball players.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2006;42:676-683.
124. Van der Schalk J.,Fischer A. H.,Doosje B. J.,Wigboldus D.,Hawk S. T.,Hess U.,Rotteveel M.Congruent and incongruent responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup.Emotion. 2011;11:286-298.
125. van Dijk W. W.,Ouwerkerk J. W.,Goslinga S.,Nieweg M.,Gallucci M.When people fall from grace: Reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude.Emotion. 2006;6:156-160.
126. Van Kleef G. A.How emotions regulate social life.Current directions in psychological science. 2009;18:184-188.
127. Varcin K. J.,Bailey P. E.,Henry J. D.Empathic deficits in schizophrenia: The potential role of rapid facial mimicry.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2010;16:621-629.
128. Verona E.,Patrick C. J.,Curtin J. J.,Bradley M. M.,Lang P. J.Psychopathy and physiological response to emotionally evocative sounds.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2004;113:99-108.
129. Wagner H. L.,Smith J.Facial expressions in the presence of friends and strangers.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1991;15:201-214.
130. Weisbuch M.,Ambady N.Affective divergence: Automatic responses to others' emotions depend on group membership.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;95:1063-1079.
131. Weyers P.,Mühlberger A.,Kund A.,Hess U.,Pauli P.Modulation of facial reactions to avatar emotional faces by nonconscious competition priming.Psychophysiology. 2009;46:328-335.
132. Yabar Y.,Hess U.Display of empathy and perception of out-group members.New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 2007;36:42-50.