Insects

Temperature Adaptation in a Changing Climate: Nature at Risk

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 45-66

  Chown, Steven L ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873733160     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (198)

1. Addo-Bediako, A., Chown, S.L. and Gaston, K.J. (2000) Thermal tolerance, climatic variability and latitude. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267, 739-745.
2. Andrewartha, H.G. and Birch, L.C. (1954) The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
3. Angilletta, M.J.J. (2009) Thermal Adaptation. A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. Archer, D. and Rahmstorf, S. (2010) The Climate Crisis. An Introductory Guide to Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Ashworth, A.C. and Kuschel, G. (2003) Fossil weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from latitude 85°S Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 191, 191-202.
6. Bale, J.S. (1987) Insect cold hardiness: freezing and supercooling-an ecophysiological perspective. Journal of Insect Physiology 33, 899-908.
7. Bale, J.S. and Hayward, S.A.L. (2010) Insect overwintering in a changing climate. Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 980-994.
8. Bale, J.S., Masters, G.J., Hodkinson, I.D., Awmack, C., Bezemer, T.M., Brown, V.K., Butterfield, J., et al. (2002) Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores. Global Change Biology 8, 1-16.
9. Battisti, A., Stastny, M., Buffo, E. and Larsson, S. (2006) A rapid altitudinal range expansion in the pine processionary moth produced by the 2003 climatic anomaly. Global Change Biology 12, 662-671.
10. Berggren, A., Björkman, C., Bylund, H. and Ayres, M.P. (2009) The distribution and abundance of animal populations in a climate of uncertainty. Oikos 118, 1121-1126.
11. Bonan, G. (2002) Ecological Climatology. Concepts and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
12. Bond, W.J. (2008) What limits trees in C-4 grasslands and savannas? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39, 641-659.
13. Botes, A., Mcgeoch, M.A., Robertson, H.G., Van Niekerk, A., Davids, H.P. and Chown, S.L. (2006) Ants, altitude and change in the northern Cape Floristic Region. Journal of Biogeography 33, 71-90.
14. Both, C., van Asch, M., Bijlsma, R.G., van den Burg, A.B. and Visser, M.E. (2009) Climate change and unequal Phenological constraints across four trophic levels: constraints or adaptations? Journal of Animal Ecology 78, 73-83.
15. Bowler, K. and Terblanche, J.S. (2008) Insect thermal tolerance: what is the role of ontogeny, ageing and senescence? Biological Reviews 83, 339-355.
16. Brown, C.L., Bale, J.S. and Walters, K.F.A. (2004) Freezing induces a loss of freeze tolerance in an overwintering insect. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271, 1507-1511.
17. Buckley, L., Urban, M.C., Angilletta, M.J., Crozier, L.G., Rissler, L.J. and Sears, M.W. (2010) Can mechanism inform species distribution models? Ecology Letters 13, 1041-1054.
18. Calosi, P., Bilton, D.T., Spicer, J.I., Votier, S.C. and Atfield, A. (2010) What determines a species' geographical range? Thermal biology and latitudinal range size relationships in European diving beetles (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Journal of Animal Ecology 79, 194-204.
19. Campbell, G.S. and Norman, J.M. (1998) An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. Springer, Berlin.
20. Carroll, M.J., Anderson, B.J., Brereton, T.M., Knight, S.J., Kudrna, O. and Thomas, C.D. (2009) Climate change and translocations: The potential to re-establish two regionally-extinct butterfly species in Britain. Biological Conservation 142, 2114-2121.
21. Casey, T.M. (1988) Thermoregulation and heat exchange. Advances in Insect Physiology 20, 119-146.
22. Cheng, L. (1976) Marine Insects. North Holland Publishing, Amsterdam.
23. Chevin, L.M., Lande, R.L. and Mace, G.M. (2010) Adaptation, plasticity, and extinction in a changing environment: towards a predictive theory. PLoS Biology 8, e1000357, doi:10.1371/ journal.pbio.1000357.
24. Chown, S.L. (2001) Physiological variation in insects: hierarchical levels and implications. Journal of Insect Physiology 47, 649-660.
25. Chown, S.L. (2002) Respiratory water loss in insects. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 133, 791-804.
26. Chown, S.L. (2010) Temporal biodiversity change in transformed landscapes: a southern African perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365, 3729-3742.
