Does religious belief promote prosociality? A critical examination

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 138, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 876-906

  Galen, Luke W ^a  

^a GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Mental health; Morality; Personality; Prosocial; Religion

Indexed keywords

ALTRUISM; BENEFICENCE; GROUP PROCESS; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; MORALITY; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RELIGION; REVIEW; SELF CONCEPT; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TRUST;

ALTRUISM; BENEFICENCE; GROUP PROCESSES; HUMANS; MORALS; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RELIGION AND PSYCHOLOGY; RESEARCH DESIGN; SELF CONCEPT; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STEREOTYPING; TRUST;

EID: 84872038161     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028251     Document Type: Article

References (250)

1. Ahmed, A. M. (2009). Are religious people more prosocial? A quasiexperimental study with Madrasah pupils in a rural community in India. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48, 368-374. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01452.x
2. Ahmed, A., & Hammarstedt, M. (2011). The effect of subtle religious representations on cooperation. International Journal of Social Economics, 38, 900-910. doi:10.1108/03068291111171405
3. Ahmed, A. M., & Salas, O. (2008). In the back of your mind: Subliminal influences of religious concepts on prosocial behavior (Working Papers in Economics No. 331). Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Retrieved from http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/18838/4/gupea_2077_18838_4.pdf
4. Ahmed, A. M., & Salas, O. (2009). Is the hand of God involved in human cooperation? International Journal of Social Economics, 36, 70-80. doi:10.1108/03068290910921190
5. Ahmed, A. M., & Salas, O. (2011a, April). The effect of religious context on prosociality in an economic game. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://www.thearda.com/asrec/archive/papers/Ahmed_Religious_Context_Prosociality.pdf
6. Ahmed, A. M., & Salas, O. (2011b). Implicit influences of Christian religious representations on dictator and prisoner's dilemma game decisions. Journal of Socio-Economics, 40, 242-246. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2010.12.013
7. Alicke, M., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 1-48. doi:10.1080/10463280802613866
8. Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443. doi:10.1037/h0021212
9. Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113-133. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
10. American Association of Fundraising Counsel Trust for Philanthropy. (2002). Giving USA: The annual report on philanthropy for the year 2002. New York, NY: American Association of Fundraising Counsel.
11. Anderson, L. R., & Mellor, J. M. (2009). Religion and cooperation in a public goods experiment. Economics Letters, 105, 58-60. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2009.05.016
12. Anderson, L., Mellor, J., & Milyo, J. (2010). Did the devil make them do it? The effects of religion in public goods and trust games. Kyklos, 63, 163-175. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00456.x
13. Bailey, R. C., & Doriot, P. D. (1985). Perceptions of professionals who express religious beliefs. Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 167-170. doi:10.2224/sbp.1985.13.2.167
14. Bailey, R. C., & Young, M. D. (1986). The value and vulnerability of perceived religious involvement. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 693-694. doi:10.1080/00224545.1986.9713648
15. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1996). Effects of impression management and self-deception on the predictive validity of personality constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 261-272. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.261
16. Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2, 412-414. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0509
17. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a socialpsychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Batson, C. D., Flink, C. H., Schoenrade, P. A., Fultz, J., & Pych, V. (1986). Religious orientation and overt versus covert racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 175-181. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.175
19. Batson, C. D., & Flory, J. D. (1990). Goal-relevant cognitions associated with helping by individuals high on intrinsic, end religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 346-360. doi:10.2307/1386463
20. Batson, C. D., Floyd, R. B., Meyer, J. M., & Winner, A. L. (1999). "And who is my neighbor?" Intrinsic religion as a source of universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 445-457. doi:10.2307/1387605
21. Batson, C. D., & Gray, R. A. (1981). Religious orientation and helping behavior: Responding to one's own or the victim's needs? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 511-520. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.511
22. Batson, C. D., Oleson, K. C., Weeks, J. L., Healy, S. P., Reeves, P. J., Jennings, P., & Brown, T. (1989). Religious prosocial motivation: Is it altruistic or egoistic? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 873-884. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.873
23. Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., Seuferling, G., Whitney, H., & Strongman, J. A. (1999). Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 525-537. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.525
24. Baumeister, R. F., Bauer, I. M., & Lloyd, S. A. (2010). Choice, free will, and religion. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 67-82. doi: 10.1037/a0018455
25. Bekkers, R. (2006). Traditional and health-related philanthropy: The role of resources and personality. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69, 349-366. doi:10.1177/019027250606900404
26. Bekkers, R., & Schuyt, T. (2008). And who is your neighbor? Explaining denominational differences in charitable giving and volunteering in the Netherlands. Review of Religious Research, 50, 74-96.
27. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Generosity and philanthropy: A literature review." Retrieved from http://www.fss.uu.nl/soc/homes/bekkers/generosity2.pdf
28. Bellemare, C., & Kröger, S. (2007). On representative social capital. European Economic Review, 51, 183-202. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev./2006.03.006
29. Benjamin, D. J., Choi, J. J., & Fisher, G. W. (2010). Religious identity and economic behavior (NBER Working Paper No. 15925). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
30. Ben-Ner, A., & Halldorsson, F. (2010). Trust and trustworthiness: What are they, how to measure them, and what affects them. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31, 64-79. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2009.10.001
31. Ben-Ner, A., McCall, B. P., Stephane, M., & Wang, H. (2009). Identity and in-group/out-group differentiation in work and giving behaviors: Experimental evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72, 153-170. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.05.007
32. Ben-Ner, A., Putterman, L., Kong, F., & Magan, D. (2004). Reciprocity in a two-part game. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 53, 333-352. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2002.12.001
33. Bering, J. M., McLeod, K., & Shackelford, T. K. (2005). Reasoning about dead agents reveals possible adaptive trends. Human Nature, 16, 360-381.
34. Beyerlein, K., & Hipp, J. R. (2006). From pews to participation: The effect of congregation activity and context on bridging civic engagement. Social Problems, 53, 97-117. doi:10.1525/sp.2006.53.1.97
35. Blogowska, J., & Saroglou, V. (2011). Religious fundamentalism and limited prosociality as a function of the target. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 44-60. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01551.x
36. Bloodgood, J. M., Turnley, W. H., & Mudrack, P. (2008). The influence of ethics instruction, religiosity, and intelligence on cheating behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 557-571. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9576-0
37. Bobkowski, P. S., & Kalyanaraman, S. (2010). Effects of online Christian self-disclosure on impression formation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 456-476. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01522.x
38. Bock, D. C., & Warren, N. C. (1972). Religious belief as a factor in obedience to destructive demands. Review of Religious Research, 13, 185-191. doi:10.2307/3510781
39. Brenner, P. S. (2011a). Exceptional behavior or exceptional identity? Overreporting of church attendance in the U.S. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75, 19-41. doi:10.1093/poq/nfq068
40. Brenner, P. S. (2011b). Identity importance and the overreporting of religious service attendance: Multiple imputation of religious attendance using the American Time Use Study and the General Social Survey. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 103-115. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01554.x
41. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 554-594). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
42. Brooks, A. C. (2006). Who really cares: The surprising truth about compassionate conservatism. New York, NY: Basic Books.
43. Brown, R. P., Barnes, C. D., & Campbell, N. J. (2007). Fundamentalism and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1437-1447. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.025
44. Buggle, F., Bister, D., Nohe, G., Schneider, W., & Uhmann, K. (2000). Are atheists more depressed than religious people? Free Inquiry, 20, 50-55.
45. Bulbulia, J., & Mahoney, A. (2008). Religious solidarity: The hand grenade experiment. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 8, 295-320. doi: 10.1163/156853708X358191
46. Burris, C. T., & Jackson, L. M. (1999). Hate the sin/love the sinner, or love the hater? Intrinsic religion and responses to partner abuse. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 160-174. doi:10.2307/1387591
47. Burris, C. T., & Jackson, L. M. (2000). Social identity and the true believer: Responses to threatened self-stereotypes among the intrinsically religious. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 257-278. doi:10.1348/014466600164462
48. Burris, C. T., & Navara, G. S. (2002). Morality play or playing morality? Intrinsic religious orientation and socially desirable responding. Self and Identity, 1, 67-76. doi:10.1080/152988602317232812
49. Bushman, B. J., Ridge, R. D., Das, E., Key, C. W., & Busath, G. L. (2007). When God sanctions killing: Effect of scriptural violence on aggression. Psychological Science, 18, 204-207. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01873.x
50. Campbell, D. E., & Yonish, S. J. (2003). Religion and volunteering in America. In C. Smidt (Ed.), Religion as social capital: Producing the common good (pp. 87-106). Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
51. Carpenter, T. P., & Marshall, M. A. (2009). An examination of religious priming and intrinsic religious motivation in the moral hypocrisy paradigm. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48, 386-393. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01454.x
52. Center for Global Development. (2004). Ranking the rich. Foreign Policy, 142, 46-56.
53. Center for Global Development. (2005). Ranking the rich. Foreign Policy, 150, 76-83.
54. Center on Wealth and Philanthropy. (2007). Geography and giving: The culture of philanthropy in New England and the nation. Boston, MA: Boston Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/research_sites/cwp/pdf/geoandgiving2007.pdf
55. Chaves, M. (2010). Rain dances in the dry season: Overcoming the religious congruence fallacy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 1-14. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01489.x
56. Chen, D. L., & Lind, J. T. (2007). Religion, welfare politics, and church-state separation. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 42, 42-52.
