The ecological habitat and transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7

FEMS Microbiology Letters

Volumn 341, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-12

  Chekabab, Samuel Mohammed ^a   Paquin Veillette, Judith ^a   Dozois, Charles M ^b   Harel, Josée ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b INRS INSTITUT ARMAND FRAPPIER   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ecology; Environment; Escherichia coli O157:H7; Free living protozoa; Survival; Water

Indexed keywords

CARBON; PHOSPHATE; WATER;

ADAPTATION; BACTERIAL CELL; BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIAL SURVIVAL; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BIOFILM; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; EPIDEMIC; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI O157; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD SAFETY; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; HABITAT; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA; LIFESTYLE; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; ORGANISMAL INTERACTION; PLANT LEAF; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOZOON; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; SHORT SURVEY; VEGETABLE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; BIOFILMS; CARBON; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; ECOSYSTEM; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; ESCHERICHIA COLI O157; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; HUMANS; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; WATER MICROBIOLOGY;

ESCHERICHIA COLI; PROTOZOA;

EID: 84874954672     PISSN: 03781097     EISSN: 15746968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12078     Document Type: Short Survey

References (145)

1. Allison SE, Silphaduang U, Mascarenhas M, Konczy P, Quan Q, Karmali M & Coombes BK (2012) Novel repressor of Escherichia coli O157:H7 motility encoded in the putative fimbrial cluster OI-1. J Bacteriol 194: 5343-5352.
2. Alsam S, Jeong SR, Sissons J, Dudley R, Kim KS & Khan NA (2006) Escherichia coli interactions with Acanthamoeba: a symbiosis with environmental and clinical implications. J Med Microbiol 55: 689-694.
3. Avery SM, Moore A & Hutchison ML (2004) Fate of Escherichia coli originating from livestock faeces deposited directly onto pasture. Lett Appl Microbiol 38: 355-359.
4. Avery LM, Williams AP, Killham K & Jones DL (2008) Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in waters from lakes, rivers, puddles and animal-drinking troughs. Sci Total Environ 389: 378-385.
5. Bansal T, Jesudhasan P, Pillai S, Wood TK & Jayaraman A (2008) Temporal regulation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli virulence mediated by autoinducer-2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 78: 811-819.
6. Barker J & Brown MR (1994) Trojan horses of the microbial world: protozoa and the survival of bacterial pathogens in the environment. Microbiology 140(Pt 6): 1253-1259.
7. Barker J, Lambert PA & Brown MR (1993) Influence of intra-amoebic and other growth conditions on the surface properties of Legionella pneumophila. Infect Immun 61: 3503-3510.
8. Barker J, Humphrey TJ & Brown MW (1999) Survival of Escherichia coli O157 in a soil protozoan: implications for disease. FEMS Microbiol Lett 173: 291-295.
9. Bearson SM, Benjamin WH Jr, Swords WE & Foster JW (1996) Acid shock induction of RpoS is mediated by the mouse virulence gene mviA of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 178: 2572-2579.
10. Berger CN, Sodha SV, Shaw RK, Griffin PM, Pink D, Hand P & Frankel G (2010) Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the transmission of human pathogens. Environ Microbiol 12: 2385-2397.
11. Bergholz TM, Wick LM, Qi W, Riordan JT, Ouellette LM & Whittam TS (2007) Global transcriptional response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to growth transitions in glucose minimal medium. BMC Microbiol 7: 97.
12. Beutin L, Geier D, Steinruck H, Zimmermann S & Scheutz F (1993) Prevalence and some properties of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin)-producing Escherichia coli in seven different species of healthy domestic animals. J Clin Microbiol 31: 2483-2488.
13. Bogosian G, Morris PJ & O'Neil JP (1998) A mixed culture recovery method indicates that enteric bacteria do not enter the viable but nonculturable state. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 1736-1742.
