Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas: New players of the renin-angiotensin system

Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 216, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Santos, Robson A S ^a   Ferreira, Anderson J ^a   Verano Braga, Thiago ^a,b   Bader, Michael ^c  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^c MAX DELBRÜCK CENTER FOR MOLECULAR MEDICINE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Ace2; Angiotensin II; Cardiovascular functions; Mas; Metabolism

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME 2; ANGIOTENSIN[1-7]; BETA CYCLODEXTRIN; BRADYKININ; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN I (1 7); ANGIOTENSIN I (1-7); DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; ONCOPROTEIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENT; PROTO ONCOGENE PROTEINS C MAS 1; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MAS-1;

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIDIURESIS; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART VENTRICLE; HENLE LOOP; HUMAN; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; MESANGIUM CELL; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; NORADRENALIN RELEASE; OSMOLALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; URINE VOLUME; VASODILATATION; ANIMAL; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANGIOTENSIN I; ANIMALS; HUMANS; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84872617624     PISSN: 00220795     EISSN: 14796805     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/JOE-12-0341     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Akhtar S, Yousif MH, Dhaunsi GS, Chandrasekhar B, Al-Farsi O & Benter IF. 2012 Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation via aMas receptor-dependent pathway. British Journal of Pharmacology 165 1390-1400.
2. Albrecht D. 2007 Angiotensin-(1-7)-induced plasticity changes in the lateral amygdala are mediated by COX-2 and NO. Learning & Memory 14 177-184.
3. Alenina N, Xu P, Rentzsch B, Patkin EL & Bader M. 2008 Genetically altered animal models for Mas and angiotensin-(1-7). Experimental Physiology 93 528-537.
4. Allred AJ, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM & Diz DI. 2000 Differential actions of renal ischemic injury on the intrarenal angiotensin system. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 279 F636-F645.
5. Almeida AP, Frabregas BC, Madureira MM, Santos RJ, Campagnole-Santos MJ & Santos RA. 2000 Angiotensin-(1-7) potentiates the coronary vasodilatatory effect of bradykinin in the isolated rat heart. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 33 709-713.
6. Ambuhl P, Felix D & Khosla MC. 1994 [7-D-ALA]-angiotensin-(1-7): selective antagonism of angiotensin-(1-7) in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Brain Research Bulletin 35 289-291.
7. Andreatta-van Leyen S, Romero MF, Khosla MC & Douglas JG. 1993 Modulation of phospholipase A2 activity and sodium transport by angiotensin-(1-7). Kidney International 44 932-936.
8. Averill DB, Ishiyama Y, Chappell MC & Ferrario CM. 2003 Cardiac angiotensin-(1-7) in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 108 2141-2146.
9. Bader M. 2010 Tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems: targets for pharmacological therapy. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 50 439-465.
10. Barroso LC, Silveira KD, Lima CX, Borges V, Bader M, Rachid M, Santos RA, Souza DG, Simoes ESAC & Teixeira MM. 2012 Renoprotective effects of AVE0991, a nonpeptide Mas receptor agonist, in experimental acute renal injury. International Journal of Hypertension 2012 808726.
11. Benter IF, Yousif MH, Anim JT, Cojocel C & Diz DI. 2006 Angiotensin-(1-7) prevents development of severe hypertension and end-organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with L-NAME. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290 H684-H691.
12. Bergaya S, Hilgers RH, Meneton P, Dong Y, Bloch-Faure M, Inagami T, Alhenc-Gelas F, Levy BI & Boulanger CM 2004 Flow-dependent dilation mediated by endogenous kinins requires angiotensin AT2 receptors. Circulation Research 94 1623-1629.
13. Bindom SM, Hans CP, Xia H, Boulares AH & Lazartigues E. 2010 Angiotensin I-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) gene therapy improves glycemic control in diabetic mice. Diabetes 59 2540-2548.
14. Botelho-Santos GA, Sampaio WO, Reudelhuber TL, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ & Souza dos Santos RA. 2007 Expression of an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein in rats induced marked changes in regional vascular resistance. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292 H2485-H2490.
15. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z & Shahinfar S. 2001 Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine 345 861-869.
16. Brosnihan KB, Li P & Ferrario CM. 1996 Angiotensin-(1-7) dilates canine coronary arteries through kinins and nitric oxide. Hypertension 27 523-528.
17. Burgelova M, Kramer HJ, Teplan V, Velickova G, Vitko S, Heller J, Maly J & Cervenka L. 2002 Intrarenal infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) modulates renal functional responses to exogenous angiotensin II in the rat. Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 25 202-210.
18. Burns WC, Velkoska E, Dean R, Burrell LM & Thomas MC. 2010 Angiotensin II mediates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation in tubular cells by ANG 1-7/MAS-1-dependent pathways. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 299 F585-F593.
19. Burrell LM, Risvanis J, Kubota E, Dean RG, MacDonald PS, Lu S, Tikellis C, Grant SL, Lew RA, Smith AI et al.. 2005 Myocardial infarction increases ACE2 expression in rat and humans. European Heart Journal 26 369-375; (discussion 322-364).
20. Campagnole-Santos MJ, Diz DI, Santos RA, Khosla MC, Brosnihan KB & Ferrario CM. 1989 Cardiovascular effects of angiotensin-(1-7) injected into the dorsal medulla of rats. American Journal of Physiology 257 H324-H329.
21. Campagnole-Santos MJ, Heringer SB, Batista EN, Khosla MC & Santos RA. 1992 Differential baroreceptor reflex modulation by centrally infused angiotensin peptides. American Journal of Physiology 263 R89-R94.
22. Campbell DJ, Zeitz CJ, Esler MD & Horowitz JD. 2004 Evidence against a major role for angiotensin converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) in angiotensin peptide metabolism in the human coronary circulation. Journal of Hypertension 22 1971-1976.
23. Canals M, Jenkins L, Kellett E & Milligan G. 2006 Up-regulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor by the MAS proto-oncogene is due to constitutive activation of Gq/G11 by MAS. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 16757-16767.