57. Chia, E. K. F., & Jih, C.-S. (1994). The effects of stereotyping on impression formation: Cross-cultural perspectives on viewing religious persons. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 128, 559-565. doi:10.1080/00223980.1994.9914913
58. Cota-McKinley, A. L., Woody, W. D., & Bell, P. A. (2001). Vengeance: Effects of gender, age, and religious background. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 343-350. doi:10.1002/ab.1019
59. Cottone, J., Drucker, P., & Javier, R. A. (2007). Predictors of moral reasoning: Components of executive functioning and aspects of religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46, 37-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00339.x
60. Curlin, F. A., Dugdale, L. S., Lantos, J. D., & Chin, M. H. (2007). Do religious physicians disproportionately care for the underserved? Annals of Family Medicine, 5, 353-360. doi:10.1370/afm.677
61. Darley, J. M., & Batson, C. D. (1973). "From Jerusalem to Jericho": A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 100-108. doi: 10.1037/h0034449
62. Davie, G. (1990). Believing without belonging: Is this the future of religion in Britain? Social Compass, 37, 455-469. doi:10.1177/003776890037004004
63. De Dreu, C. K. W., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J.-P. (1995). Dilution of stereotype-based cooperation in mixed-motive interdependence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 575-593. doi:10.1006/jesp.1995.1026
64. Diener, E., Tay, L., & Myers, D. G. (2011). The religion paradox: If religion makes people happy, why are so many dropping out? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1278-1290. doi:10.1037/a0024402
65. Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2004). Giving to secular causes by the religious and nonreligious: An experimental test of the responsiveness of giving to subsidies. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33, 271-289. doi:10.1177/0899764004263423
66. Edgell, P., Gerteis, J., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Atheists as "other": Moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society. American Sociological Review, 71, 211-234. doi:10.1177/000312240607100203
67. Eichhorn, J. (2011). Happiness for believers? Contextualizing the effects of religiosity on life-satisfaction. European Sociological Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/esr/jcr027
68. Eliassen, A. H., Taylor, J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2005). Subjective religiosity and depression in the transition to adulthood. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 187-199. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00275.x
69. Ellison, C. G. (1992). Are religious people nice people? Evidence from the National Survey of Black Americans. Social Forces, 71, 411-430. doi:10.1093/sf/71.2.411
70. Ellison, C. G., & George, L. K. (1994). Religious involvement, social ties, and social support in a southeastern community. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33, 46-61. doi:10.2307/1386636
71. Farkas, S., Johnson, J., & Foleno, T. (with Duffett, A., & and Foley, P.). (2001). For goodness' sake: Why so many want religion to play a greater role in American Life. Retrieved from http://www.publicagend-a.org/files/pdf/for_goodness_sake.pdf
72. Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., Von Rosenbladt, B., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2003). A nation-wide laboratory: Examining trust and trustworthiness by integrating behavioral experiments into representative survey (CESifo Working Paper No. 866; IZA Discussion Paper No. 715). doi:10.2139/ssrn.385120
73. Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 894-914. doi:10.1037/a0019993
74. Fershtman, C., Gneezy, U., & Verboven, F. (2005). Discrimination and nepotism: The efficiency of the anonymity rule. Journal of Legal Studies, 34, 371-396. doi:10.1086/429846
75. Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003). Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 296-309. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.296
76. Furnham, A. F. (1997). Knowing and faking one's five-factor personality score. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 229-243. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6901_14
77. Galen, L. W., & Kloet, J. (2011a). Mental well-being in the religious and the non-religious: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14, 673-689. doi:10.1080/13674676./2010.510829
78. Galen, L. W., & Kloet, J. (2011b). Personality and social integration factors distinguishing nonreligious from religious groups: The importance of controlling for attendance and demographics. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33, 205-228.
79. Galen, L. W., Smith, C. M., Knapp, N., & Wyngarden, N. (2011). Perceptions of religious and non-religious targets: Exploring the effects of perceivers' religious fundamentalism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 2123-2143. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00810.x
80. Gallup, G., Jr., & Lindsay, D. M. (1999). Surveying the religious landscape: Trends in U.S. beliefs. Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse.
81. Garos, S., Beggan, J. K., & Kluck, A. (2004). Temptation bias: Seeing oneself as better able than others to resist temptation. In R. L. Piedmont & D. O. Moberg (Eds.), Research in the social scientific study of religion (Vol. 15, pp. 235-260). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
82. Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., & Neberich, W. (2012). Religiosity, social self-esteem, and psychological adjustment: On the cross-cultural specificity of the psychological benefits of religiosity. Psychological Science, 23, 158-160. doi:10.1177/0956797611427045
83. Gervais, W. M. (2011). Finding the faithless: Perceived atheist prevalence reduces anti-atheist prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 543-556. doi:10.1177/0146167211399583
84. Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012). Like a camera in the sky? Thinking about God increases public self-awareness and socially desirable responding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 298-302. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.09.006
85. Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (in press). Reminders of secular authority reduce believers' distrust of atheists. Psychological Science.
