Acute electroencephalographic effects from repeated olfactory administration of homeopathic remedies in individuals with self-reported chemical sensitivity

Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 46-57

  Bell, Iris R ^a   Brooks, Audrey J ^b   Howerter, Amy ^c   Jackson, Nicholas ^a   Schwartz, Gary E ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b The Department of Medicine   (United States)

^c Departments of Neonatology   (United States)

^d Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MATERIA MEDICA; PLANT EXTRACT; SULFUR;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEMALE; HOMEOPATHY; HUMAN; INTRANASAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY; ODOR; PULSATILLA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRANASAL; ADULT; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; FEMALE; HOMEOPATHY; HUMANS; MALE; MATERIA MEDICA; MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY; PLANT EXTRACTS; PULSATILLA; SELF REPORT; SMELL; SULFUR; YOUNG ADULT;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84874409309     PISSN: 10786791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. Owen D. Principles and Practice of Homeopathy: The Therapeutic and Healing Process. London, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.
2. Witt C, Albrecht H, eds. New Directions in Homeopathy Research. Essen, Germany: KVC Verlag; 2009.
3. Witt C, Ludtke R, Weisshuhn TE, Willich SN. High homeopathic potencies are different from potentized solvent when investigated with the REDEM technology. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2005;12(1):6-13.
4. Witt CM, Bluth M, Albrecht H, Weisshuhn TE, Baumgartner S, Willich SN. The in vitro evidence for an effect of high homeopathic potencies-a systematic review of the literature. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15(2):128-138.
5. Calabrese EJ, Jonas WB. Homeopathy: clarifying its relationship to hormesis. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29(7):531-536.
6. Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, Kane SG. Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: a nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy. 2010;99(4):231-242.
7. Witt CM, Ludtke R, Mengler N, Willich SN. How healthy are chronically ill patients after eight years of homeopathic treatment? -Results from a long term observational study. BMC Public Health. Dec 2008;8:413.
8. Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M, et al. Histamine dilutions modulate basophil activation. Inflamm Res. 2004;53(5):181-188.
9. Rey L. Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride. Physica A. May 2003;323:67-74.
10. Rao M, Roy R, Bell I. Characterization of the structure of ultra dilute sols with remarkable biological properties. Mater Lett. 2008;62(10-11):1487.
11. Rao ML, Roy R, Bell I., Hoover R. The defining role of structure (including epitaxy) in the plausibility of homeopathy. Homeopathy. 2007;96(3):175-182.
12. Elia V, Napoli E, Germano R. The 'Memory of Water': an almost deciphered enigma. Dissipative structures in extremely dilute aqueous solutions. Homeopathy. 2007;96(3):163-169.
13. Elia V, Baiano S, Duro I, Napoli E, Niccoli M, Nonatelli L. Permanent physicochemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions of homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy. 2004;93(3):144-150.
14. Elia V, Niccoli M. Thermodynamics of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Jun 1999;879:241-248.
15. Bell I., Lewis DA 2nd, Brooks AJ, et al. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43(5):577-582.
16. Frass M, Linkesch M, Banyai S, et al. Adjunctive homeopathic treatment in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in an intensive care unit. Homeopathy. 2005;94(2):75-80.
17. Oberbaum M, Yaniv I, Ben-Gal Y, et al. A randomized, controlled clinical trial of the homeopathic medication TRAUMEEL S in the treatment of chemotherapyinduced stomatitis in children undergoing stem cell transplantation. Cancer. 2001;92(3):684-690.
18. Frei H, Everts R, von Ammon K, et al. Homeopathic treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2005;164(12):758-767.
19. Chapman EH, Weintraub RJ, Milburn MA, Pirozzi TO, Woo E. Homeopathic treatment of mild traumatic brain injury: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14(6):521-542.
20. Naude DF, Stephanie Couchman IM, Maharaj A. Chronic primary insomnia: efficacy of homeopathic simillimum. Homeopathy. 2010;99(1):63-68.