24. Carey RM & Siragy HM. 2003 Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation. Endocrine Reviews 24 261-271.
25. Castro CH, Santos RA, Ferreira AJ, Bader M, Alenina N & Almeida AP. 2005 Evidence for a functional interaction of the angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas with AT1 and AT2 receptors in the mouse heart. Hypertension 46 937-942.
26. Chansel D, Vandermeersch S, Oko A, Curat C & Ardaillou R. 2001 Effects of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1-7) on basal and angiotensin II-stimulated cytosolic Ca2C in mesangial cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 414 165-175.
27. Chappell MC, Brosnihan KB, Diz DI & Ferrario CM. 1989 Identification of angiotensin-(1-7) in rat brain. Evidence for differential processing of angiotensin peptides. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 16518-16523.
28. Chappell MC, Milsted A, Diz DI, Brosnihan KB & Ferrario CM. 1991 Evidence for an intrinsic angiotensin system in the canine pancreas. Journal of Hypertension 9 751-759.
29. Chappell MC, Pirro NT, Sykes A & Ferrario CM. 1998 Metabolism of angiotensin-(1-7) by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Hypertension 31 362-367.
30. Chappell MC, Gomez MN, Pirro NT & Ferrario CM. 2000 Release of angiotensin-(1-7) from the rat hindlimb: influence of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition. Hypertension 35 348-352.
31. Chappell MC, Allred AJ & Ferrario CM. 2001 Pathways of angiotensin-(1-7) metabolism in the kidney. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 16(Suppl 1) 22-26.
32. Clark MA, Diz DI & Tallant EA. 2001a Angiotensin-(1-7) downregulates the angiotensin II type 1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 37 1141-1146.
33. Clark MA, Tallant EA & Diz DI. 2001b Downregulation of the AT1A receptor by pharmacologic concentrations of angiotensin-(1-7). Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 37 437-448.
34. Clark MA, Tallant EA, Tommasi E, Bosch S & Diz DI. 2003 Angiotensin-(1-7) reduces renal angiotensin II receptors through a cyclooxygenasedependent mechanism. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 41 276-283.
35. Coelho MS, Lopes KL, Freitas Rde A, de Oliveira-Sales EB, Bergasmaschi CT, Campos RR, Casarini DE, Carmona AK, Araujo Mda S, Heimann JC et al.. 2010 High sucrose intake in rats is associated with increased ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) levels in the adipose tissue. Regulatory Peptides 162 61-67.
36. Collister JP & Hendel MD. 2003 The role of Ang (1-7) in mediating the chronic hypotensive effects of losartan in normal rats. Journal of Renin- Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 4 176-179.
37. Crackower MA, Sarao R, Oudit GY, Yagil C, Kozieradzki I, Scanga SE, Oliveira-dos-Santos AJ, da Costa J, Zhang L, Pei Y et al.. 2002 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function. Nature 417 822-828.
38. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O et al.. 2002 Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359 995-1003.
39. Davie AP & McMurray JJ. 1999 Effect of angiotensin-(1-7) and bradykinin in patients with heart failure treated with an ACE inhibitor. Hypertension 34 457-460.
40. De Mello WC. 2004 Angiotensin (1-7) re-establishes impulse conduction in cardiac muscle during ischaemia-reperfusion. The role of the sodium pump. Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 5 203-208.
41. De Souza AM, Lopes AG, Pizzino CP, Fossari RN, Miguel NC, Cardozo FP, Abi-Abib R, Fernandes MS, Santos DP & Caruso-Neves C. 2004 Angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) inhibit the inner cortex NaC - ATPase activity through AT2 receptor. Regulatory Peptides 120 167-175.
42. Dharmani M, Mustafa MR, Achike FI & Sim MK. 2007 Effects of angiotensin 1-7 on the actions of angiotensin II in the renal and mesenteric vasculature of hypertensive and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 561 144-150.
43. Dias-Peixoto MF, Santos RA, Gomes ER, Alves MN, Almeida PW, Greco L, RosaM, Fauler B, BaderM, Alenina N et al.. 2008 Molecularmechanisms involved in the angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes. Hypertension 52 542-548.
44. Dias-Peixoto MF, Ferreira AJ, Almeida PW, Braga VB, Coutinho DC, Melo DS, Gomes Filho A, Melo MB, Greco L, Campagnole-Santos MJ et al.. 2012 The cardiac expression of Mas receptor is responsive to different physiological and pathological stimuli. Peptides 35 196-201.
45. Diez-Freire C, Vazquez J, Correa de Adjounian MF, Ferrari MF, Yuan L, Silver X, Torres R & Raizada MK. 2006 ACE2 gene transfer attenuates hypertension-linked pathophysiological changes in the SHR. Physiological Genomics 27 12-19.
46. DilauroM& Burns KD. 2009 Angiotensin-(1-7) and its effects in the kidney. Scientific World Journal 9 522-535.
47. Dilauro M, Zimpelmann J, Robertson SJ, Genest D & Burns KD. 2010 Effect of ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in a mouse model of early chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 298 F1523-F1532.
48. Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, Donovan M, Woolf B, Robison K, Jeyaseelan R et al.. 2000 A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circulation Research 87 E1-E9.
49. Donoghue M, Wakimoto H, Maguire CT, Acton S, Hales P, Stagliano N, Fairchild-Huntress V, Xu J, Lorenz JN, Kadambi V et al.. 2003 Heart block, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death in ACE2 transgenic mice with downregulated connexins. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 35 1043-1053.
50. Dostal DE & Baker KM. 1999 The cardiac renin-angiotensin system: conceptual, or a regulator of cardiac function? Circulation Research 85 643-650.
51. Erdos EG & Skidgel RA. 1990 Renal metabolism of angiotensin I and II. Kidney International. Supplement 30 S24-S27.
52. Erdos EG, Jackman HL, Brovkovych V, Tan F & Deddish PA. 2002 Products of angiotensin I hydrolysis by human cardiac enzymes potentiate bradykinin. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 34 1569-1576.
53. Esteban V, Heringer-Walther S, Sterner-Kock A, de Bruin R, van den Engel S, Wang Y, Mezzano S, Egido J, Schultheiss HP, Ruiz-Ortega M et al.. 2009 Angiotensin-(1-7) and the g protein-coupled receptor MAS are key players in renal inflammation. PLoS ONE 4 e5406.