86. Gervais, W. M., Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011). Do you believe in atheists? Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice. Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology, 101, 1189-1206. doi:10.1037/a0025882
87. Getz, I. R. (1984). Moral judgment and religion: A review of the literature. Counseling and Values, 28, 94-116. doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.1984./tb01153.x
88. Gillum, R. F., & Masters, K. S. (2010). Religiousness and blood donation: Findings from a national survey. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 163-172. doi:10.1177/1359105309345171
89. Ginges, J., Hansen, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2009). Religion and support for suicide attacks. Psychological Science, 20, 224-230. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02270.x
90. Gorsuch, R. L. (1984). Measurement: The boon and bane of investigating religion. American Psychologist, 39, 228-236. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.3.228
91. Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 140-150. doi:10.1177/1088868309353415
92. Greenfield, E. A., & Marks, N. F. (2007). Religious social identity as an explanatory factor for associations between more frequent formal religious participation and psychological well-being. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 245-259. doi:10.1080/10508610701402309
93. Greer, T., Berman, M., Varan, V., Bobrycki, L., & Watson, S. (2005). We are a religious people; we are a vengeful people. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 45-57. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00264.x
94. Grossman, P. J., & Parrett, M. B. (2011). Religion and prosocial behaviour: A field test. Applied Economics Letters, 18, 523-526. doi:10.1080/13504851003761798
95. Hackney, C. H., & Sanders, G. S. (2003). Religiosity and mental health: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 43-55. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160
96. Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W.. (2010). Why don't we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 126-139. doi:10.1177/1088868309352179
97. Halman, L., & Draulans, V. (2006). How secular is Europe? British Journal of Sociology, 57, 263-288. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00109.x
98. Hansen, D. E., Vandenberg, B., & Patterson, M. L. (1995). The effects of religious orientation on spontaneous and nonspontaneous helping behav-iors. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 101-104. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00016-Y
99. Hardt, J., Schultz, S., Xander, C., Becker, G., & Dragan, M. (2012). The Spirituality Questionnaire: Core dimensions of spirituality. Psychology, 3, 116-122. doi:10.4236/psych.2012.31017
100. Harper, M. (2007). The stereotyping of nonreligious people by religious students: Contents and subtypes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46, 539-552. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00376.x
101. Highfield, R., Wiseman, R., & Jenkins, R. (2009). In your face. New Scientist, 201, 28-32. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(09)60447-4
102. Hill, P. C., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (Eds.). (1999). Measures of religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.
103. Hodgkinson, V. A., & Weitzman, M. S. (1996). Giving and volunteering in the United States: Findings from a national survey. Washington, DC: Independent Sector.
104. Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1988). Collective identity: Group member-ship and self-conception. In M. B. Brewer & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Self and social identity (pp. 147-181). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
105. Hood, R. W., Jr., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2009). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
106. Horning, S. M., Hasker, P. D., Stirrat, M., & Cornwell, R. E. (2011). Atheistic, agnostic, and religious older adults on well-being and coping behaviors. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 177-188. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2010.08.022
107. Horton, J. J., Rand, D. G., & Zeckhauser, R. J. (2010). The online laboratory: Conducting experiments in a real labor market (NBER Working Paper No. 15961). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Eco-nomic Research. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w15961
108. Hout, M., & Fischer, C. S. (2002). Why more Americans have no religious preference: Politics and generations. American Sociological Review, 67, 165-190. doi:10.2307/3088891
109. Hunsberger, B. E., & Altemeyer, R. A. (2006). Atheists: A groundbreaking study of America's nonbelievers. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
110. Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 807-826. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00433.x
111. Hunsberger, B., & Platonow, E. (1986). Religion and helping charitable causes. Journal of Psychology, 120, 517-528.
112. Hunsberger, B., Pratt, M., & Pancer, S. M. (2001). Religious versus nonreligious socialization: Does religious background have implications for adjustment? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 11, 105-128. doi:10.1207/S15327582IJPR1102_03
113. Hunter, J. A. (2001). Self-esteem and in-group bias among members of a religious social category. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 401-411. doi:10.1080/00224540109600561
114. Isaac, S. V., Bailey, R. C., & Isaac, W. L. (1995). Perceptions of religious and nonreligious targets who participate in premarital sex. Social Be-havior and Personality, 23, 229-233. doi:10.2224/sbp.1995.23.3.229
115. Jackson, E. F., Bachmeier, M. D., Wood, J. R., & Craft, E. A. (1995). Volunteering and charitable giving: Do religious and associational ties promote helping behavior? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 24, 59-78. doi:10.1177/089976409502400108
116. Ji, C. C., Pendergraft, L., & Perry, M. (2006). Religiosity, altruism, and altruistic hypocrisy: Evidence from Protestant adolescents. Review of Religious Research, 48, 156-178.
117. Johansson-Stenman, O., Mahmud, M., & Martinsson, P. (2009). Trust and religion: Experimental evidence from rural Bangladesh. Economica, 76, 462-485. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2008.00689.x
118. Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., Barnard-Brak, L. M., Patock-Peckham, J. P., LaBouff, J. P., & Carlisle, R. D. (2011). A mediational analysis of the role of right-wing authoritarianism and religious fundamentalism in the religiosity-prejudice link. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 851-856. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.010
119. Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 1, 119-126. doi:10.1177/1948550609357246
120. Jorm, A. F., & Christensen, H. (2004). Religiosity and personality: Evidence for non-linear associations. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1433-1441. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00239-3
121. Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339-375. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