27. Chown, S.L. and Gaston, K.J. (2008) Macrophysiology for a changing world. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275, 1469-1478.
28. Chown, S.L. and Nicolson, S.W. (2004) Insect physiological ecology. Mechanisms and patterns. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
29. Chown, S.L. and Sinclair, B.J. (2010) The macrophysiology of insect cold hardiness. In: Denlinger, D.L. and Lee Jr, R.E. (eds) Low Temperature Biology of Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 191-222.
30. Chown, S.L. and Steenkamp, H.E. (1996) Body size and abundance in a dung beetle assemblage: optimal mass and the role of transients. African Entomology 4, 203-212.
31. Chown, S.L. and Terblanche, J.S. (2007) Physiological diversity in insects: ecological and evolutionary contexts. Advances in Insect Physiology 33, 50-152.
32. Chown, S.L., Scholtz, C.H., Klok, C.J., Joubert, F.J. and Coles, K.S. (1995) Ecophysiology, range contraction and survival of a geographically restricted African dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Functional Ecology 9, 30-39.
33. Chown, S.L., Addo-Bediako, A. and Gaston, K.J. (2003) Physiological diversity: listening to the large-scale signal. Functional Ecology 17, 562-572.
34. Chown, S.L., Gaston, K.J. and Robinson, D. (2004) Macrophysiology: large-scale patterns in physiological traits and their ecological implications. Functional Ecology 18, 159-167.
35. Chown, S.L., Jumbam, K.R., Sørenson, J.G. and Terblanche, J.S. (2009) Phenotypic variance, plasticity and heritability estimates of critical thermal limits depend on methodological context. Functional Ecology 23, 133-140.
36. Chown, S.L., Hoffmann, A.A., Kristensen, T.N., Angilletta, M.J., Stenseth, N.C. and Pertoldi, C. (2010) Adapting to climate change: a perspective from evolutionary physiology. Climate Research 43, 3-15.
37. Clarke, A. and Fraser, K.P.P. (2004) Why does metabolism scale with temperature? Functional Ecology 18, 243-251.
38. Clarke, A. and Gaston, K.J. (2006) Climate, energy and diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273, 2257-2266.
39. Clusella-Trullas, S., Van Wyk, J.H. and Spotila, J.R. (2007) Thermal melanism in ectotherms. Journal of Thermal Biology 32, 235-245.
40. Clusella-Trullas, S., Terblanche, J.S., Blackburn, T.M. and Chown, S.L. (2008) Testing the thermal melanism hypothesis: a macrophysiological approach. Functional Ecology 22, 232-238.
41. Clusella-Trullas, S., Blackburn, T.M. and Chown, S.L. (2011) Climatic predictors of temperature performance curve parameters in ecotherms imply complex responses to climate change. American Naturalist, 177, 738-751.
42. Coetzee, B.W.T., Van Rensburg, B.J. and Robertson, M.P. (2007) Invasion of grasslands by silver wattle, Acacia dealbata (Mimosaceae), alters beetle (Coleoptera) assemblage structure. African Entomology 15, 328-339.
43. Coggan, N., Clissold, F. and Simpson, S.J. Locusts use dynamic thermoregulatory behaviour to optimise nutritional outcomes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278, 2745-2752.
44. Cossins, A.R. and Bowler, K. (1987) Temperature Biology of Animals. Chapman and Hall, London.
45. Crozier, L. (2004) Warmer winters drive butterfly range expansion by increasing survivorship. Ecology 85, 231-241.
46. Crozier, L. and Dwyer, G. (2006) Combining population-dynamic and ecophysiological models to predict climate-induced insect range shifts. American Naturalist 167, 853-866.
47. Davis, A.L.V., Chown, S.L., Mcgeoch, M.A. and Scholtz, C.H. (2000) A comparative analysis of metabolic rate in six Scarabaeus species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from southern Africa: further caveats when inferring adaptation. Journal of Insect Physiology 46, 553-562.
48. de Jong, G. and van der Have, T.M. (2008) Temperature dependence of development rate, growth rate and size: from biophysics to adaptation. In: Whitman, D.W. and Ananthakrishnan, T.N. (eds) Phenotypic Plasticity of Insects. Mechanisms and Consequence. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, pp. 461-526.