14. Bolton DJ, Monaghan A, Byrne B, Fanning S, Sweeney T & McDowell DA (2011) Incidence and survival of non-O157 verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in soil. J Appl Microbiol 111: 484-490.
15. Brooks JT, Sowers EG, Wells JG, Greene KD, Griffin PM, Hoekstra RM & Strockbine NA (2005) Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in the United States, 1983-2002. J Infect Dis 192: 1422-1429.
16. Brown MR & Barker J (1999) Unexplored reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria: protozoa and biofilms. Trends Microbiol 7: 46-50.
17. Bruce MG, Curtis MB, Payne MM, Gautom RK, Thompson EC, Bennett AL & Kobayashi JM (2003) Lake-associated outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Clark County, Washington, August 1999. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157: 1016-1021.
18. Bruneau A, Rodrigue H, Ismael J, Dion R & Allard R (2004) Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 associated with bathing at a public beach in the Montreal-Centre region. Can Commun Dis Rep 30: 133-136.
19. Burgess G (1998) Bacteria in oligotrophic environments: starvation survival lifestyle. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14: 305.
20. Burow LC, Gobius KS, Vanselow BA & Klieve AV (2005) A lack of predatory interaction between rumen ciliate protozoa and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 40: 117-122.
21. Campbell GR, Prosser J, Glover A & Killham K (2001) Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and water using multiplex PCR. J Appl Microbiol 91: 1004-1010.
22. Carruthers MD, Bellaire BH & Minion FC (2010) Exploring the response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933 within Acanthamoeba castellanii by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. FEMS Microbiol Lett 312: 15-23.
23. Chekabab SM, Daigle F, Charette SJ, Dozois CM & Harel J (2012) Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the presence of Acanthamoeba castellanii and its dependence on Pho regulon. MicrobiologyOpen 1: 427-437.
24. Correll DL (1999) Phosphorus: a rate limiting nutrient in surface waters. Poult sci 78: 674-682.
25. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR & Lappin-Scott HM (1995) Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 49: 711-745.
26. Crepin S, Chekabab SM, Le Bihan G, Bertrand N, Dozois CM & Harel J (2011) The Pho regulon and the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 153: 82-88.
27. Croxen MA & Finlay BB (2010) Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity. Nat Rev Microbiol 8: 26-38.
28. Czajkowska D, Witkowska-Gwiazdowska A, Sikorska I, Boszczyk-Maleszak H & Horoch M (2004) Survival of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 in water and in bottom-shore sediments. Pol J Environ Stud 14: 423-430.
29. Dewanti R & Wong AC (1995) Influence of culture conditions on biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int J Food Microbiol 26: 147-164.
30. Dharmasiri U, Witek MA, Adams AA, Osiri JK, Hupert ML, Bianchi TS, Roelke DL & Soper SA (2010) Enrichment and detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from water samples using an antibody modified microfluidic chip. Anal Chem 82: 2844-2849.
31. Diez-Gonzalez F & Russell JB (1997) The ability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to decrease its intracellular pH and resist the toxicity of acetic acid. Microbiology 143(Pt 4): 1175-1180.
32. Doering P, Oviatt C, Nowicki B, Klos E & Reed L (1995) Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of primary production in a simulated estuarine gradient. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 124: 271-287.
33. Dong T & Schellhorn HE (2009) Global effect of RpoS on gene expression in pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain EDL933. BMC Genomics 10: 349.
34. Doyle E & Kaspar C (2010) White Paper on Non-O157:H7 Shiga-Toxin Producing E. coli from Meat and Non-Meat Sources. The Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
35. Duffitt AD, Reber RT, Whipple A & Chauret C (2011) Gene expression during survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and water. Int J Microbiol 2011: 340506.
36. Duris JW, Haack SK & Fogarty LR (2009) Gene and antigen markers of shiga-toxin producing E. coli from Michigan and Indiana river water: occurrence and relation to recreational water quality criteria. J Environ Qual 38: 1878-1886.