21. Witt CM, Ludtke R, Willich SN. Homeopathic treatment of patients with psoriasis-a prospective observational study with 2 years follow-up. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(5):538-543.
22. Bornhoft G, Matthiessen PF, eds. Homeopathy in Healthcare -Effectiveness, Appropriateness, Safety, Costs. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2011.
23. Malarczyk E, Pazdzioch-Czochra M, Graz M, Kochmanska-Rdest J, Jarosz-Wilkolazka A. Nonlinear changes in the activity of the oxygen-dependent demethylase system in Rhodococcus erythropolis cells in the presence of low and very low doses of formaldehyde. Nonlinear Biomed Phys. 2011;5(1):9.
24. Witt CM, Brinkhaus B, Pach D, et al. Homoeopathic versus conventional therapy for atopic eczema in children: medical and economic results. Dermatology. 2009;219(4):329-340.
25. Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T. The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(10):1579-1584.
26. Singer SR, Amit-Kohn M, Weiss S, et al. Traumeel S for pain relief following hallux valgus surgery: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Clin Pharmacol. Apr 2010;10:9.
27. Ernst E. Homeopathic prophylaxis of headaches and migraine? A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;18(5):353-357.
28. Bellavite P. Complexity science and homeopathy: a synthetic overview. Homeopathy. 2003;92(4):203-212.
29. Bellavite P, Chirumbolo S, Marzotto M. Hormesis and its relationship with homeopathy. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29(7):573-579.
30. Van Wijk R. The in vitro evidence for an effect of high homeopathic potencies-a systematic review of the literature. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15(2):139-141.
31. Van Wijk R, Wiegant FA. Postconditioning hormesis and the homeopathic Similia principle: molecular aspects. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29(7):561-565.
32. Hyland ME, Lewith GT. Oscillatory effects in a homeopathic clinical trial: an explanation using complexity theory, and implications for clinical practice. Homeopathy. 2002;91(3):145-149.
33. Baumgartner S. The state of basic research on homeopathy. In: Witt C, Albrecht H, eds. New Directions in Homeopathy Research. Essen, Germany: KVC Verlag; 2009:107-130.
34. Belougne-Malfatti E, Aguejouf O, Doutremepuich F, Belon P, Doutremepuich C. Combination of two doses of acetyl salicylic acid: experimental study of arterial thrombosis. Thromb Res. 1998;90(5):215-221.
35. Jonas W, Lin Y, Tortella F. Neuroprotection from glutamate toxicity with ultralow dose glutamate. Neuroreport. 2001;12(2):335-339.
36. Marotta D, Marini A, Banaudha K, Maharaj SV, Jonas WB. Nonlinear effects of glutamate and KCl on glutamate toxicity in cultured rat cerebellar neurons. Int J Neurosci. 2003;113(4):491-502.
37. Marotta D, Marini A, Banaudha K, et al. Non-linear effects of cycloheximide in glutamate-treated cultured rat cerebellar neurons. Neurotoxicology. 2002;23(3):307-312.
38. Jonas W, Lin Y, Williams A, Tortella F, Tuma R. Treatment of experimental stroke with low-dose glutamate and homeopathic Arnica montana. Perfusion. 1999;12:452-462.
39. Sukul NC, Bala SK, Bhattacharyya B. Prolonged cataleptogenic effects of potentized homoeopathic drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;89(3):338-339.
40. Banerjee P, Biswas SJ, Belon P, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. A potentized homeopathic drug, Arsenicum Album 200, can ameliorate genotoxicity induced by repeated injections of arsenic trioxide in mice. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2007;54(7):370-376.
41. Witt CM, Ludtke R, Baur R, Willich SN. Homeopathic medical practice: longterm results of a cohort study with 3981 patients. BMC Public Health. Nov 2005;5:115.
42. Haidvogl M, Riley DS, Heger M, et al. Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complaints: a comparative study on outcome in the primary care setting. BMC Complement Altern Med. Mar 2007;7:7.