49. De Mazancourt, C., Johnson, E. and Barraclough, T.G. (2008) Biodiversity inhibits species' evolutionary responses to changing environments. Ecology Letters 11, 380-388.
50. Denlinger, D.L. and Lee, R.E. (2010) Low temperature biology of insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
51. Denlinger, D.L. and Yocum, G.D. (1998) Physiology of heat sensitivity. In: Hallam, G.J. and Denlinger, D.L. (eds) Temperature Sensitivity in Insects and Application in Integrated Pest Management. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 7-53.
52. Deutsch, C.A., Tewksbury, J.J., Huey, R.B., Sheldon, K.S., Ghalambor, C.K., Haak, D.C. and Martin, P.R. (2008) Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105, 6668-6672.
53. Dillon, M.E., Cahn, L.R.Y. and Huey, R.B. (2007) Life history consequences of temperature transients in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2897-2904.
54. Dillon, M.E., Wang, G. and Huey, R.B. (2010) Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature 467, 704-707.
55. Duncan, R.P., Cassey, P. and Blackburn, T.M. (2009) Do climate envelope models transfer? A manipulative test using dung beetle introductions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276, 1449-1457.
56. Dunn, R.R. (2005) Modern insect extinctions, the neglected majority. Conservation Biology 19, 1030-1036.
57. Dunn, R.R., Agosti, D., Andersen, A.N., Arnan, X., Bruhl, C.A., Cerdá, X., Ellison, A.M., et al. (2009) Climatic drivers of hemispheric asymmetry in global patterns of ant species richness. Ecology Letters 12, 324-333.
58. Ellis, E.C. and Ramankutty, N. (2008) Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6, 439-447.
59. Feder, M.E., Blair, N. and Figueras, H. (1997) Oviposition site selection: unresponsiveness of Drosophila to cues of potential thermal stress. Animal Behaviour 53, 585-588.
60. Fonseca, C.R. (2009) The silent mass extinction of insect herbivores in biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Biology 23, 1507-1515.
61. Frazier, M.R., Huey, R.B. and Berrigan, D. (2006) Thermodynamics constrains the evolution of insect population growth rates: "Warmer Is Better". American Naturalist 168, 512-520.
62. Frenot, Y., Chown, S.L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P.M., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M. and Bergstrom, D.M. (2005) Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews 80, 45-72.
63. Gaines, S.D. and Denny, M.W. (1993) The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest: extremes in ecology. Ecology 74, 1677-1692.
64. Gaston, K.J. (1996) Biodiversity-latitudinal gradients. Progress in Physical Geography 20, 466-476.
65. Gaston, K.J. and Chown, S.L. (1999) Elevation and climatic tolerance: a test using dung beetles. Oikos 86, 584-590.
66. Gaston, K.J. and McArdle, B.H. (1994) The temporal variability of animal abundances: measures, methods and patterns. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 345, 335-358.
67. Gaston, K.J., Chown, S.L. and Evans, K.L. (2008) Ecogeographical rules: elements of a synthesis. Journal of Biogeography 35, 483-500.
68. Ghalambor, C.K., Huey, R.B., Martin, P.R., Tewksbury, J.J. and Wang, G. (2006) Are mountain passes higher in the tropics? Janzen's hypothesis revisited. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, 5-17.
69. Ghalambor, C.K., McKay, J.K., Carroll, S.P. and Reznick, D.N. (2007) Adaptive versus nonadaptive phenotypic plasticity and the potential for contemporary adaptation in new environments. Functional Ecology 21, 394-407.
70. Gratz, N.G. (1999) Emerging and resurging vectorborne diseases. Annual Review of Entomology 44, 51-75.
71. Gray, D.R. (2010) Hitchhikers on trade routes: a phenology model estimates the probabilities of gypsy moth introduction and establishment. Ecological Applications 20, 2300-2309.
72. Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M.S. (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
73. Hamilton, C. (2010) Requiem for a Species. Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change. Earthscan, London.
74. Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., Beerling, D., Berner, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Pagani, M., et al. (2008) Target atmospheric CO2: where should humanity aim? The Open Atmospheric Science Journal 2, 217-231.
75. Harrison, J.F., Kaiser, A. and Vandenbrooks, J.M. (2010) Atmospheric oxygen level and the evolution of insect body size. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277, 1937-1946.
