Neurorehabilitation approaches to facilitate motor recovery

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 110, Issue , 2013, Pages 161-173

  Hömberg, Volker ^a  

^a HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872286023     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52901-5.00014-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. Ada L., Dean C.M., Hall M.J., et al. A treadmill and overground walking program improves walking in persons residing in the community after stroke: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003, 84:1486-1491.
2. Aisen M.L., Krebs I., Hogan N., et al. The effect of robot-assisted therapy and rehabilitative training on motor recovery following stroke. Arch Neurol 1997, 54:443-446.
3. Altschuler E.L., Wisdom S.B., Stone L., et al. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet 1999, 353:2035-2036.
4. Barbeau H., Visintin M. Optimal outcomes obtained with body-weight support combined with treadmill training in stroke subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003, 84:1458-1465.
5. Barbeau H., Wainberg W., Finch L. Description and application of a system for locomotor rehabilitation. Med Biol Eng Comput 1987, 25:341-344.
6. Basmajian J.V., Gowland C.A., Finlayson M.A., et al. Stroke treatment: comparison of integrated behavioral-physical therapy versus traditional physical therapy programs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987, 68:267-272.
7. Blennerhassett J., Dite W. Additional task-related practice improves mobility and upper limb function early after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 2004, 50:219-224.
8. Bobath B. Adult Hemiplegia: Evaluation and Treatment 1978, William Heineman Medical Books, London. 2nd edn.
9. Boggio P.S., Nunes A., Rigonatti S.P., et al. Repeated sessions of noninvasive brain DC stimulation in associated with motor function improvement in stroke patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2007, 25:123-129.
10. Bowman B.R., Baker L.L., Waters R.L. Positional feedback and electrical stimulation: and automated treatment for the hemiplegic wrist. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1979, 60:497-502.
11. Brunstrom S. Movement therapy in hemiplegia: a neurophysiological approach 1970, Harper & Row, New York.
12. Bütefisch C., Hummelsheim H., Denzler P., et al. Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. J Neurol Sci 1995, 130:59-68.
13. Byl N.N., Pitsch E.A., Abrams G.M. Functional outcomes can vary by dose: learning-based sensorimotor training for patients stable poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008, 22:494-504.
14. Cauraugh J.H., Kim S. Two coupled motor recovery protocols are better than one: electromyogram-triggered neuromuscular stimulation and bilateral movements. Stroke 2002, 33:1589-1594.
15. Celnik P., Hummel F., Harris-Love M., et al. Somatosensory stimulation enhances the effects of training functional hand tasks in patients with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007, 88:1369-1376.
16. Chae J., Bethoux F., Bohine T., et al. Neuromuscular stimulation for upper extremity motor and functional recovery in acute hemiplegia. Stroke 1998, 29:975-979.
17. Cherng R.J., Liu T.W., Hong R.B. Effect of treadmill training with body weight support on gait and gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007, 86:548-555.
18. Chollet F., Tardy J., Albucher J.-F., et al. Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischemic stroke (FLAME): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2011, 10:123-130.
19. Cirstea C.M., Ptito A., Levin M.F. Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke. Stroke 2006, 37:1237-1242.
20. Colombo G., Joerg M., Schreier R., et al. Treadmill training of paraplegic patients using a robotic orthosis. J Rehabil Res Dev 2000, 37:693-700.
21. DeLuca S.C., Echols K., Landesman Ramey S., et al. Paediatric constraint-induced movement therapy for a young child with cerebral palsy: two episodes of care. Phys Ther 2003, 83:1003-1013.
22. Desrosiers J., Bourbonnais D., Corriveau H., et al. Effectiveness of unilateral and symmetrical bilateral task training for arm during the subacute phase after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2005, 19:581-593.
23. Dohle C., Püllen J., Nakaten A., et al. Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009, 23:207-208.
24. Dodd K.J., Foley S. Particular body-weight-supported treadmill training can improve walking in children with cerebral palsy: a clinical controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49:101-105.
25. Dromerick A.W., Edwards D.F., Hahn M. Does the application of constraint-induced movement therapy during acute rehabilitation reduce arm impairment after ischemic stroke?. Stroke 2000, 31:2984-2988.
26. Ertelt D., Small S., Solodkin A., et al. Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage 2007, 36(Suppl 2):T164-T173.
27. Fasoli S.E., Krebs H.I., Stein J., et al. Effects of robotic therapy on motor impairment and recovery in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003, 84:477-482.