37. EFSA (2011) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control publishes Annual epidemiological report 2011. Euro Surveillance: ECDC. EFSA, Parma, Italy.
38. EFSA (2012) The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2010. Euro Surveillance: ECDC. EFSA.
39. Erickson MC & Doyle MP (2007) Food as a vehicle for transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 70: 2426-2449.
40. Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Sauvanet P, Denizot J, Blanquet-Diot S, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Pradel N & Livrelli V (2011) Interactions with M cells and macrophages as key steps in the pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections. PLoS ONE 6: e23594.
41. Fairbrother JM & Nadeau E (2006) Escherichia coli: on-farm contamination of animals. Rev Sci Tech 25: 555-569.
42. Fields BS (1996) The molecular ecology of legionellae. Trends Microbiol 4: 286-290.
43. Gill A & Gill CO (2010) Non-O157 verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and beef: a Canadian perspective. Can J Vet Res 74: 161-169.
44. Gould LH (2009) Update on the Epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in the United States. Annual Capital Area Food Protection Association Meeting, Washington, DC.
45. Gould LH, Bopp C & Strockbine N et al. (2009) Recommendations for diagnosis of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections by clinical laboratories. MMWR Recomm Rep 58 (RR12): 1-14.
46. Gourabathini P, Brandl MT, Redding KS et al. (2008) Interactions between food-borne pathogens and protozoa isolated from lettuce and spinach. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 2518-2525.
47. Griffin PM & Tauxe RV (1991) The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, other enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Epidemiol Rev 13: 60-98.
48. Hancock D, Besser T, Lejeune J, Davis M & Rice D (2001) The control of VTEC in the animal reservoir. Int J Food Microbiol 66: 71-78.
49. Hayashi T, Makino K, Ohnishi M et al. (2001) Complete genome sequence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and genomic comparison with a laboratory strain K-12. DNA Res 8: 11-22.
50. Hengge-Aronis R (2002) Recent insights into the general stress response regulatory network in Escherichia coli. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 4: 341-346.
51. Hrudey SE, Payment P, Huck PM, Gillham RW & Hrudey EJ (2003) A fatal waterborne disease epidemic in Walkerton, Ontario: comparison with other waterborne outbreaks in the developed world. Water Sci Technol 47: 7-14.
52. Hussein HS (2007) Prevalence and pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef cattle and their products. J Anim Sci 85: E63-E72.
53. Hussein HS & Bollinger LM (2005) Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef cattle. J Food Prot 68: 2224-2241.
54. Hussein HS & Sakuma T (2005) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: pre- and postharvest control measures to ensure safety of dairy cattle products. J Food Prot 68: 199-207.
55. Huws SA, Morley RJ, Jones MV, Brown MR & Smith AW (2008) Interactions of some common pathogenic bacteria with Acanthamoeba polyphaga. FEMS Microbiol Lett 282: 258-265.
56. Ibekwe AM & Ma J (2011) Effects of fumigants on microbial diversity and persistence of E. coli O15:H7 in contrasting soil microcosms. Sci Total Environ 409: 3740-3748.
57. Ihssen J & Egli T (2004) Specific growth rate and not cell density controls the general stress response in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 150: 1637-1648.
58. Itoh Y, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kasuga F, Iwaki M, Hara-Kudo Y, Saito N, Noguchi Y, Konuma H & Kumagai S (1998) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 present in radish sprouts. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 1532-1535.
59. Jay MT, Garrett V, Mohle-Boetani JC et al. (2004) A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection linked to consumption of beef tacos at a fast-food restaurant chain. Clin Infect Dis 39: 1-7.
60. Karmali MA (2004) Infection by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview. Mol Biotechnol 26: 117-122.
61. Karmali MA (2009) Host and pathogen determinants of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int Suppl. Feb: S4-7.