76. Hartley, S., Krushelnycky, P.D. and Lester, P.J. (2010) Integrating physiology, population dynamics and climate to make multi-scale predictions for the spread of an invasive insect: the Argentine ant at Haleakala National Park, Hawaii. Ecography 33, 83-94.
77. Hawkins, B.A. and Holyoak, M. (1998) Transcontinental crashes of insect populations? American Naturalist 152, 480-484.
78. Hawkins, B.A. and Porter, E.E. (2003) Water-energy balance and the geographic pattern of species richness of western Palearctic butterflies. Ecological Entomology 28, 678-686.
79. Hazell, S.P., Groutides, C., Neve, B.P., Blackburn, T.M. and Bale, J.S. (2010a) A comparison of low temperature tolerance traits between closely related aphids from the tropics, temperate zone, and Arctic. Journal of Insect Physiology 56, 115-122.
80. Hazell, S.P., Neve, B.P., Groutides, C., Douglas, A.E., Blackburn, T.M. and Bale, J.S. (2010b) Hyperthermic aphids: Insights into behaviour and mortality. Journal of Insect Physiology 56, 123-131.
81. Hegedüs, R., Åkesson, S. and Horváth, G. (2007) Anomalous celestial polarization caused by forest fire smoke: why do some insects become visually disoriented under smoky skies? Applied Optics 46, 2717-2726.
82. Heinrich, B. (1993) The Hot-blooded Insects: Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermoregulation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
83. Heinrich, B. (1993) The Hot-blooded Insects: Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermoregulation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
84. Helmuth, B., Broitman, B.R., Yamane, L., Gilman, S.E., Mach, K., Mislan, K.A.S. and Denny, M.W. (2010) Organismal climatology: analyzing environmental variability at scales relevant to physiological stress. Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 995-1003.
85. Hill, J.K., Griffiths, H.M. and Thomas, C.D. (2011) Climate change and evolutionary adaptations at species' range margins. Annual Review of Entomology 56, 143-159.
86. Hillebrand, H. (2004) On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. American Naturalist 163, 192-211.
87. Hodkinson, I.D. (2003) Metabolic cold adaptation in arthropods: a smaller-scale perspective. Functional Ecology 17, 562-567.
88. Hoffmann, A.A. (2010) Physiological climatic limits in Drosophila: patterns and implications. Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 870-880.
89. Hoffmann, A.A., Sørensen, J.G. and Loeschcke, V. (2003a) Adaptation of Drosophila to temperature extremes: bringing together quantitative and molecular approaches. Journal of Thermal Biology 28, 175-216.
90. Hoffmann, A.A., Hallas, R.J., Dean, J.A. and Schiffer, M. (2003b) Low potential for climatic stress adaptation in a rainforest Drosophila species. Science 301, 100-102.
91. Hoffmann, A.A. and Willi, Y. (2008) Detecting genetic responses to environmental change. Nature Reviews Genetics 9, 421-432.
92. Huey, R.B., Deutsch, C.A., Tewksbury, J.J., Vitt, L.J., Hertz, P.E., Ãlvarez Pérez, H., J. and Garland, T. (2009) Why tropical forest lizards are vulnerable to climate warming. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276, 1939-1948.
93. Irlich, U.M., Terblanche, J.S., Blackburn, T.M. and Chown, S.L. (2009) Insect rate-temperature relationships: environmental variation and the metabolic theory of ecology. American Naturalist 174, 819-835.
94. Irwin, J.T. and Lee, R.E. (2003) Cold winter microenvironments conserve energy and improve overwintering survival and potential fecundity of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis. Oikos 100, 71-78.
95. Janzen, D.H. (1967) Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. American Naturalist 101, 233-247.
96. Jeffree, C.E. and Jeffree, E.P. (1996) Redistribution of the potential geographical ranges of Mistletoe and Colorado Beetle in Europe in response to the temperature component of climate change. Functional Ecology 10, 562-577.
97. Jepsen, J.U., Hagen, S.B., Ims, R.A. and Yoccoz, N.G. (2008) Climate change and outbreaks of the geometrids Operophtera brumata and Epirrita autumnata in subarctic birch forest: evidence of a recent outbreak range expansion. Journal of Animal Ecology 77, 257-264.