54. Faria-Silva R, Duarte FV & Santos RA. 2005 Short-term angiotensin(1-7) receptor MAS stimulation improves endothelial function in normotensive rats. Hypertension 46 948-952.
55. Fernandes L, Fortes ZB, Nigro D, Tostes RC, Santos RA & Catelli De Carvalho MH. 2001 Potentiation of bradykinin by angiotensin-(1-7) on arterioles of spontaneously hypertensive rats studied in vivo. Hypertension 37 703-709.
56. Ferrario CM. 2006 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin- (1-7): an evolving story in cardiovascular regulation. Hypertension 47 515-521.
57. Ferrario CM, Martell N, Yunis C, Flack JM, Chappell MC, Brosnihan KB, Dean RH, Fernandez A, Novikov SV, Pinillas C et al.. 1998 Characterization of angiotensin-(1-7) in the urine of normal and essential hypertensive subjects. American Journal of Hypertension 11 137-146.
58. Ferreira AJ & Santos RA. 2005 Cardiovascular actions of angiotensin-(1-7). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 38 499-507.
59. Ferreira AJ, Santos RA & Almeida AP. 2001 Angiotensin-(1-7): cardioprotective effect in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Hypertension 38 665-668.
60. Ferreira AJ, Santos RA & Almeida AP. 2002 Angiotensin-(1-7) improves the post-ischemic function in isolated perfused rat hearts. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 35 1083-1090.
61. Ferreira AJ, Jacoby BA, Araujo CA, Macedo FA, Silva GA, Almeida AP, Caliari MV & Santos RA. 2007a The nonpeptide angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas agonist AVE-0991 attenuates heart failure induced by myocardial infarction. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292 H1113-H1119.
62. Ferreira AJ, Oliveira TL, Castro MC, Almeida AP, Castro CH, Caliari MV, Gava E, Kitten GT & Santos RA. 2007b Isoproterenol-induced impairment of heart function and remodeling are attenuated by the nonpeptide angiotensin-(1-7) analogue AVE 0991. Life Sciences 81 916-923.
63. Ferreira AJ, Castro CH, Guatimosim S, Almeida PW, Gomes ER, Dias-Peixoto MF, Alves MN, Fagundes-Moura CR, Rentzsch B, Gava E et al.. 2010 Attenuation of isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis in transgenic rats harboring an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein in the heart. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease 4 83-96.
64. Ferreira AJ, Shenoy V, Qi Y, Fraga-Silva RA, Santos RA, Katovich MJ & RaizadaMK. 2011 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activation protects against hypertension-induced cardiac fibrosis involving extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Experimental Physiology 96 287-294.
65. Ferreira AJ, Bader M & Santos RA. 2012 Therapeutic targeting of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas cascade in the renin-angiotensin system: a patent review. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 22 567-574.
66. Fraga-Silva RA, Pinheiro SV, Goncalves AC, Alenina N, Bader M & Santos RA. 2008 The antithrombotic effect of angiotensin-(1-7) involves mas-mediated NO release from platelets. Molecular Medicine 14 28-35.
67. Furuhashi M, Ura N, Takizawa H, Yoshida D, Moniwa N, Murakami H, Higashiura K & Shimamoto K. 2004 Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system decreases adipocyte size with improvement in insulin sensitivity. Journal of Hypertension 22 1977-1982.
68. Gallagher PE, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM & Tallant EA. 2006 Distinct roles for ANG II and ANG-(1-7) in the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in rat astrocytes. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 290 C420-C426.
69. Garabelli PJ, Modrall JG, Penninger JM, Ferrario CM & Chappell MC. 2008 Distinct roles for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and carboxypeptidase A in the processing of angiotensins within the murine heart. Experimental Physiology 93 613-621.
70. Garcia NH & Garvin JL. 1994 Angiotensin 1-7 has a biphasic effect on fluid absorption in the proximal straight tubule. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5 1133-1138.
71. Gava E, de Castro CH, Ferreira AJ, Colleta H, Melo MB, Alenina N, Bader M, Oliveira LA, Santos RA & Kitten GT. 2012 Angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas is an essential modulator of extracellular matrix protein expression in the heart. Regulatory Peptides 175 30-42.
72. Giani JF, Gironacci MM, Munoz MC, Pena C, Turyn D & Dominici FP. 2007 Angiotensin-(1 7) stimulates the phosphorylation of JAK2, IRS-1 and Akt in rat heart in vivo: role of the AT1 and Mas receptors. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293 H1154-H1163.
73. Giani JF, Mayer MA, Munoz MC, Silberman EA, Hocht C, Taira CA, Gironacci MM, Turyn D & Dominici FP. 2009 Chronic infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) improves insulin resistance and hypertension induced by a high-fructose diet in rats. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 296 E262-E271.
74. Giani JF, Munoz MC, Pons RA, Cao G, Toblli JE, Turyn D & Dominici FP. 2011 Angiotensin-(1-7) reduces proteinuria and diminishes structural damage in renal tissue of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 300 F272-F282.
75. Giani JF, Burghi V, Veiras LC, Tomat A, Munoz MC, Cao G, Turyn D, Toblli JE & Dominici FP. 2012 Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 302 F1606-F1615.
76. Gironacci MM, Adler-Graschinsky E, Pena C & Enero MA. 1994 Effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) on the release of [3H]norepinephrine from rat atria. Hypertension 24 457-460.
77. Gironacci MM, Coba MP & Pena C. 1999 Angiotensin-(1-7) binds at the type 1 angiotensin II receptors in rat renal cortex. Regulatory Peptides 84 51-54.
78. Gomes ER, Lara AA, Almeida PW, Guimaraes D, Resende RR, Campagnole- Santos MJ, Bader M, Santos RA & Guatimosim S. 2010 Angiotensin-(1-7) prevents cardiomyocyte pathological remodeling through a nitric oxide/guanosine 30,50-cyclic monophosphate-dependent pathway. Hypertension 55 153-160.
79. Gorelik G, Carbini LA & Scicli AG. 1998 Angiotensin 1-7 induces bradykinin-mediated relaxation in porcine coronary artery. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 286 403-410.