122. Kagel, J. H., & Roth, A. E. (Eds.). (1995). The handbook of experimental economics. Princeton University Press.
123. Kay, A. C., Shepherd, S., Blatz, C. W., Chua, S. N., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010). For God (or) country: The hydraulic relation between govern-ment instability and belief in religious sources of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 725-739. doi:10.1037/a0021140
124. Khan, U., & Dhar, R. (2006). Licensing effect in consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 259-266. doi:10.1509/jmkr.43.2.259
125. Koenig, H. G. (2008). Concerns about measuring "spirituality" in research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 349-355. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31816ff796
126. Koenig, H. G., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Religion and mental health: Evidence for an association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 67-78. doi:10.1080/09540260124661
127. Koole, S. L., McCullough, M. E., Kuhl, J., & Roelofsma, P. H. M. P (2010). Why religion's burdens are light: From religiosity to implicit self-regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 95-107. doi:10.1177/1088868309351109
128. Kosmin, B. A., & Keysar, A. (2008). American Religious Identification Survey. Hartford, CT: Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society & Culture. Retrieved from http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf
129. Kouchaki, M. (2011). Vicarious moral licensing: The influence of others' past moral actions on moral behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 702-715. doi:10.1037/a0024552
130. LaBouff, J., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., & Finkle, C. (in press). Differences in attitudes towards outgroups in a religious or non-religious context in a multi-national sample: A situational context priming study. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion.
131. Lam, P. Y. (2002). As the flocks gather: How religion affects voluntary association participation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 405-422. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00127
132. Laurin, K., Kay, A. C., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2011). Divergent effects of activating thoughts of God on self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 4-21. doi:10.1037/a0025971
133. Lavric, M., & Flere, S. (2008). The role of culture in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 47, 164-175. doi:10.1007/s10943-008-9168-z
134. Laythe, B., Finkel, D., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2001). Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism: A multiple-regression approach. Journal for the Scientific Study of Reli-gion, 40, 1-10. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00033
135. Leach, M. M., Berman, M. E., & Eubanks, L. (2008). Religious activities, religious orientation, and aggressive behavior. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 311-319. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00409.x
136. Leak, G. K., & Fish, S. (1989). Religious orientation, impression manage-ment, and self-deception: Toward a clarification of the link between religiosity and social desirability. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 355-359. doi:10.2307/1386746
137. Lim, C., & Putnam, R. D. (2010). Religion, social networks, and life satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 75, 914-933. doi:10.1177/0003122410386686
138. Lincoln, R., Morrissey, C. A., & Mundey, P. (2008). Religious giving: A literature review. Retrieved from http://generosityresearch.nd.edu/assets/20447/religious_giving_final.pdf
139. Lodi-Smith, J., & Roberts, B. W. (2007). Social investment and personality: A meta-analysis of the relationship of personality traits to investment in work, family, religion, and volunteerism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 68-86. doi:10.1177/1088868306294590
140. Maclean, A. M., Walker, L. J., & Matsuba, M. K. (2004). Transcendence and the moral self: Identity integration, religion, and moral life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43, 429-437. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00245.x
141. Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Jewell, T., Swank, A. B., Scott, E., Emery, E., & Rye, M. (1999). Marriage and the spiritual realm: The role of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 321-338. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.13.3.321
142. Manning, L. K. (2010). Gender and religious differences associated with volunteering in later life. Journal of Women & Aging, 22, 125-135. doi:10.1080/08952841003719224
143. Masters, K. S., & Knestel, A. (2011). Religious orientation among a random sample of community-dwelling adults: Relations with health status and health-relevant behavior. International Journal for the Psy-chology of Religion, 21, 63-76. doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.532450
144. Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 633-644. doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.6.633
145. McCullough, M. E., Enders, C. K., Brion, S. L., & Jain, A. R. (2005). The varieties of religious development in adulthood: A longitudinal investi-gation of religion and rational choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 78-89. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.78
146. McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implica-tions. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 69-93. doi:10.1037/a0014213
147. McCullough, M. E., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (1999). Religion and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality, 67, 1141-1164. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.00085
148. McKay, R., Efferson, C., Whitehouse, H., & Fehr, E. (2011). Wrath of God: Religious primes and punishment. Proceedings of the Royal Soci-ety of London B: Biological Sciences, 278, 1858-1863. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2125
149. Meltzer, H. I., Dogra, N., Vostanis, P., & Ford, T. (2011). Religiosity and the mental health of adolescents in Great Britain. Mental Health, Reli-gion & Culture, 14, 703-713. doi:10.1080/13674676.2010.515567
150. Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., & Monin, B. (2010). Moral self-licensing: When being good frees us to be bad. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 344-357. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00263.x
151. Midlarsky, E., Jones, S. F., & Corley, R. P. (2005). Personality correlates of heroic rescue during the Holocaust. Journal of Personality, 73, 907-934. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00333.x
152. Miller, M. K., & Bornstein, B. H. (2006). The use of religion in death penalty sentencing trials. Law and Human Behavior, 30, 675-684. doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9056-6
153. Mochon, D., Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2011). Who benefits from religion? Social Indicators Research, 101, 1-15. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9637-0
154. Monsma, S. V. (2007). Religion and philanthropic giving and volunteering: Building blocks for civic responsibility. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 3, Article 3.