98. Jetz, W. and Rubenstein, D.R. (2011) Environmental uncertainty and the global biogeography of cooperative breeding in birds. Current Biology 21, 1-7.
99. Jetz, W., Sekercioglu, C.H. and Böhning-Gaese, K. (2008) The worldwide variation in avian clutch size across species and space. PloS Biology 6, 2650-2657.
100. Kaspari, M., Alonso, L. and O'Donnell, S. (2000a) Three energy variables predict ant abundance at a geographical scale. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267, 485-489.
101. Kaspari, M., O'Donnell, S. and Kercher, J.R. (2000b) Energy, density, and constraints to species richness: ant assemblages along a productivity gradient. American Naturalist 155, 280-293.
102. Katz, R.W. and Brown, B.G. (1992) Extreme events in a changing climate: variability is more important than averages. Climatic Change 21, 289-302.
103. Kearney, M. and Porter, M. (2009) Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species' ranges. Ecology Letters 12, 334-350.
104. Kearney, M., Porter, W.P., Williams, C., Ritchie, S. and Hoffmann, A.A. (2009a) Integrating biophysical models and evolutionary theory to predict climatic impacts on species' ranges: the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti in Australia. Functional Ecology 23, 528-538.
105. Kearney, M., Shine, R. and Porter, W.P. (2009b) The potential for behavioral thermoregulation to buffer "cold-blooded" animals against climate warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106, 3835-3840.
106. Kearney, M., Simpson, S.J., Raubenheimer, D. and Helmuth, B. (2010) Modelling the ecological niche from functional limits. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365, 3469-3483.
107. Keister, M. and Buck, J. (1964) Some endogenous and exogenous effects on rate of respiration. In: Rockstein, M. (ed.) Physiology of Insecta Volume 3. Academic Press, New York, pp. 617-658.
108. Kellermann, V., Van Heerwaarden, B., Sgro, C.M. and Hoffmann, A.A. (2009) Fundamental evolutionary limits in ecological traits drive Drosophila species distributions. Science 325, 1244-1246.
109. Kerr, J.T. and Ostrovsky, M. (2003) From space to species: ecological applications for remote sensing. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18, 299-305.
110. Kerr, J.T. and Packer, L. (1999) The environmental basis of North American species richness patterns among Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Biodiversity and Conservation 8, 617-628.
111. Kerr, J.T., Southwood, T.R.E. and Cihlar, J. (2001) Remotely sensed habitat diversity predicts butterfly species richness and community similarity in Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98, 11365-11370.
112. Kingsolver, J.G. (1989) Weather and the population dynamics of insects: integrating physiological and population ecology. Physiological Zoology 62, 314-334.
113. Kingsolver, J.G. and Woods, H.A. (1997) Thermal sensitivity of growth and feeding in Manduca sexta caterpillars. Physiological Zoology 70, 631-638.
114. Klok, C.J., Sinclair, B.J. and Chown, S.L. (2004) Upper thermal tolerance and oxygen limitation in terrestrial arthropods. Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 2361-2370.
115. Kukalová-Peck, J. (1985) Ephemeroid wing venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, 933-955.
116. Labandeira, C.C. and Sepkoski, J.J. (1993) Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science 261, 310-315.
117. Lafferty, K.D. (2009) The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology 90, 888-900.
118. Larsen, T.H., Williams, N.M. and Kremen, C. (2005) Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning. Ecology Letters 8, 538-547.
119. Lawton, J.H. (1992) There are not 10 million kinds of population dynamics. Oikos 63, 337-338.
120. Leather, S.R., Walters, K.F.A. and Bale, J.S. (1993) The Ecology of Insect Overwintering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
121. Lee, R.E., Jr and Denlinger, D.L. (eds) (1991) Insects at Low Temperature. Chapman and Hall, New York.
122. Lighton, J.R.B. (2007) Hot hypoxic flies: wholeorganism interactions between hypoxic and thermal stressors in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Thermal Biology 32, 134-143.
123. 3 on forests: phytochemistry, trophic interactions, and ecosystem dynamics. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36, 2-21.
124. Lobo, J.M., Lumaret, J.-P. and Jay-Robert, P. (2002) Modelling the species richness distribution of French dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) and delimiting the predictive capacity of different groups of explanatory variables. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11, 265-277.