43. Ruiz-Vega G, Perez-Ordaz L, Cortes-Galvan L, Juarez-G FM. A kinetic approach to caffeine-Coffea cruda interaction. Homeopathy. 2003;92(1):19-29.
44. Ruiz-Vega G, Poitevin B, Pérez-Ordaz L. Histamine at high dilution reduces spectral density in delta band in sleeping rats. Homeopathy. 2005;94(2):86-91.
45. Ruiz-Vega G, Perez-Ordaz L, Leon-Hueramo O, Cruz-Vazquez E, Sanchez-Diaz N. Comparative effect of Coffea cruda potencies on rats. Homeopathy. 2002;91(2):80-84.
46. Bell I., Lewis DA 2nd, Lewis SE, et al. EEG alpha sensitization in individualized homeopathic treatment of fibromyalgia. Int J Neurosci. 2004;114(9):1195-1220.
47. Sukul A, Sinhabau SP, Sukul NC. Reduction of alcohol induced sleep time in albino mice by potentized Nux vomica prepared with 90% ethanol. Br Homoeopath J. 1999;88(2):58-61.
48. Bell I., Lewis DA 2nd, Schwartz GE, et al. Electroencephalographic cordance patterns distinguish exceptional clinical responders with fibromyalgia to individualized homeopathic medicines. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(2):285-299.
49. Ruiz G, Torres JL. Homeopathic effect on the sleep pattern of rats. Br Homoeopath J. 1997;86(4):201-206.
50. Bell I., Howerter A, Jackson N, Aickin M, Baldwin CM, Bootzin RR. Effects of homeopathic medicines on polysomnographic sleep of young adults with histories of coffee-related insomnia. Sleep Med. 2011;12(5):505-511.
51. Vithoulkas G. The Science of Homeopathy. New York, NY: Grove Press; 1980.
52. Sherr J. The Dynamics and Methodology of Homeopathic Provings. 2nd ed. Malvern, UK: Dynamis Books; 1994.
53. Miller CS. Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance. Addiction. 2001;96(1):115-137.
54. Miller CS. The compelling anomaly of chemical intolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;933:1-23.
55. Miller CS, Mitzel HC. Chemical sensitivity attributed to pesticide exposure versus remodeling. Arch Environ Health. 1995;50(2):119-129.
56. Morrison R. Carbon: Organic and Hydrocarbon Remedies in Homeopathy. Grass Valley, CA: Hahnemann Clinic Publishing; 2006.
57. Caress SM, Steinemann AC. A national population study of the prevalence of multiple chemical sensitivity. Arch Environ Health. 2004;59(6):300-305.
58. Kreutzer R, Neutra RR, Lashuay N. Prevalence of people reporting sensitivities to chemicals in a population-based survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(1):1-12.
59. Katerndahl D, Bell I., Palmer RF, Miller CS. Chemical intolerance in primary care settings: prevalence, comorbidity, and outcomes. Ann Fam Med. 2012;10(4):357-365.
60. Slotkoff AT, Radulovic DA, Clauw DJ. The relationship between fibromyalgia and the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26(5):364-367.
61. Ciccone DS, Natelson BH. Comorbid illness in women with chronic fatigue syndrome: a test of the single syndrome hypothesis. Psychosom Med. 2003;65(2):268-275.
62. Caress SM, Steinemann AC. A review of a two-phase population study of multiple chemical sensitivities. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(12):1490-1497.
63. Gibson PR, Elms AN, Ruding LA. Perceived treatment efficacy for conventional and alternative therapies reported by persons with multiple chemical sensitivity. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(12):1498-1504.
64. Fox RA, Joffres MR, Sampalli T, Casey J. The impact of a multidisciplinary, holistic approach to management of patients diagnosed with multiple chemical sensitivity on health care utilization costs: an observational study. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(2):223-229.
65. Szarek MJ, Bell I., Schwartz GE. Validation of a brief screening measure of environmental chemical sensitivity: the chemical odor intolerance index. J Environ Psychol. 1997;17(4):345-351.