28. Felici F., Bernardi M., Radio A., et al. Rehabilitation of walking for paraplegic patients by means of a treadmill. Spinal Cord 1997, 35:383-385.
29. Ferraro M., Palazzolo J.J., Krol J., et al. Robot-aided sensorimotor arm training improves outcome in patients with chronic stroke. Neurology 2003, 61:1604-1607.
30. Feys H., De Weerdt W., Verbeke G., et al. Early and repetitive stimulation of the arm can substantially improve the long-term outcome after stroke: a 5-year follow-up study of a randomized trial. Stroke 2004, 35:924-929.
31. Floel A., Nagorsen U., Werhahn K.J., et al. Influence of somatosensory input on motor function in patients with chronic stroke. Ann Neurol 2004, 56:206-212.
32. Floel A., Hummel F., Duque J., et al. Influence of somatosensory input on interhemispheric interactions in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008, 22:477-485.
33. Fregni F., Boggio P.S., Mansur C.G., et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neuroreport 2005, 16:1551-1555.
34. French B., Thomas L.H., Leathley M.J., et al. Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 4. CD006073.
35. Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., et al. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 1996, 119:593-609.
36. Gladstone D.J., Danells C.J., Armesto A., et al. Physiotherapy coupled with dextroamphetamine for rehabilitation after hemiparetic stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2006, 37:179-185.
37. Grotta J.C., Noser E.A., Ro T., et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke 35(Suppl 1): 2699-2701 2004.
38. Harris-Love M.L., Macko R.F., Whitall J., et al. Improved hemiparetic muscle activation in treadmill versus overground walking. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2004, 18:154-160.
39. Hemmen B., Seelen H. Effects of movement imagery and electromyography-triggered feedback on arm-hand function in stroke patients in the subacute phase. Clin Rehabil 2007, 21:587-594.
40. Hesse S., Bertelt C., Schaffrin A., et al. Restoration of gait in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients by treadmill training with partial body-weight. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994, 75:1083-1097.
41. Hesse S., Konrad M., Uhlenbrock D. Treadmill walking with partial body-weight support versus floor walking in hemiparetic subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999, 80:421-427.
42. Hesse S., Uhlenbrock D., Sarkodie-Gyan T. Gait pattern of severely disabled hemiparetic subjects on a new controlled gait trainer as compared to assisted treadmill walking with partial body-weight support. Clin Rehabil 1999, 13:401-410.
43. Hesse S., Werner C., Pohl M., et al. Computerized arm training improves the motor control of the severely affected arm after stroke: a single-blinded randomized trial in two centers. Stroke 2005, 36:1960-1966.
44. Hesse S., Kuhlmann H., Wilk J., et al. A new electromechanical trainer for sensorimotor rehabilitation of paralysed fingers: a case series in chronic and acute stroke patients. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2008, 5:21.
45. Hidler J., Nichols D., Pelliccio M., et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Lokomat in subacute stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009, 23:5-13.
46. Honrby T.G., Campbell D.D., Kahn J.H., et al. Enhanced gait-related improvements after therapist-versus robotic-assisted locomotor training in subjects with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Stroke 2008, 39:1786-1792.
47. Hummel F., Celnik P., Giraux P., et al. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain 2005, 128:490-499.
48. Hummel F., Voller B., Celnik P., et al. Effects of brain polarization on reaction times and pinch force in chronic stroke. BMC Neurosci 2006, 7:73.
49. Husemann B., Muller F., Krewer C., et al. Effects of locomotion training with assistance of a robot-driven gait orthosis in hemiparetic patients after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Stroke 2007, 38:349-354.
50. Kirton A., Chen R., Friefeld S., et al. Contralesional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic hemiparesis in subcortical paediatric stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2008, 7:507-513.
51. Kollen B.J., Lennon S., Lyons B., et al. The effectiveness of the Bobath concept on stroke rehabilitation. What is the evidence?. Stroke 2009, 40:e89-e97.
52. Krebs H.I., Volpe B., Hogan N. A working model of stroke recovery from rehabilitation robotics practitioners. J NeuroEng Rehabil 2009, 6:6.
53. Kwakkel G., Kollen B.J., Wagenaar R.C. Long term effects of intensity of upper and lower limb training after stroke: a randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002, 72:473-479.
54. Kwakkel G., Kollen B.J., Krebs H.L. Effects of robot-assisted therapy on upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008, 22:111-121.
