Embodied simulation: From neurons to phenomenal experience

Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 23-48

  Gallese, Vittorio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Body image; Body schema; Embodied simulation; Experiential knowledge; Intentional attunement; Mirror neurons; Shared manifold

Indexed keywords

EID: 17744397578     PISSN: 15687759     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11097-005-4737-z     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Adolphs, R. 2002. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12(2): 169-177.
2. Adolphs, R. 2003. Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4(3): 165-178.
3. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D. and Damasio, A. R. 2003. Dissociable neural systems for recognizing emotions. Brain Cogn. 52(1): 61-69.
4. Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Cooper, G. and Damasio, A. R. 2000. A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping. J. Neurosci. 20: 2683-2690.
5. Berti, A. and Frassinetti, F. 2000. When far becomes near: Re-mapping of space by tool use. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12: 415-420.
6. Berti, A. and Rizzolatti, G. 1992. Visual processing without awareness: Evidence from unilateral neglect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4: 345-351.
7. Bruce, C., Desimone, R. and Gross, C. G. 1981. Visual properties of neurons in a polysensory area in superior temporal sulcus of the macaque. J. Neumphysiol. 46: 369-84.
8. Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Seitz, R. J., Zilles, K., Rizzolatti, G. and Freund, H.-J. 2001. Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 13: 400-404.
9. Buccino, G., Lui, F., Canessa, N., Patteri, I., Lagravinese, G., Benuzzi, F., Porro, C. A. and Rizzolatti, G. 2004. Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by nonconspecifics: An fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neumsci. 16: 114-126.
10. Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N. and Young, A. W. 2000. Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nat. Neumsci. 3: 1077-1078.
11. Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C. and Lenzi, G. L. 2003. Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100(9): 5497-5502.
12. Cochin, S., Barthelemy, C., Lejeune, B., Roux, S. and Martineau, J. 1998. Perception of motion and qEEG activity in human adults. Electroenc. Clin. Neumphysiol. 107: 287-295.
13. Cowey, A., Small, M. and Ellis, S. 1994. Left visuo-spatial neglect can be worse in far than near space. Neumpsychologia 32: 1059-1066.
14. Cowey, A., Small, M. and Ellis, S. 1999. No abrupt change in visual hemineglect from near to far space. Neumpsychologia 37: 1-6.
15. Decety, J. and Grèzes, J. 1999. Neural mechanisms subserving the perception of human actions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3: 172-178.
16. Decety, J., Grezes, J., Costes, N., Perani, D., Jeannerod, M., Procyk, E., Grassi, F. and Fazio, F. 1997. Brain activity during observation of actions. Influence of action content and subject's strategy. Brain 120: 1763-1777.
17. Duhamel, J-R., Bremmer, F., Ben Hamed, S. and Graf, W. 1997. Spatial invariance of visual receptive fields in parietal cortex neurons. Nature 389: 845-848.
18. Ehrsson, H. H., Geyer, S. and Naito, E. 2003. Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations. J. Neurophysiol. 90(5): 3304-3316.
19. Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Pavesi, G. and Rizzolatti, G. 1995. Motor facilitation during action observation: A magnetic stimulation study. J. Neumphysiol. 73: 2608-2611.
20. Ferrari, P. F., Gallese, V., Rizzolatti, G. and Fogassi, L. 2003. Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and communicative mouth actions in the monkey ventral premotor cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience 17: 1703-1714.
21. Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Fadiga, L. and Rizzolatti, G. 1996a. Space coding in inferior premotor cortex (area F4): Facts and speculations. In: F. Laquaniti and P. Viviani (eds.), Neural Basis of Motor Behavior (pp. 99-120). NATO ASI Series, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
22. Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Luppino, G., Matelli, M. and Rizzolatti, G. 1996b. Coding of peripersonal space in inferior premotor cortex (area F4). J. Neumphysiol. 76: 141-157.
23. Gallese, V. 2000. The acting subject: Towards the neural basis of social cognition. In: T. Metzinger (ed.), Neural Correlates of Consciousness. Empirical and Conceptual Questions (pp. 325-333). Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
24. Gallese, V. 2001. The "Shared Manifold" Hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Consciousness Studies 8(5-7): 33-50.
25. Gallese, V. 2003a. The manifold nature of interpersonal relations: The quest for a common mechanism. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London B. 358: 517-528.
26. Gallese, V. 2003b. The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity. Psychopathology 36(4): 171-180.
27. Gallese, V. 2003c. A neuroscientific grasp of concepts: From control to representation. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, B. 358: 1231-1240.