80. Goulter AB, GoddardMJ, Allen JC & Clark KL. 2004 ACE2 gene expression is up-regulated in the human failing heart. BMC Medicine 2 19.
81. Greco AJ, Master RG, Fokin A Jr, Baber SR & Kadowitz PJ. 2006 Angiotensin- (1-7) potentiates responses to bradykinin but does not change responses to angiotensin I. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 84 1163-1175.
82. GrinsteadWC & Young JB. 1992 The myocardial renin-angiotensin system: existence, importance, and clinical implications. American Heart Journal 123 1039-1045.
83. Grobe JL, Mecca AP, Mao H & Katovich MJ. 2006 Chronic angiotensin-(1-7) prevents cardiac fibrosis in DOCA-salt model of hypertension. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290 H2417-H2423.
84. Grobe JL, Mecca AP, LingisM, Shenoy V, Bolton TA, Machado JM, Speth RC, Raizada MK & Katovich MJ. 2007 Prevention of angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling by angiotensin-(1-7). American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292 H736-H742.
85. Grobe N, Elased KM, Cool DR & Morris M. 2012 Mass spectrometry for the molecular imaging of angiotensin metabolism in kidney. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 302 E1016-E1024.
86. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr & Lenfant C. 2004 Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 109 433-438.
87. Gupte M, Boustany-Kari CM, Bharadwaj K, Police S, Thatcher S, Gong MC, English VL & Cassis LA. 2008 ACE2 is expressed in mouse adipocytes and regulated by a high-fat diet. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295 R781-R788.
88. Gurley SB, Allred A, Le TH, Griffiths R, Mao L, Philip N, Haystead TA, Donoghue M, Breitbart RE, Acton SL et al.. 2006 Altered blood pressure responses and normal cardiac phenotype in ACE2-null mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 116 2218-2225.
89. Gwathmey TM, Westwood BM, Pirro NT, Tang L, Rose JC, Diz DI & Chappell MC. 2010 Nuclear angiotensin-(1-7) receptor is functionally coupled to the formation of nitric oxide. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 299 F983-F990.
90. Handa RK, Ferrario CM & Strandhoy JW. 1996 Renal actions of angiotensin- (1-7): in vivo and in vitro studies. American Journal of Physiology 270 F141-F147.
91. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, Lanke J, Hedner T, Niklason A, Luomanmaki K, Dahlof B, de Faire U, Morlin C et al.. 1999 Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353 611-616.
92. Harmer D, Gilbert M, Borman R & Clark KL. 2002 Quantitative mRNA expression profiling of ACE 2, a novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme. FEBS Letters 532 107-110.
93. Heitsch H, Brovkovych S, Malinski T &Wiemer G. 2001 Angiotensin-(1-7)- stimulated nitric oxide and superoxide release from endothelial cells. Hypertension 37 72-76.
94. Hernandez Prada JA, Ferreira AJ, Katovich MJ, Shenoy V, Qi Y, Santos RA, Castellano RK, Lampkins AJ, Gubala V, Ostrov DA et al.. 2008 Structurebased identification of small-molecule angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activators as novel antihypertensive agents. Hypertension 51 1312-1317.
95. Huentelman MJ, Grobe JL, Vazquez J, Stewart JM, Mecca AP, Katovich MJ, Ferrario CM & Raizada MK. 2005 Protection from angiotensin IIinduced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by systemic lentiviral delivery of ACE2 in rats. Experimental Physiology 90 783-790.
96. Ishiyama Y, Gallagher PE, Averill DB, Tallant EA, Brosnihan KB & Ferrario CM. 2004 Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 after myocardial infarction by blockade of angiotensin II receptors. Hypertension 43 970-976.
97. Iwata M, Cowling RT, Gurantz D, Moore C, Zhang S, Yuan JX & Greenberg BH. 2005 Angiotensin-(1-7) binds to specific receptors on cardiac fibroblasts to initiate antifibrotic and antitrophic effects. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289 H2356-H2363.
98. Iyer SN, Yamada K, Diz DI, Ferrario CM & Chappell MC. 2000 Evidence that prostaglandins mediate the antihypertensive actions of angiotensin- (1-7) during chronic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 36 109-117.
99. Jayasooriya AP, Mathai ML, Walker LL, Begg DP, Denton DA, Cameron-Smith D, Egan GF, McKinley MJ, Rodger PD, Sinclair AJ et al.. 2008 Mice lacking angiotensin-converting enzyme have increased energy expenditure, with reduced fat mass and improved glucose clearance. PNAS 105 6531-6536.
100. Jin HY, Song B, Oudit GY, Davidge ST, Yu HM, Jiang YY, Gao PJ, Zhu DL, Ning G, Kassiri Z et al.. 2012 ACE2 deficiency enhances angiotensin IImediated aortic profilin-1 expression, inflammation and peroxynitrite production. PLoS ONE 7 e38502.
101. Joyner J, Neves LA, Granger JP, Alexander BT, Merrill DC, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM, Davis WP & Brosnihan KB. 2007 Temporal-spatial expression of ANG-(1-7) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the kidney of normal and hypertensive pregnant rats. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293 R169-R177.
102. Joyner J, Neves LA, Stovall K, Ferrario CM & Brosnihan KB. 2008 Angiotensin-(1-7) serves as an aquaretic by increasing water intake and diuresis in association with downregulation of aquaporin-1 during pregnancy in rats. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294 R1073-R1080.
103. Kim SM, Kim YG, Jeong KH, Lee SH, Lee TW, Ihm CG & Moon JY. 2012 Angiotensin II-induced mitochondrial Nox4 is a major endogenous source of oxidative stress in kidney tubular cells. PLoS ONE 7 e39739.
104. Kostenis E, Milligan G, Christopoulos A, Sanchez-Ferrer CF, Heringer- Walther S, Sexton PM, Gembardt F, Kellett E, Martini L, Vanderheyden P et al.. 2005 G-protein-coupled receptorMas is a physiological antagonist of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Circulation 111 1806-1813.
105. Kumagai H, Khosla M, Ferrario C & Fouad-Tarazi FM. 1990 Biological activity of angiotensin-(1-7) heptapeptide in the hamster heart. Hypertension 15 I29-I33.