155. Morgan, S. P. (1983). A research note on religion and morality: Are religious people nice people? Social Forces, 61, 683-692. doi:10.1093/sf/61.3.683
156. Murphy, P. E., Ciarrocchi, J. W., Piedmont, R. L., Cheston, S., Peyrot, M., & Fitchett, G. (2000). The relation of religious belief and practices, depression, and hopelessness in persons with clinical depression. Jour-nal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1102-1106. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1102
157. Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56-67. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.56
158. Myers, D. G. (2008). A friendly letter to skeptics and atheists: Musings on why God is good and faith isn't evil. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
159. Myers, D. G. (2009, February 20). The complicated relationship between religiosity and social well-being. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.davidmyers.org/davidmyers/assets/ChronicleEssay.LTE.pdf
160. Narvaez, D., Getz, I., Rest, J. R., & Thoma, S. J. (1999). Individual moral judgment and cultural ideologies. Developmental Psychology, 35, 478-488. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.478
161. Naumann, L. P., Vazire, S., Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2009). Personality judgments based on physical appearance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1661-1671. doi:10.1177/0146167209346309
162. Nelson, L. D., & Norton, M. I. (2005). From student to superhero: Situa-tional primes shape future helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 423-430. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.08.003
163. Newport, F., Agrawal, S., & Witters, D. (2010, December 1). Very religious Americans report less depression, worry. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/144980/Religious-Americans-Report-Less-Depression-Worry.aspx
164. Neyrinck, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Duriez, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2006). Cognitive, affective, and behavioral correlates of internalization of regulations for religious activities. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 323-334. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9048-3
165. Nordgren, L. F., van Harreveld, F., & van der Pligt, J. (2009). The restraint bias: How the illusion of self-restraint promotes impulsive behavior. Psychological Science, 20, 1523-1528. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02468.x
166. Norenzayan, A., & Shariff, A. F. (2008). The origin and evolution of religious prosociality. Science, 322, 58-62. doi:10.1126/science./1158757
167. Oliner, S. P., & Oliner, P. M. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York, NY: Free Press.
168. Orbell, J., Goldman, M., Mulford, M., & Dawes, R. (1992). Religion, context, and constraint toward strangers. Rationality and Society, 4, 291-307. doi:10.1177/1043463192004003004
169. Paciotti, B., Richerson, P., Baum, B., Lubell, M., Waring, T., McElreath, R.,./././ Edsten, E. (2011). Are religious individuals more generous, trusting, and cooperative? An experimental test of the effect of religion on prosociality. In D. C. Wood (Series Ed.) & L. Obadia & D. C. Wood (Vol. Eds.), Research in Economic Anthropology: Vol. 31. The econom-ics of religion: Anthropological approaches (pp. 267-305). Bingley, England: Emerald. doi:10.1108/S0190-1281(2011)0000031014
170. Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 224-236). New York, NY: Wiley.
171. Park, J. Z., & Smith, C. (2000). "To whom much has been given...": Religious capital and community voluntarism among churchgoing Prot-estants. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39, 272-286. doi: 10.1111/0021-8294.00023
172. Paulhus, D. L., & John, O. P. (1998). Egoistic and moralistic biases in self-perception: The interplay of self-deceptive styles with basic traits and motives. Journal of Personality, 66, 1025-1060. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00041
173. Peifer, J. L. (2007). Religious giving as a response to community? (CSES Working Paper No. 42). Ithaca, NY: Center for the Study of Economy and Society. Retrieved http://www.economyandsociety.org/publications/wp42_peifer_07.pdf
174. Pelham, B., & Crabtree, S. (2008, October 8). Worldwide, highly religious more likely to help others. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/111013/worldwide-highly-religious-more-likely-help-others.aspx
175. Pepper, M., Jackson, T., & Uzzell, D. (2010). A study of multidimensional religion constructs and values in the United Kingdom. Journal for theScientific Study of Religion, 49, 127-146. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01496.x
176. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. (2008). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious affiliation: Diverse and dynamic. Retrieved from http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf
177. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. (2010). U.S. Religious Knowledge Survey. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/U-S-Religious-Knowledge-Survey.aspx
178. Pichon, I., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1032-1045. doi:10.1002/ejsp.416
179. Pichon, I., & Saroglou, V. (2009). Religion and helping: Impact of target, thinking styles and just-world beliefs. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 31, 215-236. doi:10.1163/157361209X424466
180. Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 67, 985-1013. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00080
181. Preston, J. L., Ritter, R. S., & Hernandez, J. I. (2010). Principles of religious prosociality: A review and reformulation. Social and Person-ality Psychology Compass, 4, 574-590. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00286.x
182. Pruckner, G. J., & Sausgruber, R. (2008). Honesty on the streets: A natural field experiment on newspaper purchasing. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1277208
183. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of Amer-ican community. New York, NY: Touchstone.