55. Langhammer B., Stanghelle J.K. Bobath or motor relearning program? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil 2000, 14:361-369.
56. Langhammer B., Stanghelle J.K. Bobath or motor learning program? A follow-up one and four years post stroke. Clin Rehabil 2003, 17:731-734.
57. Lindenberg R., Renga V., Zhu L.L., et al. Bihemispheric brain stimulation facilitates motor recovery in chronic stroke patients. Neurology 2010, 75:2176-2184.
58. Lo A.C., Guarino P.D., Richards L.G., et al. Robot-assisted therapy for long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:1772-1783.
59. Logigian M.K., Samuels M.A., Falconer J., et al. Clinical exercise trial for stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983, 64:364-367.
60. Lord J.P., Hall K. Neuromuscular reeducation versus traditional programs for stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1986, 67:89-91.
61. Lum P.S., Burgar C.G., Shor P.C., et al. Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 83:952-959.
62. Martinsson L., Hardemark H., Eksborg S. Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, Jan 24: CD002090.
63. McDonnell M.N., Hillier S.L., Miles T.S., et al. Influence of combined afferent stimulation and task-specific training following stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurohabil Neural Repair 2007, 21:435-443.
64. Meilink A., Hemmen B., Seelen H.A.M., et al. Impact of EMG-triggered neuromuscular stimulation of the wrist and finger extensors of the paretic hand after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil 2008, 22:291-305.
65. Miltner W.H., Bauder H., Sommer M., et al. Effects of constraint-induced movement therapy on patients with chronic motor deficits after stroke: a replication. Stroke 1999, 30:586-592.
66. Miltner R., Netz J., Hömberg V. Kognitive Therapie sensomotorischer Störungen. Krankengymnastik 2000, 52:954-964.
67. Moseley A.M., Stark A., Cameron I.D., et al. Treadmill training and body-weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, 3. CD002840.
68. Muellbacher W., Richards C., Ziemann U., et al. Improving hand function in chronic stroke. Arch Neurol 2002, 59:1278-1282.
69. Mulder T., Hulstijn W. Sensory feedback in the learning of a novel motor task. J Motor Behav 1985, 17:110-128.
70. Müller K., Bütefisch C.M., Seitz R.J., et al. Mental practice improves hand function after hemiparetic stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2007, 25:501-511.
71. Nilsson L., Carlsson J., Danielsson A., et al. Walking training of patients with hemiparesis at an early stage after stroke: a comparison of walking training on a treadmill with body-weight support and walking training on the ground. Clin Rehabil 2001, 15:515-527.
72. Page S.J., Sisto S.A., Levine P., et al. Modified constraint induced therapy: a randomized feasibility and efficacy study. J Rehabil Res Dev 2001, 38:583-590.
73. Page S.J., Levine P., Sisto S., et al. A randomized efficacy and feasibility study of imagery in acute stroke. Clin Rehabil 2001, 15:233-240.
74. Page S.J., Sisto S.A., Levine P. Modified constraint-induced therapy in chronic stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 81:870-875.
75. Page S.J., Sisto S., Johnston M.V., et al. Modified constraint-induced therapy after subacute stroke: a preliminary study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2002, 16:290-295.
76. Page S.J., Sisto S., Levine P., et al. Efficacy of modified constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85:14-18.
77. Page S.J., Levine P., Leonard A.C. Effects of mental practice on affected limb use and function in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:399-402.
78. Page S.J., Levine P., Leonard A.C. Modified constraint-induced therapy in acute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2005, 19:27-32.
79. Platz T., Winter T., Muülller N., et al. Arm ability training for stroke and traumatic brain injury patients with mild arm paresis: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 82:961-968.
80. Platz T., Eickhof C., van Kaick S., et al. Impairment-oriented training or Bobath therapy for severe arm paresis after stroke: a single-blind, multicentre randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2005, 19:714-724.
81. Platz T., van Kaick S., Moånller L., et al. Impairment-oriented training and adaptive motor cortex reorganisation after stroke: a fTMS study. J Neurol 2005, 252:1363-1371.
82. Platz T., Kim I.-H., Engel U., et al. Amphetamine fails to facilitate motor performance and to enhance motor recovery among stroke patients with mild arm paresis: interim analysis and termination of a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2005, 23:271-280.
83. Ploughman M., Corbett D. Can forced-use therapy be clinically applied after stroke? An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85:1417-1423.