125. Lovegrove, B.G. (2000) The zoogeography of mammalian basal metabolic rate. American Naturalist 156, 201-219.
126. Mahlman, J.D. (1998) Science and nonscience concerning human-caused global warming. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23, 83-105.
127. Makarieva, A.M. and Gorshkov, V.G. (2007) Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological cycle on land. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, 1013-1033.
128. Makarieva, A.M., Gorshkov, V.G., Li, B.-L. and Chown, S.L. (2006) Size- and temperatureindependence of minimum life-supporting metabolic rates. Functional Ecology 20, 83-96.
129. Marais, E. and Chown, S.L. (2008) Beneficial acclimation and the Bogert effect. Ecology Letters 11, 1027-1036.
130. Marshall, K.E. and Sinclair, B.J. (2010) Repeated stress exposure results in a survivalrepro duction trade-off in Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277, 963-969.
131. McCain, C.M. (2009) Vertebrate range sizes indicate that mountains may be 'higher' in the tropics. Ecology Letters 12, 550-560.
132. McMullen, D.C. and Storey, K.B. (2010) In coldhardy insects, seasonal, temperature, and reversible phosphorylation controls regulate sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 8, 677-686.
133. Melbourne, B.A. and Hastings, A. (2008) Extinction risk depends strongly on factors contributing to stochasticity. Nature 454, 100-103.
134. Michaud, M.R., Benoit, J.B., Lopez-Martinez, G., Elnitsky, M.A., Lee, R.E. and Denlinger, D.L. (2008) Metabolomics reveals unique and shared metabolic changes in response to heat shock, freezing and desiccation in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica. Journal of Insect Physiology 54, 645-655.
135. Mitchell, K. and Hoffmann, A.A. (2010) Thermal ramping rate influences evolutionary potential and species differences for upper thermal limits in Drosophila. Functional Ecology 24, 694-700.
136. Morin, P.J., McMullen, D.C. and Storey, K.B. (2005) HIF-1α involvement in low temperature and anoxia survival by a freeze tolerant insect. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 280, 99-106.
137. Nair, U.S., Lawton, R.O., Welch, R.M. and Pielke Sr, R.A. (2003) Impact of land use on Costa Rican tropical montane cloud forests: sensitivity of cumulus cloud field characteristics to lowland deforestation. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, D74206, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001135.
138. New, M., Liverman, D., Schroder, H. and Anderson, K. (2011) Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global temperature increase of four degrees and its implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369, 6-19.
139. Nichols, E., Spector, S., Louzada, J., Larsen, T., Amezquita, S. and Favila, M.E. (2008) Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles. Biological Conservation 141, 1461-1474.
140. Parmesan, C., Root, T.L. and Willig, M.R. (2000) Impacts of extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81, 443-450.
141. Pelini, S.L., Keppel, J.A., Kelley, A.E. and Hellmann, J.J. (2010) Adaptation to host plants may prevent rapid insect responses to climate change. Global Change Biology 16, 2923-2929.
142. Pincebourde, S. and Casas, J. (2006a) Leaf minerinduced changes in leaf transmittance cause variations in insect respiration rates. Journal of Insect Physiology 52, 194-201.
143. Pincebourde, S. and Casas, J. (2006b) Multitrophic biophysical budgets: thermal ecology of an intimate herbivore insect-plant interaction. Ecological Monographs 76, 175-194.
144. Pincebourde, S., Sinoquet, H., Combes, D. and Casas, J. (2007) Regional climate modulates the canopy mosaic of favourable and risky microclimates for insects. Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 424-438.
145. Porter, W.P., Sabo, J.L., Tracy, C.R., Reichman, O.J. and Ramankutty, N. (2002) Physiology on a landscape scale: Plant-animal interactions. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, 431-453.
146. Pörtner, H.O. (2001) Climate change and temperature-dependent biogeography: oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance in animals. Naturwissenschaften 88, 137-146.
147. Potter, K., Davidowitz, G. and Woods, H.A. (2009) Insect eggs protected from high temperatures by limited homeothermy of plant leaves. Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 3448-3454.
148. Ragland, G.J., Denlinger, D.L. and Hahn, D.A. (2010) Mechanisms of suspended animation are revealed by transcript profiling of diapause in the flesh fly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107, 14909-14914.