66. Miller CS, Prihoda TJ. The Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (EESI): a standardized approach for measuring chemical intolerances for research and clinical applications. Toxicol Ind Health. 1999;15(3-4):370-385.
67. Black DW, Okiishi C, Gabel J, Schlosser S. Psychiatric illness in the first-degree relatives of persons reporting multiple chemical sensitivities. Toxicol Ind Health. 1999;15(3-4):410-414.
68. Randolph TG. The descriptive features of food addiction: addictive eating and drinking. QJ Stud Alcohol. 1956;17(2):198-224.
69. Randolph TG. Specific adaptation. Ann Allergy. 1978;40(5):333-345.
70. De Luca C, Scordo G, Cesareo E, Raskovic D, Genovesi G, Korkina L. Idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI): from molecular epidemiology to molecular medicine. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010;48(7):625-635.
71. De Luca C, Scordo MG, Cesareo E, et al. Biological definition of multiple chemical sensitivity from redox state and cytokine profiling and not from polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010;248(3):285-292.
72. Holst H, Arendt-Nielsen L, Mosbech H, Elberling J. Increased capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity. Clin J Pain. 2011;27(2):156-162.
73. Holst H, Arendt-Nielsen L, Mosbech H, Serup J, Elberling J. Capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammation in the skin in patients with symptoms induced by odorous chemicals. Skin Res Technol. 2011;17(1):82-90.
74. Bell I., Baldwin CM, Schwartz GE. Sensitization studies in chemically intolerant individuals: implications for individual difference research. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Mar 2001;933:38-47.
75. Sorg BA, Tschirgi ML, Swindell S, Chen L, Fang J. Repeated formaldehyde effects in an animal model for multiple chemical sensitivity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Mar 2001;933:57-67.
76. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine. Neuroscience. 2003;122(1):17-20.
77. Avena NM, Long KA, Hoebel BG. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiol Behav. 2005;84(3):359-362.
78. Antelman SM, Levine J, Gershon S. Time-dependent sensitization: the odyssey of a scientific heresy from the laboratory to the door of the clinic. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5(4):350-356.
79. Bell I., Baldwin CM, Schwartz GE. Sensitization studies in chemically intolerant individuals: implications for individual difference research. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Mar 2001;933:38-47.
80. Antelman SM. Time-dependent sensitization in animals: a possible model of multiple chemical sensitivity in humans. Toxicol Ind Health. 1994;10(4-5):335-342.
81. Antelman SM, Caggiula AR. Oscillation follows drug sensitization: implications. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 1996;10(1):101-117.
82. Antelman SM, Caggiula AR, Gershon S, et al. Stressor-induced oscillation: a possible model of the bidirectional symptoms in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Jun 1997;821:296-304.
83. Antelman SM, Caggiula AR, Kiss S, Edwards DJ, Kocan D, Stiller R. Neurochemical and physiological effects of cocaine oscillate with sequential drug treatment: possibly a major factor in drug variability. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995;12(4):297-306.
84. Antelman SM, Caggiula AR, Edwards DJ, et al. Long-term oscillation of corticosterone following intermittent cocaine. J Neural Transm. 2000;107(3):369-375.
85. Fernandez M, Bell I., Schwartz GE. EEG sensitization during chemical exposure in women with and without chemical sensitivity of unknown etiology. Toxicol Ind Health. 1999;15(3-4):305-312.
86. Stahl D, Ferger B, Kuschinsky K. Sensitization to d-amphetamine after its repeated administration: evidence in EEG and behaviour. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1997;356(3):335-340.
87. Bell I., Schwartz GE, Hardin EE, Baldwin CM, Kline JP. Differential resting quantitative electroencephalographic alpha patterns in women with environmental chemical intolerance, depressives, and normals. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43(5):376-388.
88. Ferger B, Stahl D, Kuschinsky K. Effects of cocaine on the EEG power spectrum of rats are significantly altered after its repeated administration: do they reflect sensitization phenomena? Naunyn Schmeidebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1996;353(5):545-551.