84. Pohl M., Mehrholz J., Ritschel C., et al. Speed-dependent treadmill training in ambulatory hemiparetic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2002, 33:553-558.
85. Pohl M., Werner C., Holzgraefe M., et al. Repetitive locomotor training and physiotherapy improve walking and basic activities of daily living after stroke: a single-blind, randomized multicentre trial (DEutsche GAngtrainerStudie, DEGAS). Clin Rehabil 2007, 21:17-27.
86. Pomeroy V.M., King L., Pollock A., et al. Electrostimulation for promoting recovery of movement or functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 2. CD003241.
87. Popovic D., Popovic M., Sinkjaer T., et al. Therapy of paretic arm in hemiplegic subjects augmented with a neural prosthesis: a cross-over study. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004, 82:749-756.
88. Powell J., Pandyan A.D., Granat M., et al. Electrical stimulation of wrist extensors in poststroke hemiplegia. Stroke 1999, 30:1384-1389.
89. Ramachandran V., Altschuler E. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet 1999, 353:2035-6353.
90. Ring H., Rosenthal N. Controlled study of neuroprosthetic functional electrical stimulation in sub-acute post-stroke rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 2005, 37:32-36.
91. Rizzolatti G., Fabbri-Destro M., Cattaneo L. Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2009, 5:24-34.
92. Rösser N., Heuschmann P., Wersching H., et al. Levodopa improves procedural motor learning in chronic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008, 89:1633-1641.
93. Scheidtmann K., Fries W., Muüller F., et al. Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Lancet 2001, 358:787-790.
94. Schindl M.R., Forstner C., Kern H., et al. Treadmill training with partial body weight support in nonambulatory patients with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000, 81:301-306.
95. Seitz R.J., Canavan A.G.M., Yágüez L., et al. Successive roles of the cerebellum and premotor cortices in trajectorial learning. Neuroreport 1994, 5:2541-2544.
96. Seitz R.J., Canavan A.G.M., Yágüez L., et al. Representations of graphomotor trajectories in the human parietal cortex: evidence for controlled processing and automatic performance. Eur J Neurosci 1997, 9:378-389.
97. Sharma N., Pomeroy V.M., Baron J.-C. Motor imagery: a backdoor to the motor system after stroke. Stroke 2006, 37:1941-1952.
98. Simmons L., Sharma N., Baron J.-C., et al. Motor imagery to enhance recovery after subcortical stroke: who might benefit, daily dose, and potential effects. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008, 22:458-467.
99. Sonde L., Gip C., Fernaeus S.E., et al. Stimulation with low frequency (1.7 Hz) transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (low-TENS) increases motor function of the post-stroke paretic arm. Scand J Rehabil Med 1998, 30:95-99.
100. Sonde L., Kalimo H., Fernaeus S.E., et al. Low TENS treatment on post-stroke paretic arm: a three-year follow-up. Clin Rehabil 2000, 14:14-19.
101. Stephan K.M., Frackowiak R.S. Recovery from subcortical stroke - PET activation patterns in patients compared with healthy subjects. Adv Neurol 1997, 73:311-320.
102. Sterr A., Freivogel S., Voss A. Exploring a repetitive training regime for upper limb hemiparesis in an in-patient setting: a report on three case studies. Brain Inj 2002, 16:1093-1107.
103. Sterr A., Freivogel S., Schmalohr D. Neurobehavioral aspects of recovery: assessment of the learned nonuse phenomenon in hemiparetic adolescents. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 83:1726-1731.
104. Suchan B., Yágüez L., Wunderlich G., et al. Research Report: neural correlates of visuospatial imagery. Behav Brain Res 2002, 131:163-168.
105. Suchan B., Melde C., Herzog H., et al. Research Report: activation differences in observation of hand movements for imitation or velocity judgement. Behav Brain Res 2008, 188:78-83.
106. Sullivan K.J., Knowlton B.J., Dobkin B.H. Step training with body-weight support: effect of treadmill speed and practice paradigms on post-stroke locomotor recovery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002, 83:683-691.
107. Takeuchi N., Tada T., Toshima M., et al. Inhibition of the unaffected motor cortex by 1Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances motor performance and training effect of the paretic hand in patients with chronic stroke. J Rehabil Med 2008, 40:298-303.
108. Taub E. Movement in nonhuman primates deprived of somatosensory feedback. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1997, 4:355-374.
109. Taub E., Uswatte G., Morris M.D. Improved motor recovery after stroke and massive cortical reorganization following constraint-induced movement therapy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2003, 14:77-91.