149. Régnière, J. and Bentz, B. (2007) Modeling cold tolerance in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae. Journal of Insect Physiology 53, 559-572.
150. Rezende, E.L., Tejedo, M. and Santos, M. (2011) Estimating the adaptive potential of critical thermal limits: methodological problems and evolutionary implications. Functional Ecology 25, 111-121; doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01778.x.
151. Ricklefs, R.E. (2008) Disintegration of the ecological community. American Naturalist 172, 741-750.
152. Robertson, R.M. (2004) Thermal stress and neural function: adaptive mechanisms in insect model systems. Journal of Thermal Biology 29, 351-358.
153. Rodriguero, M.S. and Gorla, D.E. (2004) Latitudinal gradient in species richness of the New World Triatominae (Reduviidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography 13, 75-84.
154. Rogers, D.J. and Randolph, S.E. (2006) Climate change and vector-borne diseases. Advances in Parasitology 62, 345-381.
155. Royal Society (2009) Geoengineering the Climate. Science, Governance and Uncertainty. Royal Society Publishing, London.
156. Ruel, J.M. and Ayres, M.P. (1999) Jensen's inequality predicts effects of environmental variation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14, 361-366.
157. Samways, M.J. (1989) Climate diagrams and biological control: an example from the areography of the ladybird Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius,1798) (Insecta, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Journal of Biogeography 16, 345-351.
158. Samways, M.J. (1994) Insect Conservation Biology. Chapman and Hall, London.
159. Samways, M.J. (2007) Insect conservation: a synthetic management approach. Annual Review of Entomology 52, 465-487.
160. Sanderson, M.G., Hemming, D.L. and Betts, R.A. (2011) Regional temperature and precipitation changes under high-end (>4°C) global warming. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369, 85-98.
161. Savage, V.M. (2004) Improved approximations to scaling relationships for species, populations, and ecosystems across latitudinal and elevational gradients. Journal of Theoretical Biology 227, 525-534.
162. Schneider, S.H. (2008) Geoengineering: could we or should we make it work? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 366, 3843-3862.
163. Schwager, M., Johst, K. and Jeltsch, F. (2006) Does red noise increase or decrease extinction risk? Single extreme events versus series of unfavorable conditions. American Naturalist 167, 879-888.
164. Scriber, J.M. (2002) Latitudinal and local geographic mosaics in host plant preferences as shaped by thermal units and voltinism in Papilio spp. (Lepidoptera). European Journal of Entomology 99, 225-239.
165. Seely, M., Henschel, J.R. and Hamilton, W.J. III (2005) Long-term data show behavioural fog collection adaptations determine Namib Desert beetle abundance. South African Journal of Science 101, 570-572.
166. Sinclair, B.J. and Chown, S.L. (2005a) Deleterious effects of repeated cold exposure in a freezetolerant sub-Antarctic caterpillar. Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 969-879.
167. Sinclair, B.J. and Chown, S.L. (2005b) Climatic variability and hemispheric differences in insect cold tolerance: support from southern Africa. Functional Ecology 19, 214-221.
168. Sinclair, B.J. and Renault, D. (2010) Intracellular ice formation in insects: Unresolved after 50 years? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 155, 14-18.
169. Sinclair, B.J., Addo-Bediako, A. and Chown, S.L. (2003) Climatic variability and the evolution of insect freeze tolerance. Biological Reviews 78, 181-195.
170. Stafford Smith, M. Horrocks, L., Harvey, A. and Hamilton, C. (2011) Rethinking adaptation for a 4°C world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369, 196-216.
171. Stevens, M.M., Jackson, S., Bester, S.A., Terblanche, J.S. and Chown, S.L. (2010) Oxygen limitation and thermal tolerance in two terrestrial arthropod species. Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 2209-2218.
172. Stillwell, R.C., Morse, G.E. and Fox, C.W. (2007) Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism of a seed-feeding beetle. American Naturalist 170, 358-369.
173. Tenow, O. and Nilssen, A. (1990) Egg cold hardiness and topoclimatic limitations to outbreaks of Epirrita autumnata in Northern Fennoscandia. Journal of Applied Ecology 27, 723-734.
174. Terblanche, J.S., Deere, J.A., Clusella-Trullas, S., Janion, C. and Chown, S.L. (2007) Critical thermal limits depend on methodological context. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274, 2935-2942.