106. Lara Lda S, Cavalcante F, Axelband F, De Souza AM, Lopes AG & Caruso-Neves C. 2006 Involvement of the Gi/o/cGMP/PKG pathway in the AT2-mediated inhibition of outer cortex proximal tubule NaC-ATPase by Ang-(1-7). Biochemical Journal 395 183-190.
107. Lemos VS, Silva DM, Walther T, Alenina N, Bader M & Santos RA. 2005 The endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of the nonpeptide Ang(1-7) mimic AVE 0991 is abolished in the aorta of mas-knockout mice. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 46 274-279.
108. Leung PS, Chan HC, Fu LX & Wong PY. 1997 Localization of angiotensin II receptor subtypes AT1 and AT2 in the pancreas of rodents. Journal of Endocrinology 153 269-274.
109. Leung PS, Chan WP, Wong TP & Sernia C. 1999 Expression and localization of the renin-angiotensin system in the rat pancreas. Journal of Endocrinology 160 13-19.
110. Li P, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM & Brosnihan KB. 1997 Angiotensin-(1-7) augments bradykinin-induced vasodilation by competing with ACE and releasing nitric oxide. Hypertension 29 394-400.
111. Li N, Zimpelmann J, Cheng K, Wilkins JA & Burns KD. 2005 The role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the generation of angiotensin 1-7 by rat proximal tubules. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 288 F353-F362.
112. Lima CV, Paula RD, Resende FL, Khosla MC & Santos RA. 1997 Potentiation of the hypotensive effect of bradykinin by short-term infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension 30 542-548.
113. Liu C, Lv XH, Li HX, Cao X, Zhang F, Wang L, Yu M & Yang JK. 2011a Angiotensin-(1-7) suppresses oxidative stress and improves glucose uptake via Mas receptor in adipocytes. Acta Diabetologia 49 291-299.
114. Liu CX, Hu Q, Wang Y, Zhang W, Ma ZY, Feng JB, Wang R, Wang XP, Dong B, Gao F et al.. 2011b Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 overexpression ameliorates glomerular injury in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy: a comparison with ACE inhibition. Molecular Medicine 17 59-69.
115. Liu GC, Oudit GY, Fang F, Zhou J & Scholey JW. 2012 Angiotensin-(1-7)- induced activation of ERK1/2 is cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent in glomerular mesangial cells. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 302 F784-F790.
116. Loot AE, Roks AJ, Henning RH, Tio RA, Suurmeijer AJ, Boomsma F & van Gilst WH. 2002 Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates the development of heart failure after myocardial infarction in rats. Circulation 105 1548-1550.
117. Lopez Ordieres MG, Gironacci M, Rodriguez de Lores Arnaiz G & Pena C. 1998 Effect of angiotensin-(1-7) on ATPase activities in several tissues. Regulatory Peptides 77 135-139.
118. Lupi R, Del Guerra S, Bugliani M, Boggi U, Mosca F, Torri S, Del Prato S & Marchetti P. 2006 The direct effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, zofenoprilat and enalaprilat, on isolated human pancreatic islets. European Journal of Endocrinology 154 355-361.
119. Mahmood A, Jackman HL, Teplitz L & Igic R. 2002 Metabolism of angiotensin I in the coronary circulation of normal and diabetic rats. Peptides 23 1171-1175.
120. Mahon JM, Carr RD, Nicol AK & Henderson IW. 1994 Angiotensin(1-7) is an antagonist at the type 1 angiotensin II receptor. Journal of Hypertension 12 1377-1381.
121. Marques FD, Ferreira AJ, Sinisterra RD, Jacoby BA, Sousa FB, Caliari MV, Silva GA, Melo MB, Nadu AP, Souza LE et al.. 2011 An oral formulation of angiotensin-(1-7) produces cardioprotective effects in infarcted and isoproterenol-treated rats. Hypertension 57 477-483.
122. Marques FD, Melo MB, Souza LE, Irigoyen MC, Sinisterra RD, de Sousa FB, Savergnini SQ, Braga VB, Ferreira AJ & Santos RA. 2012 Beneficial effects of long-term administration of an oral formulation of angiotensin- (1-7) in infarcted rats. International Journal of Hypertension 2012 795452.
123. Mendes AC, Ferreira AJ, Pinheiro SV & Santos RA. 2005 Chronic infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) reduces heart angiotensin II levels in rats. Regulatory Peptides 125 29-34.
124. Menon J, Soto-Pantoja DR, Callahan MF, Cline JM, Ferrario CM, Tallant EA & Gallagher PE. 2007 Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits growth of human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts in nude mice through a reduction in cyclooxygenase-2. Cancer Research 67 2809-2815.
125. Metzger R, Bader M, Ludwig T, Berberich C, Bunnemann B & Ganten D. 1995 Expression of the mouse and rat mas proto-oncogene in the brain and peripheral tissues. FEBS Letters 357 27-32.
126. Moon JY, Tanimoto M, Gohda T, Hagiwara S, Yamazaki T, Ohara I, Murakoshi M, Aoki T, Ishikawa Y, Lee SH et al.. 2011 Attenuating effect of angiotensin-(1-7) on angiotensin II-mediated NAD(P)H oxidase activation in type 2 diabetic nephropathy of KK-A(y)/Tamice. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 300 F1271-F1282.
127. de Moura MM, dos Santos RA, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Todiras M, Bader M, Alenina N & Haibara AS. 2010 Altered cardiovascular reflexes responses in conscious angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas-knockout mice. Peptides 31 1934-1939.
128. Munk VC, Sanchez de Miguel L, Petrimpol M, Butz N, Banfi A, Eriksson U, Hein L, Humar R & Battegay EJ. 2007 Angiotensin II induces angiogenesis in the hypoxic adult mouse heart in vitro through an AT2-B2 receptor pathway. Hypertension 49 1178-1185.
129. Murca TM, Almeida TC, RaizadaMK & Ferreira AJ. 2012a Chronic activation of endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects diabetic rats from cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Experimental Physiology 97 699-709.
130. Murca TM, Moraes PL, Capuruco CA, Santos SH, Melo MB, Santos RA, Shenoy V, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK & Ferreira AJ. 2012b Oral administration of an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activator ameliorates diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. Regulatory Peptides 177 107-115.