62. Kassenborg HD, Hedberg CW, Hoekstra M et al. (2004) Farm visits and undercooked hamburgers as major risk factors for sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: data from a case-control study in 5 FoodNet sites. Clin Infect Dis 38(Suppl 3): S271-S278.
63. King CH, Shotts EB Jr, Wooley RE & Porter KG (1988) Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination. Appl Environ Microbiol 54: 3023-3033.
64. King LA, Nogareda F, Weill FX et al. (2012) Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with organic fenugreek sprouts, France, June 2011. Clin Infect Dis 54: 1588-1594.
65. Klein TM & Alexander M (1986) Bacterial inhibitors in lake water. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 114-118.
66. Kudoh Y, Kai A, Obata H, Kusunoki J, Monma C, Shingaki M, Yanagawa Y, Yamada S, Matsushita S & Itoh T (1994) Epidemiological surveys on verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Japan. Recent Advances in Verocytotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections (Excerpta Medica International Congress Series 1072) (Karmali MA, Goglio AG, eds). Amsterdam.
67. La Ragione RM, Best A, Woodward MJ & Wales AD (2009) Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in small domestic ruminants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33: 394-410.
68. Lainhart W, Stolfa G & Koudelka GB (2009) Shiga toxin as a bacterial defense against a eukaryotic predator, Tetrahymena thermophila. J Bacteriol 191: 5116-5122.
69. Lamarche MG, Wanner BL, Crepin S & Harel J (2008) The phosphate regulon and bacterial virulence: a regulatory network connecting phosphate homeostasis and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32: 461-473.
70. Lange R & Hengge-Aronis R (1991) Identification of a central regulator of stationary-phase gene expression in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 5: 49-59.
71. Leclerc H (2003) Relationships between common water bacteria & pathogens in drinking-water. Heterotrophic Plate Counts and Drinking-Water Safety: The Significance of HPCs for Water Quality and the Human Health (Bartram J ed.), pp. 84-85. On behalf of WHO by IWA Publishing, London, UK.
72. Lee MB & Greig JD (2008) A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers: effective infection control recommendations. J Environ Health 71: 24-32, 46.
73. Lee J, Bansal T, Jayaraman A, Bentley WE & Wood TK (2007) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli biofilms are inhibited by 7-hydroxyindole and stimulated by isatin. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 4100-4109.
74. Lee MS, Krumpelman SL, Apple JK, Yancey JWS, Kegley EB, PAS, Johnson MG, Brashears MM & Stephens TP (2009) In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations of Antimicrobial Treatments to Reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle Manure. The Professional Animal Scientist 25: 49-59.
75. Lee JH, Kim YG, Cho MH, Wood TK & Lee J (2011) Transcriptomic analysis for genetic mechanisms of the factors related to biofilm formation in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Curr Microbiol 62: 1321-1330.
76. LeJeune JT, Besser TE & Hancock DD (2001) Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 3053-3057.
77. Licence K, Oates KR, Synge BA & Reid TM (2001) An outbreak of E. coli O157 infection with evidence of spread from animals to man through contamination of a private water supply. Epidemiol Infect 126: 135-138.
78. Lin J, Lee IS, Frey J, Slonczewski JL & Foster JW (1995) Comparative analysis of extreme acid survival in Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 177: 4097-4104.
79. Liu Y, Gilchrist A, Zhang J & Li XF (2008) Detection of viable but nonculturable Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria in drinking water and river water. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 1502-1507.
80. Makino SI, Kii T, Asakura H, Shirahata T, Ikeda T, Takeshi K & Itoh K (2000) Does enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 enter the viable but nonculturable state in salted salmon roe? Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 5536-5539.
81. Martin JF (2004) Phosphate control of the biosynthesis of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites is mediated by the PhoR-PhoP system: an unfinished story. J Bacteriol 186: 5197-5201.