175. Terblanche, J.S., Clusella-Trullas, S. and Chown, S.L. (2010) Phenotypic plasticity of gas exchange pattern and water loss in Scarabaeus spretus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): deconstruct ing the basis for metabolic rate variation. Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 2940-2949.
176. Thornton, P.K., Jones, P.G., Ericksen, P.J. and Challinor, A.J. (2011) Agriculture and food systems in sub-Saharan Africa in a 4°C+ world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369, 117-136.
177. Todd, M.C., Washington, R., Cheke, R.A. and Kniveton, R. (2002) Brown locust outbreaks and climate variability in southern Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology 39, 31-42.
178. Turner, J.R.G., Gatehouse, C.M. and Corey, C.A. (1987) Does solar energy control organic diversity? Butterflies, moths and the British climate. Oikos 48, 195-205.
179. Turner, J.S. (2000) The Extended Organism. The Physiology of Animal-Built Structures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
180. Unwin, D.M. (1991) Insects, Plants and Microclimate. The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd, Slough.
181. Vannier, G. (1994) The thermobiological limits of some freezing tolerant insects: the supercooling and thermostupor points. Acta Oecologica 15, 31-42.
182. Vasseur, D.A. and Yodzis, P. (2004) The color of environmental noise. Ecology 85, 1146-1152.
183. Voituron, Y., Mouquet, N., De Mazancourt, C. and Clobert, J. (2002) To freeze or not to freeze? An evolutionary perspective on the cold-hardiness strategies of overwintering ectotherms. American Naturalist 160, 255-270.
184. Wallace, J.B. and Webster, J.R. (1996) The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function. Annual Review of Entomology 41, 115-139.
185. Wardle, D.A., Bardgett, R.D., Klironomos, J.N., Setälä, H., Van Der Putten, W.H. and Wall, D.H. (2004) Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science 304, 1629-1633.
186. Warren, M.S., Hill, J.K., Thomas, J.A., Asher, J., Fox, R., Huntley, B., Roy, D.B., et al. (2001) Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change. Nature 414, 65-69.
187. Warren, M., McGeoch, M.A., Nicolson, S.W. and Chown, S.L. (2006) Body size patterns in Drosophila inhabiting a mesocosm: interactive effects of spatial variation in temperature and abundance. Oecologia 149, 245-255.
188. Webb, T.J., Gaston, K.J., Hannah, L. and Woodward, F.I. (2006) Coincident scales of forest feedback on climate and conservation in a diversity hotspot. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273, 757-765.
189. White, P. and Kerr, J.T. (2006) Contrasting spatial and temporal global change impacts on butterfly species richness during the 20th century. Ecography 29, 908-918.
190. Whitman, D.W. and Ananthakrishnan, T.N. (2008) Phenotypic Plasticity of Insects. Mechanisms and Consequence. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire.
191. Wilf, P., Labandeira, C.C., Johnson, K.R. and Ellis, B. (2006) Decoupled plant and insect diversity after the end-cretaceous extinction. Science 313, 1112-1115.
192. Williams, J.B., Shorthouse, J.B. and Lee, R.E. (2003) Deleterious effects of mild simulated overwintering temperatures on survival and potential fecundity of rose-galling Diplolepis wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology 298, 23-31.
193. Willi, Y. and Hoffmann, A.A. (2009) Demographic factors and genetic variation influence population persistence under environmental change. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, 124-133.
194. Willmer, P.G. (1982) Microclimate and the environmental physiology of insects. Advances in Insect Physiology 16, 1-57.
195. Woods, H.A. (2010) Water loss and gas exchange by eggs of Manduca sexta: Trading off costs and benefits. Journal of Insect Physiology 56, 480-487.
196. Woods, H.A. and Smith, J.N. (2010) Universal model for water costs of gas exchange by animals and plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107, 8469-8474.
197. Woods, H.A., Makino, W., Cotner, J.B., Hobbie, S.E., Harrison, J.F., Acharya, K. and Elser, J.J. (2003) Temperature and the chemical composition of poikilothermic organisms. Functional Ecology 17, 237-245.
198. Woodward, F.I., Bardgett, R.D., Raven, J.A. and Hetherington, A.M. (2009) Biological approaches to global environment change mitigation and remediation. Current Biology 19, R615-R623.