131. Muthalif MM, Benter IF, Uddin MR, Harper JL & Malik KU. 1998 Signal transduction mechanisms involved in angiotensin-(1-7)-stimulated arachidonic acid release and prostanoid synthesis in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 284 388-398.
132. Nadarajah R, Milagres R, Dilauro M, Gutsol A, Xiao F, Zimpelmann J, Kennedy C, Wysocki J, Batlle D & Burns KD. 2012 Podocyte-specific overexpression of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates diabetic nephropathy in mice. Kidney International 82 292-303.
133. Nadu AP, Ferreira AJ, Reudelhuber TL, Bader M & Santos RA. 2008 Reduced isoproterenol-induced renin-angiotensin changes and extracellular matrix deposition in hearts of TGR(A1-7)3292 rats. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2 341-348.
134. Neves LA, Almeida AP, Khosla MC & Santos RA. 1995 Metabolism of angiotensin I in isolated rat hearts. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Biochemical Pharmacology 50 1451-1459.
135. Neves LA, Almeida AP, Khosla MC, Campagnole-Santos MJ & Santos RA. 1997 Effect of angiotensin-(1-7) on reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 30 801-809.
136. Neves LA, Santos RA, Khosla MC & Milsted A. 2000 Angiotensin-(1-7) regulates the levels of angiotensin II receptor subtype AT1 mRNA differentially in a strain-specific fashion. Regulatory Peptides 95 99-107.
137. Ocaranza MP, Godoy I, Jalil JE, Varas M, Collantes P, Pinto M, Roman M, Ramirez C, Copaja M, Diaz-Araya G et al.. 2006 Enalapril attenuates downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the late phase of ventricular dysfunction in myocardial infarcted rat. Hypertension 48 572-578.
138. Oliveira MA, Fortes ZB, Santos RA, Kosla MC & De Carvalho MH. 1999 Synergistic effect of angiotensin-(1-7) on bradykinin arteriolar dilation in vivo. Peptides 20 1195-1201.
139. Oliveira MA, Carvalho MH, Nigro D, Passaglia Rde C & Fortes ZB. 2002 Angiotensin-(1-7) and bradykinin interaction in diabetesmellitus: in vivo study. Peptides 23 1449-1455.
140. Oudit GY, Herzenberg AM, Kassiri Z, Wong D, Reich H, Khokha R, Crackower MA, Backx PH, Penninger JM & Scholey JW. 2006 Loss of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 leads to the late development of angiotensin II-dependent glomerulosclerosis. American Journal of Pathology 168 1808-1820.
141. Oudit GY, Liu GC, Zhong J, Basu R, Chow FL, Zhou J, Loibner H, Janzek E, Schuster M, Penninger JM et al.. 2010 Human recombinant ACE2 reduces the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 59 529-538.
142. Oudot A, Vergely C, Ecarnot-Laubriet A&Rochette L. 2005 Pharmacological concentration of angiotensin-(1-7) activates NADPH oxidase after ischemia-reperfusion in rat heart through AT1 receptor stimulation. Regulatory Peptides 127 101-110.
143. Paula RD, Lima CV, Khosla MC & Santos RA. 1995 Angiotensin-(1-7) potentiates the hypotensive effect of bradykinin in conscious rats. Hypertension 26 1154-1159.
144. Pereyra-Alfonso S, Rodriguez de Lores Arnaiz G & Pena C. 2007 Phosphoinositide hydrolysis increase by angiotensin-(1-7) in neonatal rat brain. Regulatory Peptides 140 162-167.
145. Pinheiro SV & Simoes ESAC. 2012 Angiotensin converting enzyme 2, angiotensin-(1-7), and receptor MAS axis in the kidney. International Journal of Hypertension 2012 414128.
146. Pinheiro SV, Simoes e Silva AC, Sampaio WO, de Paula RD, Mendes EP, Bontempo ED, Pesquero JB, Walther T, Alenina N, Bader M et al.. 2004 Nonpeptide AVE 0991 is an angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas agonist in the mouse kidney. Hypertension 44 490-496.
147. Pinheiro SV, Ferreira AJ, Kitten GT, da Silveira KD, da Silva DA, Santos SH, Gava E, Castro CH, Magalhaes JA, da Mota RK et al.. 2009 Genetic deletion of the angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas leads to glomerular hyperfiltration and microalbuminuria. Kidney International 75 1184-1193.
148. Pohl M, Kaminski H, Castrop H, Bader M, Himmerkus N, Bleich M, Bachmann S & Theilig F. 2010 Intrarenal renin angiotensin system revisited: role of megalin-dependent endocytosis along the proximal nephron. Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 41935-41946.
149. Porsti I, Bara AT, Busse R & Hecker M. 1994 Release of nitric oxide by angiotensin-(1-7) from porcine coronary endothelium: implications for a novel angiotensin receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology 111 652-654.
150. Rakusan D, Burgelova M, Vaneckova I, Vanourkova Z, Huskova Z, Skaroupkova P, Mrazova I, Opocensky M, Kramer HJ, Netuka I et al.. 2010 Knockout of angiotensin 1-7 receptor Mas worsens the course of two-kidney, one-clip goldblatt hypertension: roles of nitric oxide deficiency and enhanced vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II. Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 33 476-488.
151. Ren Y, Garvin JL & Carretero OA. 2002 Vasodilator action of angiotensin- (1-7) on isolated rabbit afferent arterioles. Hypertension 39 799-802.
152. Rice GI, Thomas DA, Grant PJ, Turner AJ & Hooper NM. 2004 Evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), its homologue ACE2 and neprilysin in angiotensin peptide metabolism. Biochemical Journal 383 45-51.
153. Roks AJ, van Geel PP, Pinto YM, Buikema H, Henning RH, de Zeeuw D & van Gilst WH. 1999 Angiotensin-(1-7) is a modulator of the human renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 34 296-301.
154. Rowe BP, Saylor DL, Speth RC & Absher DR. 1995 Angiotensin-(1-7) binding at angiotensin II receptors in the rat brain. Regulatory Peptides 56 139-146.
155. Sampaio WO, Nascimento AA & Santos RA. 2003 Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of angiotensin-(1-7) in rats. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284 H1985-H1994.