82. Masana MO, D'Astek BA, Palladino PM, Galli L, Del Castillo LL, Carbonari C, Leotta GA, Vilacoba E, Irino K & Rivas M (2011) Genotypic characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef abattoirs of Argentina. J Food Prot 74: 2008-2017.
83. Matthews KR, Murdough PA & Bramley AJ (1997) Invasion of bovine epithelial cells by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Appl Microbiol 82: 197-203.
84. McDaniel TK, Jarvis KG, Donnenberg MS & Kaper JB (1995) A genetic locus of enterocyte effacement conserved among diverse enterobacterial pathogens. P Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1664-1668.
85. McGee P, Bolton DJ, Sheridan JJ, Earley B, Kelly G & Leonard N (2002) Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in farm water: its role as a vector in the transmission of the organism within herds. J Appl Microbiol 93: 706-713.
86. Mead PS & Griffin PM (1998) Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lancet 352: 1207-1212.
87. Miller JF, Mekalanos JJ & Falkow S (1989) Coordinate regulation and sensory transduction in the control of bacterial virulence. Science 243: 916-922.
88. Morita RY (1997) Bacteria in Oligotrophic Environments: Starvation-Survival Lifestyle. Chapman & Hall, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
89. Muffler A, Traulsen DD, Lange R & Hengge-Aronis R (1996) Posttranscriptional osmotic regulation of the sigma(s) subunit of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 178: 1607-1613.
90. Muffler A, Barth M, Marschall C & Hengge-Aronis R (1997) Heat shock regulation of sigmaS turnover: a role for DnaK and relationship between stress responses mediated by sigmaS and sigma32 in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 179: 445-452.
91. Natvig EE, Ingham SC, Ingham BH, Cooperband LR & Roper TR (2002) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli contamination of root and leaf vegetables grown in soils with incorporated bovine manure. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 2737-2744.
92. Naylor SW, Gally DL & Low JC (2005) Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli in veterinary medicine. Int J Med Microbiol 295: 419-441.
93. Oh DH, Pan Y, Berry E, Cooley M, Mandrell R & Breidt F Jr (2009) Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated from environmental sources differ significantly in acetic acid resistance compared with human outbreak strains. J Food Prot 72: 503-509.
94. Oliver JD (2005) The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria. J Microbiol 43 Spec No: 93-100.
95. Olsen SJ, Miller G, Breuer T, Kennedy M, Higgins C, Walford J, McKee G, Fox K, Bibb W & Mead P (2002) A waterborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome: implications for rural water systems. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 370-375.
96. Paytan A & McLaughlin K (2007) The oceanic phosphorus cycle. Chem Rev 107: 563-576.
97. Perna NT, Plunkett G 3rd, Burland V et al. (2001) Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nature 409: 529-533.
98. Peterson CN, Mandel MJ & Silhavy TJ (2005) Escherichia coli starvation diets: essential nutrients weigh in distinctly. J Bacteriol 187: 7549-7553.
99. Poirier K, Faucher SP, Beland M, Brousseau R, Gannon V, Martin C, Harel J & Daigle F (2008) Escherichia coli O157:H7 survives within human macrophages: global gene expression profile and involvement of the Shiga toxins. Infect Immun 76: 4814-4822.
100. Puttamreddy S, Cornick NA & Minion FC (2010) Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis reveals a role for pO157 genes in biofilm development in Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933. Infect Immun 78: 2377-2384.
101. Ritchie JM, Campbell GR, Shepherd J, Beaton Y, Jones D, Killham K & Artz RR (2003) A stable bioluminescent construct of Escherichia coli O157:H7 for hazard assessments of long-term survival in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 3359-3367.
102. Rivas M, Miliwebsky E, Chinen I, Deza N & Leotta GA (2006) [The epidemiology of hemolytic uremic syndrome in Argentina. Diagnosis of the etiologic agent, reservoirs and routes of transmission]. Medicina 66 (Suppl 3): 27-32.