28. Gallese, V. 2005. "Being like me": Self-other identity, mirror neurons and empathy. In :S. Hurley and N. Chater (eds.), Perspectives on Imitation: From Cognitive Neuroscience to Social Science (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
29. Gallese, V. 2004. Intentional attunement. The mirror neuron system and its role in interpersonal relations. http://www.interdisciplines.Org/mirror/ papers/1
30. Gallese, V. and Goldman, A. 1998. Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12: 493-501.
31. Gallese, V. and Lakoff, G. 2005. The brain's concepts: The role of the sensory-motor system in conceptual knowledge. Cogn. Neuropsychol (in press).
32. Gallese, V. and Metzinger, T. 2003. Motor ontology: The representational reality of goals, actions, and selves. Philosophical Psychology 13(3): 365-388.
33. Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L. and Rizzolatti, G. 1996. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119: 593-609.
34. Gallese, V., Keysers, C. and Rizzolatti, G. 2004. A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8: 396-403.
35. Gallese, V., Fogassi, L., Fadiga, L. and Rizzolatti, G. 2002b. Action Representation and the inferior parietal lobule. In: W. Prinz and B. Hommel (eds.), Attention and Performance XIX (pp. 247-266). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Gentilucci, M., Scandolara, C., Pigarev, I. N. and Rizzolatti, G. 1983. Visual responses in the postarcuate cortex (area 6) of the monkey that are independent of eye position. Experimental Brain Research 50: 464-468.
37. Gentilucci, M., Fogassi, L., Luppino, G., Matelli, M., Camarda, R. and Rizzolatti, G. 1988. Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey: I. Somatotopy and the control of proximal movements. Experimental Brain Research 71: 475-490.
38. Goldman, A. 1989. Interpretation psychologized. Mind and Language 4: 161-185.
39. Goldman, A. 1992a. In defense of the simulation theory. Mind and Language 7: 104-119.
40. Goldman, A. 1992b. Empathy, mind, and morals: Presidential address. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 66: 17-41.
41. Goldman, A. 1993a. The psychology of folk psychology. Behavioral Brain Sciences 16: 15-28.
42. Goldman, A. 1993b. Philosophical Applications of Cognitive Science. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press.
43. Goldman, A. 2000. The mentalizing folk. In: D. Sperber (ed.), Metarepresentation, London, Oxford University Press.
44. Goldman, A. and Gallese, V. 2000. Reply to Schulkin. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4: 255-256.
45. Goldman, A. and Sripada, C. S. 2005. Simulationist models of face-based emotion recognition. Cognition (in press).
46. Goodale, M. A. and Milner, A. D. 1992. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci 15: 20-25.
47. Gordon, R. 1986. Folk psychology as simulation. Mind and Language 1: 158-171.
48. Gordon, R. 1995. Simulation without introspection or inference from me to you. to: M. Davies and T. Stone (eds.), Mental Simulation (pp. 53-67). Oxford: Blackwell.
49. Gordon, R. 1996. 'Radical' simulationism. In: P. Carruthers and P. Smith (eds.), Theories of Theories of Mind (pp. 11-21). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
50. Gordon, R. 2005. Intentional agents like myself. In: S. Hurley and N. Chater (eds.), Perspectives on Imitation: From Cognitive Neuroscience to Social Science (Vol. 2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, in press.
51. Grafton, S. T., Arbib, M. A., Fadiga, L. and Rizzolatti, G. 1996. Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: 2. Observation compared with imagination. Exp. Brain Res. 112: 103-111.
52. Graziano, M. S. A. and Gross, C. G. 1995. The representation of extrapersonal space: A possible role for bimodal visual-tactile neurons. In: M. S. Gazzaniga (ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences (pp. 1021-1034). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
53. Graziano, M. S. A., Hu, X. and Gross, C. G. 1997a. Visuo-spatial properties of ventral premotor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2268-2292.
54. Graziano, M. S. A., Hu, X. and Gross, C. G. 1997b. Coding the locations of objects in the dark. Science 277: 239-241.
55. Graziano, M. S. A., Reiss, L. A. J. and Gross, C. G. 1999. A neuronal representation of the location of nearby sounds. Nature 397: 428-430.
56. Graziano, M. S. A., Yap, G. S. and Gross, C. G. 1994. Coding of visual space by premotor neurons. Science 266: 1054-1057.