156. Sampaio WO, Henrique de Castro C, Santos RA, Schiffrin EL & Touyz RM. 2007a Angiotensin-(1-7) counterregulates angiotensin II signaling in human endothelial cells. Hypertension 50 1093-1098.
157. Sampaio WO, Souza dos Santos RA, Faria-Silva R, da Mata Machado LT, Schiffrin EL & Touyz RM. 2007b Angiotensin-(1-7) through receptor Mas mediates endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation via Akt-dependent pathways. Hypertension 49 185-192.
158. Santos RA & Ferreira AJ. 2007 Angiotensin-(1-7) and the renin-angiotensin system. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 16 122-128.
159. Santos RA, Brosnihan KB, Chappell MC, Pesquero J, Chernicky CL, Greene LJ & Ferrario CM. 1988 Converting enzyme activity and angiotensin metabolism in the dog brainstem. Hypertension 11 I153-I157.
160. Santos RA, Brum JM, Brosnihan KB & Ferrario CM. 1990 The renin- angiotensin system during acute myocardial ischemia in dogs. Hypertension 15 I121-I127.
161. Santos RA, Brosnihan KB, Jacobsen DW, DiCorleto PE & Ferrario CM. 1992 Production of angiotensin-(1-7) by human vascular endothelium. Hypertension. 19 II56-II61.
162. Santos RA, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Baracho NC, Fontes MA, Silva LC, Neves LA, Oliveira DR, Caligiorne SM, Rodrigues AR, Gropen Junior C et al.. 1994 Characterization of a new angiotensin antagonist selective for angiotensin-(1-7): evidence that the actions of angiotensin-(1-7) are mediated by specific angiotensin receptors. Brain Research Bulletin 35 293-298.
163. Santos RA, Simoes e Silva AC, Magaldi AJ, Khosla MC, Cesar KR, Passaglio KT & Baracho NC. 1996 Evidence for a physiological role of angiotensin-(1-7) in the control of hydroelectrolyte balance. Hypertension 27 875-884.
164. Santos RA, Campagnole-Santos MJ & Andrade SP. 2000 Angiotensin-(1-7): an update. Regulatory Peptides 91 45-62.
165. Santos RA, Haibara AS, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Simoes e Silva AC, Paula RD, Pinheiro SV, Leite MF, Lemos VS, Silva DM, Guerra MT et al.. 2003a Characterization of a new selective antagonist for angiotensin-(1-7), D-pro7-angiotensin-(1-7). Hypertension 41 737-743.
166. Santos RA, Simoes e Silva AC, Maric C, Silva DM, Machado RP, de Buhr I, Heringer-Walther S, Pinheiro SV, Lopes MT, Bader M et al.. 2003b Angiotensin-(1-7) is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor Mas. PNAS 100 8258-8263.
167. Santos RA, Ferreira AJ, Nadu AP, Braga AN, de Almeida AP, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Baltatu O, Iliescu R, Reudelhuber TL & Bader M. 2004 Expression of an angiotensin-(1-7)-producing fusion protein produces cardioprotective effects in rats. Physiological Genomics 17 292-299.
168. Santos RA, Ferreira AJ, Pinheiro SV, Sampaio WO, Touyz R & Campagnole-Santos MJ. 2005 Angiotensin-(1-7) and its receptor as a potential targets for new cardiovascular drugs. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 14 1019-1031.
169. Santos RA, Castro CH, Gava E, Pinheiro SV, Almeida AP, Paula RD, Cruz JS, Ramos AS, Rosa KT, Irigoyen MC et al.. 2006 Impairment of in vitro and in vivo heart function in angiotensin-(1-7) receptor MAS knockout mice. Hypertension 47 996-1002.
170. Santos EL, Reis RI, Silva RG, Shimuta SI, Pecher C, Bascands JL, Schanstra JP, Oliveira L, Bader M, Paiva AC et al.. 2007 Functional rescue of a defective angiotensin II AT1 receptor mutant by the Mas protooncogene. Regulatory Peptides 141 159-167.
171. Santos SH, Fernandes LR, Mario EG, Ferreira AV, Porto LC, Alvarez-Leite JI, Botion LM, Bader M, Alenina N & Santos RA. 2008 Mas deficiency in FVB/N mice produces marked changes in lipid and glycemic metabolism. Diabetes 57 340-347.
172. Santos SH, Braga JF, Mario EG, Porto LC, Rodrigues-Machado Mda G, Murari A, Botion LM, Alenina N, Bader M & Santos RA. 2010 Improved lipid and glucose metabolism in transgenic rats with increased circulating angiotensin-(1-7). Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 30 953-961.
173. Sasaki S, Higashi Y, Nakagawa K, Matsuura H, Kajiyama G & Oshima T. 2001 Effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on forearm circulation in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 38 90-94.
174. Savergnini SQ, Beiman M, Lautner RQ, de Paula-Carvalho V, Allahdadi K, Pessoa DC, Costa-Fraga FP, Fraga-Silva RA, Cojocaru G, Cohen Y et al.. 2010 Vascular relaxation, antihypertensive effect, and cardioprotection of a novel peptide agonist of the MAS receptor. Hypertension 56 112-120.
175. Schiavone MT, Santos RA, Brosnihan KB, Khosla MC & Ferrario CM. 1988 Release of vasopressin from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system by angiotensin-(1-7) heptapeptide. PNAS 85 4095-4098.
176. Schling P, Mallow H, Trindl A & Loffler G. 1999 Evidence for a local renin angiotensin system in primary cultured human preadipocytes. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 23 336-341.
177. Sihn G, Rousselle A, Vil'ianovich L, Burckle CA & Bader M 2010 Physiology of the (pro)renin receptor: Wnt of change? Kidney International 78 246-256
178. Silva DM, Vianna HR, Cortes SF, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RA & Lemos VS. 2007 Evidence for a new angiotensin-(1-7) receptor subtype in the aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats. Peptides 28 702-707.
179. Silveira KD, Pompermayer Bosco KS, Diniz LR, Carmona AK, Cassali GD, Bruna-Romero O, de Sousa LP, Teixeira MM, Santos RA, Simoes e Silva AC et al.. 2010 ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas axis in renal ischaemia/ reperfusion injury in rats. Clinical Science 119 385-394.