89. Sorg BA, Bailie TM, Tschirgi ML, Li N, Wu WR. Exposure to repeated low-level formaldehyde in rats increases basal corticosterone levels and enhances the corticosterone response to subsequent formaldehyde. Brain Res. 2001;898(2):314-320.
90. Beyer CE, Stafford D, LeSage MG, Glowa JR, Steketee JD. Repeated exposure to inhaled toluene induces behavioral and neurochemical cross-sensitization to cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;154(2):198-204.
91. Rossi J 3rd, Nordholm AF, Carpenter RL, Ritchie GD, Malcomb W. Effects of repeated exposure of rats to JP-5 or JP-8 jet fuel vapor on neurobehavioral capacity and neurotransmitter levels. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2001;63(6):397-428.
92. Avena NM, Carrillo CA, Needham L, Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced intake of unsweetened ethanol. Alcohol. 2004;34(2-3):203-209.
93. Denicoff KD, Durkin TM, Lotze MT, et al. The neuroendocrine effects of interleukin-2 treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;69(2):402-410.
94. Bell I., Baldwin CM, Stoltz E, Walsh BT, Schwartz GE. EEG beta 1 oscillation and sucrose sensitization in fibromyalgia with chemical intolerance. Int J Neurosci. 2001;108(1-2):31-42.
95. Gilbert ME. Repeated exposure to lindane leads to behavioral sensitization and facilitates electrical kindling. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995;17(2):131-141.
96. Gralewicz S, Lutz P, Swiercz R, Grzelinska Z, Wiaderna D. Neuroendocrine and behavioral response to amphetamine challenge after exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2011;24(3):283-291.
97. Davidson J. Psychiatry and homeopathy: basis for a dialogue. Br Homoeopath J. 1994;83(2):78-83.
98. Bell I., Schwartz GE. Adaptive network nanomedicine: an integrated model for homeopathic medicine. Front Bioscience (Scholar Ed.). 2013; 5(2): 685-708.
99. Bell I., Koithan M. A model for homeopathic remedy effects: low dose nanoparticles, allostatic cross-adaptation, and time-dependent sensitization in a complex adaptive system. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012; 12(1):191.
100. McKeown-Eyssen G, Baines C, Cole DE, et al. Case-control study of genotypes in multiple chemical sensitivity: CYP2D6, NAT1, NAT2, PON1, PON2 and MTHFR. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33(5):971-978.
101. Caggiula AR, Antelman SM, Kucinski BJ, et al. Oscillatory-sensitization model of repeated drug exposure: cocaine's effects on shock-induced hypoalgesia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998;22(3):511-521.
102. Bell I., Rossi J 3rd, Gilbert ME, et al. Testing the neural sensitization and kindling hypothesis for illness from low levels of environmental chemicals. Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105(suppl 2):539-547.
103. Antelman SM, Eichler AJ, Black CA, Kocan D. Interchangeability of stress and amphetamine in sensitization. Science. 1980;207(4428):329-331.
104. Gosnell BA. Sucrose intake enhances behavioral sensitization produced by cocaine. Brain Res. 2005;1031(2):194-201.
105. Rada P, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience. 2005;134(3):737-744.
106. Staudenmayer H. Psychological treatment of psychogenic idiopathic environmental intolerance. Occup Med. 2000;15(3):627-646.
107. The end of homeopathy [editorial]. Lancet. 2005;366(9487):690.
108. Dantas F, Fisher P, Walach H, et al. A systematic review of the quality of homeopathic pathogenetic trials published from 1945 to 1995. Homeopathy. 2007;96(1):4-16.
109. Möllinger H, Schneider R, Walach H. Homeopathic pathogenetic trials produce specific symptoms different from placebo. Forsch Komplementmed. 2009;16(2):105-110.
110. Walach H, Jonas WB, Ives J, van Wijk R, Weingartner O. Research on homeopathy: state of the art. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(5):813-829.