110. Taub E., Landesman Ramey S., DeLuca S., et al. Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with cerebral palsy with asymmetric motor impairment. Pediatrics 2004, 113:305-312.
111. Thaut M.H., McIntosh G.C., Rice R.R., et al. The effect of auditory rhythmic curing on stride and EMG patterns in persons residing in the community after stroke: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993, 84:1486-1491.
112. Thaut M.H., McIntosh G.C., Rice R.R., et al. The effect of auditory rhythmic curing on stride and EMG patterns in hemiparetic gait of stroke patients. J Neurol Rehabil 1993, 7:9-16.
113. Thaut M.H., McIntosh G.C., Rice R.R. Rhythmic facilitation of gait training in hemiparetic stroke rehabilitation. J Neurol Sci 1997, 151:207-221.
114. Thaut M.H., Miltner R., Lange H.W., et al. Velocity modulation and rhythmic synchronization of gait in Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 1999, 14:808-819.
115. Thaut M.H., McIntosh G.C., McIntosh K.W., et al. Auditory rhythmicity enhances movement and speech motor control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Funct Neurol 2001, 16:163-172.
116. Thaut M.H., Kenyon G.P., Hurt C.P., et al. Kinematic optimization of spatiotemporal patterns in paretic arm training with stroke patients. Neuropsychologia 2002, 40:1073-1081.
117. Thaut M.H., Stephan K.M., Wunderlich G., et al. Distinct cortico-cerebellar activations in rhythmic auditory motor synchronization. Cortex 2007, 226.
118. Van der Lee J.H., Wagenaar R.C., Lankhorst G.J., et al. Forced use of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients: results from a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Stroke 1999, 30:2369-2375.
119. van Vliet P.M., Lincoln N.B., Foxall A. Comparison of Bobath based and movement science based treatment for stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005, 76:503-508.
120. Visintin M., Barbeau J., Korner-Bitensky N., et al. A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body-weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke 1998, 29:1122-1128.
121. Voss D.E., Ionta M.K., Meyers B.J. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation 1985, Harper & Row, Philadelphia. 3rd edn.
122. Wagenaar R.C., Meijer O.G., van Wieringen P.C.W., et al. The functional recovery of stroke: a comparison between neuro-developmental treatment and the Brunnstorm method. Scand J Rehabil Med 1990, 22:1-8.
123. Wayne P.M., Krebs D.E., Macklin E.A., et al. Acupuncture for upper-extremity rehabilitation in chronic stroke: a randomized sham-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:2248-2255.
124. Wernig A., Muller S. Laufband locomotion with body-weight support improved walking in persons with severe spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia 1992, 30:229-238.
125. Wevers L., van der Port I., Vermue M., et al. Effects of task-oriented circuit class training on walking competency after stroke. Stroke 2009, 40:2450-2459.
126. Willis J.K., Morello A., Davie A., et al. Forced use treatment of childhood hemiparesis. Pediatrics 2002, 110:94-96.
127. Winstein C.J., Rose D.K., Tan S.M., et al. A randomized controlled comparison of upper-extremity rehabilitation strategies in acute stroke: a pilot study of immediate and long-term outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 84:620-628.
128. Wolf S.L., Winstein C.J., Miller J.P., et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke. The EXCITE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2006, 296:2095-2104.
129. Wong A.M., Su T.Y., Tang F.T., et al. Clinical trial of electrical acupuncture on hemiplegic stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999, 78:117-122.
130. Woodford H., Price C. EMG biofeedback for the recovery of motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 2: CD004585.
131. Yágüez L., Nagel D., Hoffmann H., et al. A mental route to motor learning: improving trajectorial kinematics through imagery training. Behav Brain Res 1998, 90:95-106.
132. Yágüez L., Canavan A.G.M., Lange H.W., et al. Motor learning by imagery is differentially affected in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Behav Brain Res 1999, 102:115-127.
133. Yavuzer G., Sezer N., et al. Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008, 89:393-398.
134. Yue G., Cole K.J. Strength increases from motor program: comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions. J Neurophysiol 1992, 67:1114-1123.
135. Ziemann U., Corwell B., Cohen L.G. Modulation of plasticity in human cortex after forearm ischemic nerve block. J Neurosci 1998, 18:1115-1123.
136. Ziemann U., Hallet M., Cohen L.G. Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. J Neurosci 1998, 18:7000-7007.