184. Putnam, R. D., & Campbell, D. E. (2010). American grace: How religion divides and unites us. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
185. Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2007). Honesty: One effect of primed religious representations. International Journal for the Psychol-ogy of Religion, 17, 303-315. doi:10.1080/10508610701572812
186. Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2008). Is God really watching you? A response to Shariff and Norenzayan (2007). International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18, 119-122. doi:10.1080/10508610701879373
187. Rees, T. (2009, August 6). The happiness smile [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://epiphenom.fieldofscience.com/2009/08/happiness-smile.html
188. Reitsma, J., Scheepers, P., & te Grotenhuis, M. (2006). Dimensions of individual religiosity and charity: Cross-national effect differences in European countries?" Review of Religious Research, 47, 347-362.
189. Reynolds, S. J., & Ceranic, T. L. (2007). The effects of moral judgment and moral identity of moral behavior: An empirical examination of the moral individual. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1610-1624. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1610
190. Richards, P. S. (1991). Religious devoutness in college students: Relations with emotional adjustment and psychological separation from parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 189-196. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.189
191. Riley, J., Best, S., & Charlton, B. G. (2005). Religious believers and strong atheists may both be less depressed than existentially-uncertain people. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 98, 840. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci132
192. Ritter, R. S., & Preston, J. L. (2011). Gross gods and icky atheism: Disgust response to rejected religious beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1225-1230. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.006
193. Rokeach, M. (1969). Religious values and social compassion. Review of Religious Research, 11, 24-39. doi:10.2307/3510551
194. Ross, C. E. (1990). Religion and psychological distress. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 236-245. doi:10.2307/1387431
195. Rossano, M. J. (2008). The moral faculty: Does religion promote "moral expertise"? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18, 169-194. doi:10.1080/10508610802115727
196. Rowatt, W. C., Franklin, L. M., & Cotton, M. (2005). Patterns and personality correlates of implicit and explicit attitudes toward Christians and Muslims. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 29-43. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00263.x
197. Rowatt, W. C., Ottenbreit, A., Nesselroade, K. P., Jr., & Cunningham, P. A. (2002). On being holier-than-thou or humbler-than-thee: A social-psychological perspective on religiousness and humility. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 227-237. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00113
198. Ruffle, B. J., & Sosis, R. (2006). Cooperation and the in-group-out-group bias: A field test on Israeli kibbutz members and city residents. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 60, 147-163. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.07.007
199. Ryan, R. M., Rigby, S., & King, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 586-596. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.586
200. Sabatier, C., Mayer, B., Friedlmeier, M., Lubiewska, K., & Trommsdorff, G. (2011). Religiosity, family orientation, and life satisfaction of ado-lescents in four countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 1375-1393. doi:10.1177/0022022111412343
201. Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., & Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20, 523-528. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02326.x
202. Sapp, G. L., & Jones, L. (1986). Religious orientation and moral judgment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 25, 208-214. doi:10.2307/1385477
203. Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 15-25. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00233-6
204. Saroglou, V. (2006, Spring). Religion's role in prosocial behavior: Myth or reality? Psychology of Religion Newsletter, 31, 1-8.
205. Saroglou, V. (2010). Religiousness as a cultural adaptation of basic traits: A five-factor model perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 108-125. doi:10.1177/1088868309352322
206. Saroglou, V. (2011). Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging: The Big Four religious dimensions and cultural variation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 1320-1340. doi:10.1177/0022022111412267
207. Saroglou, V., Corneille, O., & Van Cappellen, P. (2009). "Speak, Lord, your servant is listening": Religious priming activates submissive thoughts and behaviors. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 143-154. doi:10.1080/10508610902880063
208. Saroglou, V., Delpierre, V., & Dernelle, R. (2004). Values and religiosity: A meta-analysis of studies using Schwartz's model. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 721-734. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.005
209. Saroglou, V., Pichon, I., Trompette, L., Verschueren, M., & Dernelle, R. (2005). Prosocial behavior and religion: New evidence based on projec-tive measures and peer ratings. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 323-348. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00289.x
210. Sasaki, J. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2011). At the intersection of culture and religion: A cultural analysis of religion's implications for secondary control and social affiliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy, 101, 401-414. doi:10.1037/a0021849
211. Sasaki, J. Y., Kim, H. S., Mojaverian, T., Kelley, L. D. S., Park, I. Y., & Janušonis, S. (2011). Religion priming differentially increases prosocial behavior among variants of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Advance online publica-tion. doi:10.1093/scan/nsr089
212. Schwartz, S. H., & Huismans, S. (1995). Value priorities and religiosity in four Western religions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 88-107. doi: 10.2307/2787148
213. Sedikides, C., & Gebauer, J. E. (2010). Religiosity as self-enhancement: A meta-analysis of the relation between socially desirable responding and religiosity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 17-36. doi: 10.1177/1088868309351002
214. Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01983.x
215. Shaver, P., Lenauer, M., & Sadd, S. (1980). Religiousness, conversion, and subjective well-being: The "healthy-minded" religion of modern Amer-ican women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1563-1568.