57. Halligan, P. W. and Marshall, J. C. 1991. Left neglect for near but not far space in man. Nature 350: 498-500.
58. Hari, R., Forss, N., Avikainen, S., Kirveskari, S., Salenius, S. and Rizzolatti, G. 1998. Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: A neuromagnetic study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 15061-15065.
59. Husserl, E. 1925/1962. Phänomenologische Psychologie (1925) (Husserliana, vol. IX), Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag.
60. Husserl, E. 1989. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy Second Book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
61. Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C. and Rizzolatti, G. 1999. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science 286: 2526-2528.
62. Jacob, P. and Jeannerod, M. 2003. Ways of Seeing - The Scope and Limits of Visual Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
63. Keysers, C., Kohler, E., Umiltà, M. A., Fogassi, L., Rizzolatti, G. and Gallese, V. 2003. Audio-visual mirror neurones and action recognition. Exp. Brain Res. 153: 628-636.
64. Keysers, C., Wickers, B., Gazzola, V., Anton, J.-L., Fogassi, L. and Gallese, V. 2004. A touching sight: SII/PV activation during the observation and experience of touch. Neuron 42(22): 1-20.
65. Kohler, E., Keysers, C., Umiltà, M. A., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V. and Rizzolatti, G. 2002. Hearing sounds, understanding actions: Action representation in mirror neurons. Science 297: 846-848.
66. Krolak-Salmon, P., Henaff, M. A., Isnard, J., Tallon-Baudry, C., Guenot, M., Vighetto, A., Bertrand, O. and Mauguiere, F. 2003. An attention modulated response to disgust in human ventral anterior insula. Ann. Neural. 53: 446-453.
67. Lambie, J. A. and Marcel, A. J. 2002. Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework. Psychol. Rev. 109: 219-259.
68. Marshall, J. F. and Halligan, P. W. 1988. Blindsight and insight in visuo-spatial neglect. Nature 336: 766-767.
69. Metzinger, T. and Gallese, V. 2003. The emergence of a shared action ontology: Building blocks for a theory. Consciousness and Cognition 12: 549-571.
70. Penfield, W. and Faulk, M. E. 1955. The insula: Further observations on its function. Brain 78: 445-70.
71. Millikan, R. G. 2004. Varieties of Meaning. Boston, MA: MIT Press, in press.
72. Perrett, D. I., Rolls, E. T. and Caan, W. 1982. Visual neurones responsive to faces in the monkey temporal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 47: 329-342.
73. Rizzolatti, G., Berti, A. and Gallese, V. 2000. Spatial neglect: Neurophysiological bases, cortical circuits and theories. In: F. Boller, J. Grafinan, and G. Rizzolatti (eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology 2nd Edition (Vol. I), Amsterdam; Elsevier Science B.V., pp. 503-537.
74. Rizzolatti, G., Matelli, M. and Pavesi, G. 1983. Deficits in attention and movement following the removal of postarcuate (area 6) and prearcuate (area 8) cortex in macaque monkeys. Brain 106: 655-673.
75. Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L. and Gallese, V. 2000. Cortical mechanisms subserving object grasping and action recognition: A new view on the cortical motor functions. In: M. S. Gazzaniga (ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences (pp. 539-552), 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
76. Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L. and Gallese, V. 2001. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Neuroscience Reviews, 2: 661-670.
77. Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L. and Gallese, V. 2002. Motor and cognitive functions of the ventral premotor cortex. Curr. Op. Neurobiol. 12: 149-154.
78. Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V. and Fogassi, L. 1996a. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cog. Brain Res. 3: 131-141.
79. Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Matelli, M., Bettinardi, V., Paulesu, E., Perani, D. andFazio, G. 1996b. Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: 1. Observation versus execution. Exp. Brain Res. 111: 246-252.
80. Searle, J. 1992. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: London, England: MIT Press, A Bradford Book.
81. Umiltà, M. A., Kohler, E., Gallese, V., Fogassi, L., Fadiga, L., Keysers, C. and Rizzolatti, G. 2001. "I know what you are doing": A neurophysiological study. Neuron 32: 91-101.
82. Zahavi, D. 2002. First-person thoughts and embodied self-awareness: Some reflections on the relation between recent analytical philosophy and phenomenology. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1: 7-26.
83. Watkins, K. E., Strafella, A. P. and Paus, T. 2003. Seeing and hearing speech excites the motor system involved in speech production. Neuropsychologia 41(8): 989-994.
84. Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V. and Rizzolatti, G. 2003. Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40: 655-664.