103. Rivas L, Dykes GA & Fegan N (2007) A comparative study of biofilm formation by Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli using epifluorescence microscopy on stainless steel and a microtitre plate method. J Microbiol Methods 69: 44-51.
104. Rodriguez-Zaragoza S (1994) Ecology of free-living amoebae. Crit Rev Microbiol 20: 225-241.
105. Rozen Y & Belkin S (2001) Survival of enteric bacteria in seawater. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25: 513-529.
106. Ryu JH & Beuchat LR (2005) Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 on stainless steel: effect of exopolysaccharide and Curli production on its resistance to chlorine. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 247-254.
107. Ryu JH, Kim H & Beuchat LR (2004) Attachment and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 on stainless steel as influenced by exopolysaccharide production, nutrient availability, and temperature. J Food Prot 67: 2123-2131.
108. Sakuma M, Urashima M & Okabe N (2006) Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli, Japan, 1999-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 323-325.
109. Saldana Z, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Avelino F, Phillips AD, Kaper JB, Puente JL & Giron JA (2009) Synergistic role of curli and cellulose in cell adherence and biofilm formation of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli and identification of Fis as a negative regulator of curli. Environ Microbiol 11: 992-1006.
110. Saldana Z, Sanchez E, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Puente JL & Giron JA (2011) Surface structures involved in plant stomata and leaf colonization by shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 2: 119.
111. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL & Griffin PM (2011) Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 7-15.
112. Semenov AV, van Bruggen AH, van Overbeek L, Termorshuizen AJ & Semenov AM (2007) Influence of temperature fluctuations on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in cow manure. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 60: 419-428.
113. Semenov AV, van Overbeek L & van Bruggen AH (2009) Percolation and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in soil amended with contaminated dairy manure or slurry. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 3206-3215.
114. Siddiqui R & Khan NA (2012) Acanthamoeba is an evolutionary ancestor of macrophages: a myth or reality? Exp Parasitol 130: 95-97.
115. Siegele DA & Kolter R (1992) Life after log. J Bacteriol 174: 345-348.
116. Skandamis PN, Stopforth JD, Ashton LV, Geornaras I, Kendall PA & Sofos JN (2009) Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival, biofilm formation and acid tolerance under simulated slaughter plant moist and dry conditions. Food Microbiol 26: 112-119.
117. Snedeker KG, Shaw DJ, Locking ME & Prescott RJ (2009) Primary and secondary cases in Escherichia coli O157 outbreaks: a statistical analysis. BMC Infect Dis 9: 144.
118. Solomon EB, Potenski CJ & Matthews KR (2002a) Effect of irrigation method on transmission to and persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce. J Food Prot 65: 673-676.
119. Solomon EB, Yaron S & Matthews KR (2002b) Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from contaminated manure and irrigation water to lettuce plant tissue and its subsequent internalization. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 397-400.
120. Steinberg KM & Levin BR (2007) Grazing protozoa and the evolution of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin-encoding prophage. Proc Biol Sci 274: 1921-1929.
121. Steinert M, Birkness K, White E, Fields B & Quinn F (1998) Mycobacterium avium bacilli grow saprozoically in coculture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga and survive within cyst walls. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 2256-2261.
122. Stigi KA, Macdonald JK, Tellez-Marfin AA & Lofy KH (2012) Laboratory practices and incidence of non-O157 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 477-479.
123. Sugumar G, Chrisolite B, Velayutham P, Selvan A & Ramesh U (2008) Occurrence and seasonal variation of bacterial indicators of faecal pollution along Thoothukudi Coast, Tamil Nadu. J Environ Biol 29: 387-391.
124. Tao H, Bausch C, Richmond C, Blattner FR & Conway T (1999) Functional genomics: expression analysis of Escherichia coli growing on minimal and rich media. J Bacteriol 181: 6425-6440.