180. Simoes e Silva AC, Bello AP, Baracho NC, Khosla MC & Santos RA. 1998 Diuresis and natriuresis produced by long term administration of a selective angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Regulatory Peptides 74 177-184.
181. Soares de Moura R, Resende AC, Emiliano AF, Tano T, Mendes-Ribeiro AC, Correia ML & de Carvalho LC. 2004 The role of bradykinin, AT2 and angiotensin 1-7 receptors in the EDRF-dependent vasodilator effect of angiotensin II on the isolated mesenteric vascular bed of the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology 141 860-866.
182. Soler MJ, Wysocki J, Ye M, Lloveras J, Kanwar Y & Batlle D. 2007 ACE2 inhibition worsens glomerular injury in association with increased ACE expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Kidney International 72 614-623.
183. Stanziola L, Greene LJ & Santos RA. 1999 Effect of chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on angiotensin I and bradykinin metabolism in rats. American Journal of Hypertension 12 1021-1029.
184. Stegbauer J, Oberhauser V, Vonend O & Rump LC. 2004 Angiotensin-(1-7) modulates vascular resistance and sympathetic neurotransmission in kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovascular Research 61 352-359.
185. Stegbauer J, Potthoff SA, Quack I, Mergia E, Clasen T, Friedrich S, Vonend O, Woznowski M, Konigshausen E, Sellin L et al.. 2011 Chronic treatment with angiotensin-(1-7) improves renal endothelial dysfunction in apolipoproteinE-deficient mice. British Journal of Pharmacology 163 974-983.
186. Su Z, Zimpelmann J & Burns KD. 2006 Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated phosphorylation of MAP kinases in proximal tubular cells. Kidney International 69 2212-2218.
187. Tallant EA & Clark MA. 2003 Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of vascular growth by angiotensin-(1-7). Hypertension 42 574-579.
188. Tallant EA, Ferrario CM & Gallagher PE. 2005 Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits growth of cardiac myocytes through activation of the mas receptor. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289 H1560-H1566.
189. Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G & Turner AJ. 2000 A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 33238-33243.
190. Tom B, de Vries R, Saxena PR & Danser AH. 2001 Bradykinin potentiation by angiotensin-(1-7) and ACE inhibitors correlates with ACE Cand N-domain blockade. Hypertension 38 95-99.
191. Velez JC, Ierardi JL, Bland AM, Morinelli TA, Arthur JM, Raymond JR & Janech MG. 2012 Enzymatic processing of angiotensin peptides by human glomerular endothelial cells. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 302 F1583-F1594.
192. Velkoska E, Dean RG, Griggs K, Burchill L & Burrell LM. 2011 Angiotensin- (1-7) infusion is associated with increased blood pressure and adverse cardiac remodelling in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. Clinical Science 120 335-345.
193. Verano-Braga T, Schwammle V, Sylvester M, Passos-Silva DG, Peluso AA, Etelvino GM, Santos RA & Roepstorff P. 2012 Time-resolved quantitative phosphoproteomics: new insights into angiotensin-(1-7) signaling networks in human endothelial cells. Journal of Proteome Research 11 3370-3381.
194. Vickers C, Hales P, Kaushik V, Dick L, Gavin J, Tang J, Godbout K, Parsons T, Baronas E, Hsieh F et al.. 2002 Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 14838-14843.
195. Walters PE, Gaspari TA & Widdop RE. 2005 Angiotensin-(1-7) acts as a vasodepressor agent via angiotensin II type 2 receptors in conscious rats. Hypertension 45 960-966.
196. Wang LJ, He JG, Ma H, Cai YM, Liao XX, Zeng WT, Liu J & Wang LC. 2005 Chronic administration of angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 25 481-487.
197. Wiemer G, Dobrucki LW, Louka FR, Malinski T & Heitsch H. 2002 AVE 0991, a nonpeptide mimic of the effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on the endothelium. Hypertension 40 847-852.
198. Wysocki J, Ye M, Soler MJ, Gurley SB, Xiao HD, Bernstein KE, Coffman TM, Chen S & Batlle D. 2006 ACE and ACE2 activity in diabetic mice. Diabetes 55 2132-2139.
199. Xu P, Costa-Goncalves AC, Todiras M, Rabelo LA, Sampaio WO, Moura MM, Santos SS, Luft FC, Bader M, Gross V et al.. 2008 Endothelial dysfunction and elevated blood pressure in MAS gene-deleted mice. Hypertension 51 574-580.
200. Yamamoto K, Ohishi M, Katsuya T, Ito N, Ikushima M, Kaibe M, Tatara Y, Shiota A, Sugano S, Takeda S et al. 2006Deletionofangiotensin-converting enzyme 2 accelerates pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction by increasing local angiotensin II. Hypertension 47 718-726.
201. Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B, Pogue J, Bosch J, Wolffenbuttel BH & Zinman B. 2001 Ramipril and the development of diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association 286 1882-1885.
202. Zhang J, Noble NA, Border WA & Huang Y. 2010 Infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) reduces glomerulosclerosis through counteracting angiotensin II in experimental glomerulonephritis. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 298 F579-F588.
203. Zhong J, Guo D, Chen CB, Wang W, Schuster M, Loibner H, Penninger JM, Scholey JW, Kassiri Z & Oudit GY. 2011 Prevention of angiotensin IImediated renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Hypertension 57 314-322.
204. Zhou L, Xue H, Wang Z, Ni J, Yao T, Huang Y, Yu C & Lu L. 2012 Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates high glucose-induced proximal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via inhibiting ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Life Sciences 90 454-462.
205. Zhu Z, Zhong J, Zhu S, Liu D, Van Der Giet M& Tepel M 2002 Angiotensin- (1-7) inhibits angiotensin II-induced signal transduction. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 40 693-700.
206. Zimmerman D & Burns KD. 2012 Angiotensin-(1-7) in kidney disease: a review of the controversies. Clinical Science 123 333-346.
207. Zisman LS, Meixell GE, Bristow MR & Canver CC. 2003 Angiotensin-(1-7) formation in the intact human heart: in vivo dependence on angiotensin II as substrate. Circulation 108 1679-1681.