216. Smith, B. G., & Stark, R. (2009, September 4). Religious attendance relates to generosity worldwide. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/122807/Religious-Attendance-Relates-Generosity-Worldwide.aspx
217. Smith, R. E., Wheeler, G., & Diener, E. (1975). Faith without works: Jesus people, resistance to temptation, and altruism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 5, 320-330. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1975.tb00684.x
218. Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J. (2003). Religiousness and depression: Evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 614-636. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
219. Snoep, L. (2008). Religiousness and happiness in three nations: A research note. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 207-211. doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9045-6
220. Sosis, R., & Ruffle, B. J. (2003). Religious ritual and cooperation: Testing for a relationship on Israeli religious and secular kibbutzim. Current Anthropology, 44, 713-722. doi:10.1086/379260
221. Stegmueller, D., Scheepers, P., Rossteutscher, S., & de Jong, E. (2011). Support for redistribution in Western Europe: Assessing the role of religion. European Sociological Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/esr/jcr011
222. Tamarin, G. R. (1966). The influence of ethnic and religious prejudice on moral judgment. New Outlook, 9, 49-58.
223. Tan, J. H. W. (2006). Religion and social preferences: An experimental study. Economics Letters, 90, 60-67. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2005.07.006
224. Tan, J. H. W., & Vogel, C. (2008). Religion and trust: An experimental study. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 832-848. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2008.03.002
225. Taylor, A., & MacDonald, D. A. (1999). Religion and the five factor model of personality: An exploratory investigation using a Canadian university sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 1243-1259. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00068-9
226. Taylor, D. M., & Jaggi, V. (1974). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in a south Indian context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5, 162-171. doi:10.1177/002202217400500202
227. Taylor, S. E. (1989). Positive illusions: Creative self-deception and the healthy mind. New York, NY: Basic Books.
228. Tierney, J. (2008, December 30). For good self-control, try getting reli-gious about it. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/science/30tier.html
229. Tinoco, J. (1998). Effect of intergroup differentiation on participation with religious young people. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 8, 197-204. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0803_5
230. Toburen, T., & Meier, B. P. (2010). Priming God-related concepts in-creases anxiety and task persistence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 127-143. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.2.127
231. Trimble, D. E. (1997). The Religious Orientation Scale: Review and meta-analysis of social desirability effects. Educational and Psycholog-ical Measurement, 57, 970-986. doi:10.1177/0013164497057006007
232. Tsang, J.-A., McCullough, M. E., & Hoyt, W. T. (2005). Psychometric and rationalization accounts of the religion-forgiveness discrepancy. Jour-nal of Social Issues, 61, 785-805. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005./00432.x
233. Tsang, J.-A., Schulwitz, A., & Carlisle, R. D. (2011). An experimental test of the relationship between religion and gratitude. Psychology of Reli-gion and Spirituality, 4, 40-55. doi:10.1037/a0025632
234. Turner, J. C., Brown, R. J., & Tajfel, H. (1979). Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favouritism. European Journal of Social Psy-chology, 9, 187-204. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420090207
235. Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84, 327-352. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.4.327
236. Uslaner, E. M. (2002). Religion and civic engagement in Canada and the United States. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 239-254. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00114
237. Van Cappellen, P., Corneille, O., Cols, S., & Saroglou, V. (2011). Beyond mere compliance to authority figures: Religious priming increases conformity to informational influence among submissive people. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 21, 97-105. doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.556995
238. Vilaythong Tran, O., Lindner, N. M., & Nosek, B. A. (2010). "Do unto others": Effects of priming the golden rule on Buddhists' and Christians' attitudes toward gay people. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49, 494-506. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01524.x
239. Walker, L. J. (1999). The perceived personality of moral exemplars. Journal of Moral Education, 28, 145-162. doi:10.1080/030572499103188
240. Watson, P. J., Morris, R. J., Foster, J. E., & Hood, R. W., Jr. (1986). Religiosity and social desirability. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 25, 215-232. doi:10.2307/1385478
241. Weeks, M., & Vincent, M. A. (2007). Using religious affiliation to spontaneously categorize others. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 317-331. doi:10.1080/10508610701572846
242. Welch, M. R., Tittle, C. R., & Grasmick, H. G. (2006). Christian religiosity, self-control and social conformity. Social Forces, 84, 1605-1623. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0075
243. Wenger, J. L. (2007). The implicit nature of intrinsic religious pursuit. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 47-60. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr1701_4
244. Widman, D. R., Corcoran, K. E., & Nagy, R. E. (2009). Belonging to the same religion enhances the opinion of others' kindness and morality. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 3, 281-289.
245. Wiepking, P. (2010). Democrats support international relief and the upper class donates to art? How opportunity, incentives and confidence affect donations to different types of charitable organizations. Social Science Research, 39, 1073-1087. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.06.005
246. Wilkinson, P. J., & Coleman, P. G. (2010). Strong beliefs and coping in old age: A case-based comparison of atheism and religious faith. Ageing and Society, 30, 337-361. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09990353
247. Williamson, W. P., & Assadi, A. (2005). Religious orientation, incentive, self-esteem, and gender as predictors of academic dishonesty: An ex-perimental approach. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 27, 137-158.
248. Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptive unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
249. Zhang, J., & Jin, S. (1996). Determinants of suicidal ideation: A comparison of Chinese and American college students. Adolescence, 31, 451-467.
250. Zuckerman, P. (2008). Society without God: What the least religious nations can tell us about contentment. New York: New York University Press.