125. Thompson LH, Giercke S, Beaudoin C, Woodward D & Wylie JL (2005) Enhanced surveillance of non-O157 verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in human stool samples from Manitoba. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 16: 329-334.
126. Torres AG, Giron JA, Perna NT, Burland V, Blattner FR, Avelino-Flores F & Kaper JB (2002) Identification and characterization of lpfABCC'DE, a fimbrial operon of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 70: 5416-5427.
127. Torres AG, Jeter C, Langley W & Matthysse AG (2005) Differential binding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to alfalfa, human epithelial cells, and plastic is mediated by a variety of surface structures. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 8008-8015.
128. Uhlich GA, Cooke PH & Solomon EB (2006) Analyses of the red-dry-rough phenotype of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain and its role in biofilm formation and resistance to antibacterial agents. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 2564-2572.
129. Uhlich GA, Rogers DP & Mosier DA (2010) Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 retention on solid surfaces and peroxide resistance is enhanced by dual-strain biofilm formation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 7: 935-943.
130. Vally H, Hall G, Dyda A, Raupach J, Knope K, Combs B & Desmarchelier P (2012) Epidemiology of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in Australia, 2000-2010. BMC Public Health 12: 63.
131. VanBogelen RA, Olson ER, Wanner BL & Neidhardt FC (1996) Global analysis of proteins synthesized during phosphorus restriction in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 178: 4344-4366.
132. Varma JK, Greene KD & Reller ME et al. (2003) An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building. JAMA 290: 2709-2712.
133. Vital M, Hammes F & Egli T (2008) Escherichia coli O157 can grow in natural freshwater at low carbon concentrations. Environ Microbiol 10: 2387-2396.
134. Wade TJ, Calderon RL, Sams E, Beach M, Brenner KP, Williams AH & Dufour AP (2006) Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality are predictive of swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness. Environ Health Perspect 114: 24-28.
135. Wang G & Doyle MP (1998) Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water. J Food Prot 61: 662-667.
136. Wang A, Lin B, Sleep BE & Liss SN (2011) The impact of biofilm growth on transport of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in sand. Ground Water 49: 20-31.
137. Warburton DW, Austin JW, Harrison BH & Sanders G (1998) Survival and recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in inoculated bottled water. J Food Prot 61: 948-952.
138. Watterworth L, Rosa B, Schraft H, Topp E & Leung K (2006) Survival of various ERIC-genotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in well water. Water Air Soil Pollut 177: 367-382.
139. Werner M, Maschek HJ, Kaloutsi V, Buhr T, Kausche F, Delventhal S & Georgii A (1990) Cytogenetic examination of bone marrow cells in stem cell diseases of myelodysplastic syndromes. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 74: 139-143.
140. Wieler LH, Vieler E, Erpenstein C, Schlapp T, Steinruck H, Bauerfeind R, Byomi A & Baljer G (1996) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from bovines: association of adhesion with carriage of eae and other genes. J Clin Microbiol 34: 2980-2984.
141. Williams LD, Hamilton PS, Wilson BW & Estock MD (1997) An outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7: involving long term shedding and person-to-person transmission in a child care center. J Environ Health 59: 9.
142. Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Sanchez Chacon E, Saldana Z, Freer E & Giron JA (2009) Interaction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with leafy green produce. J Food Prot 72: 1531-1537.
143. Yan L, Cerny RL & Cirillo JD (2004) Evidence that hsp90 is involved in the altered interactions of Acanthamoeba castellanii variants with bacteria. Eukaryot Cell 3: 567-578.
144. Yoon Y & Sofos JN (2008) Autoinducer-2 activity of gram-negative foodborne pathogenic bacteria and its influence on biofilm formation. J Food Sci 73: M140-M147.
145. Yoshida Y, Sugiyama S, Oyamada T, Yokoyama K & Makino K (2012) Novel members of the phosphate regulon in Escherichia coli O157:H7 identified using a whole-genome shotgun approach. Gene 502: 27-35.