111. Frei H, Everts R, von Ammon K, et al. Randomised controlled trials of homeopathy in hyperactive children: treatment procedure leads to an unconventional study design. Experience with open-label homeopathic treatment preceding the Swiss ADHD placebo controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. Homeopathy. 2007;96(1):35-41.
112. Frei H, Thurneysen A, von Ammon K. Methodological difficulties in homeopathic treatment of children with ADD/ADHD. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(2):104.
113. nd, Schwartz GE, et al. Electroencephalographic cordance patterns distinguish exceptional clinical responders with fibromyalgia to individualized homeopathic medicines. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(2):285-299.
114. Bell I., Howerter A, Jackson N, Aickin M, Bootzin RR. Nonlinear dynamical systems effects of homeopathic remedies on multiscale entropy and correlation dimension of slow wave sleep EEG in young adults with histories of coffee-induced insomnia. Homeopathy. 2012; 101(3):182-92.
115. Miller C, Ashford N, Doty R, et al. Empirical approaches for the investigation of toxicant-induced loss of tolerance. Environ Health Perspect. 1997;105(suppl 2):515-519.
116. Ware J Jr, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996;34(3):220-233.
117. van Haselen RA, Cinar S, Fisher P, Davidson J. The Constitutional Type Questionnaire: validation in the patient population of the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital. Br Homoeopath J. 2001;90(3):131-137.
118. th ed. Decker S, trans. O'Reilly WB, ed. Palo Alto, CA: Birdcage Press; 1996.
119. Ives JA, Moffett JR, Arun P, et al. Enzyme stabilization by glass-derived silicates in glass-exposed aqueous solutions. Homeopathy. 2010;99(1):15-24.
120. Bhattacharyya SS, Mandal SK, Biswas R, et al. In vitro studies demonstrate anticancer activity of an alkaloid of the plant Gelsemium sempervirens. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008;233(12):1591-1601.
121. Ruan B, Jacobi AM. Ultrasonication effects on thermal and rheological properties of carbon nanotube suspensions. Nanoscale Res Lett. Feb 2012;7:127.
122. Roduner E. Size matters: why nanomaterials are different. Chem Soc Rev. 2006;35(7):583-592.
123. Oyewumi MO, Kumar A, Cui Z. Nano-microparticles as immune adjuvants: correlating particle sizes and the resultant immune responses. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010;9(9):1095-1107.
124. Bell I., Baldwin CM, Schwartz GE. Translating a nonlinear systems theory model for homeopathy into empirical tests. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002;8(3):58-66.
125. Schwartz GE, Bell I., Dikman ZV, et al. EEG responses to low-level chemicals in normals and cacosmics. Toxicol Ind Health. 1994;10(4-5):633-643.
126. Lorig TS. EEG and ERP studies of low-level odor exposure in normal subjects. Toxicol Ind Health. 1994;10(4-5):579-586.
127. Kawasaki H, Morinushi T, Yakushiji M, Takigawa M. Nonlinear dynamical analysis of the effect by six stimuli on electroencephalogram. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;26(1):24-38.
128. Molle M, Marshall L, Lutzenberger W, Pietrowsky R, Fehm HL, Born J. Enhanced dynamic complexity in the human EEG during creative thinking. Neurosci Lett. 1996;208(1):61-64.
129. Sara M, Pistoia F. Complexity loss in physiological time series of patients in a vegetative state. Nonlinear Dynamics Psychol Life Sci. 2010;14(1):1-13.
130. Lorig TS, Malin EL, Horwitz JE. Odor mixture alters neural resources during symbolic problem solving. Biol Psychol. 2005;69(2):205-216.
131. No author listed. 10-20 system of electrode placement. University of Washington. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/1020.html. Accessed December 3, 2012.
132. Bell I., Lewis DA 2nd, Lewis SE, et al. EEG alpha sensitization in individualized homeopathic treatment of fibromyalgia. Int J Neurosci. 2004;114(9):1195-1220.
133. Baldwin CM, Bell I., O'Rourke MK, Lebowitz MD. The association of respiratory problems in a community sample with self-reported chemical intolerance. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997;13(5):547-552.
134. Bell I., Brooks AJ, Howerter A, Jackson N, Schwartz GE. Short-term effects of repeated olfactory administration of homeopathic sulphur or pulsatilla on electroencephalographic alpha power in healthy young adults. Homeopathy. 2011;100(4):203-211.
135. Bell I., Miller CS, Schwartz GE, Peterson JM, Amend D. Neuropsychiatric and somatic characteristics of young adults with and without self-reported chemical odor intolerance and chemical sensitivity. Arch Environ Health. 1996;51(1):9-21.
136. Dividson C, Lazarus C, Lee TH, Ellinwood EH. Behavioral sensitization is greater after repeated versus single chronic cocaine dosing regimens. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;441(1-2):75-78.
137. Wiegant FA, Spieker N, van Wijk R. Stressor-specific enhancement of hsp induction by low doses of stressors in conditions of self-and cross-sensitization. Toxicology. 1998;127(1-3):107-119.
138. Wuo-Silva R, Fukushiro DF, Borcoi AR, et al. Addictive potential of modafinil and cross-sensitization with cocaine: a pre-clinical study. Addict Biol. 2011;16(4):565-579.
139. Sorg BA, Willis JR, See RE, Hopkins B, Westberg HH. Repeated low-level formaldehyde exposure produces cross-sensitization to cocaine: possible relevance to chemical sensitivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998;18(5):385-394.
140. Bell I., Baldwin CM, Russek LG, Schwartz GE, Hardin EE. Early life stress, negative paternal relationships, and current chemical intolerance in middle-aged women: support for a neural sensitization model. J Womens Health. 1998;7(9):1135-1147.
141. Fiedler N, Kipen HM, DeLuca J, Kelly-McNeil K, Natelson B. A controlled comparison of multiple chemical sensitivities and chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med. 1996;58(1):38-49.
142. Bertani S, Lussignoli S, Andrioli G, Bellavite P, Conforti A. Dual effects of a homeopathic mineral complex on carrageenan-induced oedema in rats. Br Homoeopath J. 1999;88(3):101-105.
143. Bell I., Koithan M. Models for the study of whole systems. Integr Cancer Ther. 2006;5(4):293-307.
144. Kucinski BJ, Antelman SM, Caggiula AR, et al. Oscillatory effects of repeated morphine on shock-induced hypoalgesia and beta-endorphin. Synapse. 1998;30(1):30-37.
145. Abraham WC. Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(5):387.
146. Antelman SM, Caggiula AR, Kocan D, et al. One experience with 'lower' or 'higher' intensity stressors, respectively enhances or diminishes responsiveness to haloperidol weeks later: implications for understanding drug variability. Brain Res. 1991;566(1-2):276-283.
147. Walach H, Mollinger H, Sherr J, Schneider R. Homeopathic pathogenetic trials produce more specific than non-specific symptoms: results from two doubleblind placebo controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(5):543-552.
148. Baumgartner S, Shah D, Schaller J, Kampfer U, Thurneysen A, Heusser P. Reproducibility of dwarf pea shoot growth stimulation by homeopathic potencies of gibberellic acid. Complement Ther Med. 2008;16(4):183-191.
149. Chikramane PS, Kalita D, Suresh AK, Kane SG, Bellare JR. Why extreme dilu-tions reach non-asymptotes: a nanoparticulate hypothesis based on froth flotation. Langmuir 2012; 28(45):15864-75.
150. Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. Hormesis: a generalizable and unifying hypothesis. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2001;31(4-5):353-424.
151. Iavicoli I, Calabrese EJ, Nascarella MA. Exposure to nanoparticles and hormesis. Dose Response. 2010;8(4):501-517.
152. Mattson MP. Hormesis defined. Ageing Res Rev. 2008;7(1):1-7.
153. Calabrese EJ, Mattson MP. Hormesis provides a generalized quantitative estimate of biological plasticity. J Cell Commun Signal. 2011;5(1):25-38.
154. Calabrese EJ. Hormesis and medicine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66(5):594-617.
155. Vaiserman AM. Hormesis, adaptive epigenetic reorganization, and implications for human health and longevity. Dose Response. 2010;8(1):16-21.
156. Calabrese EJ. Hormesis and homeopathy: introduction. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29(7):527-529.
157. Rattan SI, Deva T. Testing the hormetic nature of homeopathic interventions through stress response pathways. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29(7):551-554.
158. Montagnier L, Aissa J, Ferris S, Montagnier JL, Lavallee C. Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. Interdiscip Sci. 2009;1(2):81-90.
159. Ives JA, Jonas WB, Frye JC. Do serial dilutions really dilute? Homeopathy. 2010;99(4):229-230.
160. Buzea C, Pacheco II, Robbie K. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases. 2007;2(4):MR17-MR71.
161. Armstead AL, Li B. Nanomedicine as an emerging approach against intracellular pathogens. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:3281-3293.
162. Prakash DJ, Arulkumar S, Sabesan M. Effect of nanohypericum (Hypericum perforatum gold nanoparticles) treatment on restraint stress induced behavioral and biochemical alteration in male albino mice. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010;2(6):330-334.
163. Satti J. The emerging low-dose therapy for advanced cancers. Dose Response. 2009;7(3):208-220.
164. Hedou G, Homberg J, Feldon J, Heidbreder CA. Expression of sensitization to amphetamine and dynamics of dopamine neurotransmission in different laminae of the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology. 2001;40(3):366-382.
165. Fortuna JL. Sweet preference, sugar addiction and the familial history of alcohol dependence: shared neural pathways and genes. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2010;42(2):147-151.
166. Sorg BA. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems: cross-sensitization between stress and cocaine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Jun 1992;654:136-144.
167. Dias FR, de Matos LW, Sampaio Mde F, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Opposite effects of low versus high dose haloperidol treatments on spontaneous and apomorphine induced motor behavior: evidence that at a very low dose haloperidol acts as an indirect dopamine agonist. Behav Brain Res. 2012;229(1):153-159.
168. Nikiforuk A. Dopamine D1 receptor modulation of set shifting: the role of stress exposure. Behav Pharmacol. 2012;23(4):434-438.
169. Bell I., Wyatt JK, Bootzin RR, Schwartz GE. Slowed reaction time performance on a divided attention task in elderly with environmental chemical odor intolerance. Int J Neurosci. 1996;84(1-4):127-134.
170. Moschak TM, Stang KA, Phillips TJ, Mitchell SH. Behavioral inhibition in mice bred for high vs. low levels of methamphetamine consumption or sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;222(2):353-365.
171. Logue JM, Price PN, Sherman MH, Singer BC. A method to estimate the chronic health impact of air pollutants in U.S. residences. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(2):216-222.
172. Rey L. Can low-temperature thermoluminescence cast light on the nature of ultra-high dilutions? Homeopathy. 2007;96(3):170-174.
173. Roy R, Tiller W, Bell I., Hoover MR. The structure of liquid water: novel insights from materials research and potential relevance to homeopathy. Mater Res Innov Online. 2005;9(4):577-608.
174. Jonas WB, Ives JA. Should we explore the clinical utility of hormesis? Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008;27(2):123-127.
175. Brooks AJ, Bell I., Howerter A, Jackson N, Aickin M. Effects of homeopathic medicines on mood of adults with histories of coffee-related insomnia. Forsch Komplementmed. 2010;17(5):250-257.
176. Bell I., Koithan M, Pincus D. Methodological implications of nonlinear dynamical systems models for whole systems of complementary and alternative medicine. Forsch Komplementmed. 2012;19(suppl 1):15-21.
177. Koithan M, Bell I., Niemeyer K, Pincus D. A complex systems science perspective for whole systems of complementary and alternative medicine research. Forsch Komplementmed. 2012;19(suppl 1):7-14.
178. Ullman D. Let's have a serious discussion of nanopharmacology and homeopathy. FASEB J. 2006; 20(14):2661.