Something to Lose and Nothing to Gain: The Role of Stress in the Interactive Effect of Power and Stability on Risk Taking

Administrative Science Quarterly

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 530-558

  Jordan, Jennifer ^a   Sivanathan, Niro ^b   Galinsky, Adam D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b LONDON BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

physiology; power; primates; risk taking; stability; stress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871753939     PISSN: 00018392     EISSN: 19303815     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0001839212441928     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Anderson C.,Berdahl J. L.The experience of power: Examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;83:1362-1377.
2. Anderson C.,Galinsky A. D.Power, optimism, and risk-taking.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2006;36:511-536.
3. Baker R. A.,Ware J. R.,Spires G. H.,Osbom W. C.The effects of supervisory threat on decision making and risk taking in a simulated combat game.Behavioral Science. 1966;11:167-176.
4. Barnett S.Competition among wild rats.Nature. 1955;175:126.
5. Baumeister R. F.,Bratslavsky E.,Finkenauer C.,Vohs K. D.Bad is stronger than good.Review of General Psychology. 2001;5:323-370.
6. Blanchard R. J.,Flannelly K. J.,Blanchard D. C.Life span studies of dominance and aggression in established colonies of laboratory rats.Physiology and Behavior. 1988;43:1-7.
7. Blanchard R. J.,Hori K.,Tom P.,Blanchard D. C.Social structure and ethanol consumption in the laboratory rat.Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1987;28:437-442.
8. Blanchard R. J.,Parmigiani S.,Agullana R.,Weiss S. M.,Blanchard D. C.Behaviors of Swiss-Webster and C57 mice in a Fear/Defense Test Battery.Aggressive Behavior. 1995;21:21-28.
9. Blanchard D. C.,Spencer R.,Weiss S. M.,Blanchard R. J.,McEwen B. S.,Sakai R. R.The visible burrow system as a model of chronic social stress: Behavioral and neuroendocrine correlates.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20:117-134.
10. Blascovich J.,Ginsburg G. P.Risky shifts and gambling: What's at stake.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1974;1:246-248.
11. Blau P. M.New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books; 1964:.
12. Brown R. A.,Lejuez C. W.,Kahler C. W.,Strong D. R.Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002;111:180-185.
13. Cacioppo J. T.,Gardner W. L.Emotion.Annual Review of Psychology. 1999;50:191-214.
14. Caraco T.On foraging time allocation in a stochastic environment.Ecology. 1980;61:119-128.
15. Carver C. S.,White T. L.Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;67:319-333.
16. Cavagelli S. A.Behavioural patterns associated with faecal cortisol levels in free-ranging female ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta.Animal Behavior. 1999;57:935-944.
17. Chau A. W.,Phillips J. G.Effects of perceived control upon wagering and attributions in computer blackjack.Journal of General Psychology. 1995;122:253-269.
18. Chau A. W.,Phillips J. G.,Von Baggo K. L.Departures from sensible play in computer blackjack.Journal of General Psychology. 2000;127:426-438.
19. Cillessen A. H. N.,Borch C.Developmental trajectories of adolescent popularity: A growth curve modeling analysis.Journal of Adolescence. 2006;29:935-959.
20. Cillessen A. H. N.,van IJzendoorn H. W.,van Lieshout C. F. M.,Hartup W. W.Heterogeneity among peer-rejected boys: Subtypes and stabilities.Child Development. 1992;63:893-905.
21. Cooper M. L.,Russell M.,Skinner J. B.,Frone M. R.,Mudar P.Stress and alcohol use: Moderating effects of gender, coping, and alcohol expectancies.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1992;101:139-152.
22. Creel S.,Creel N. M.,Monfort S. L.Social stress and dominance.Nature. 1996;379:212.
23. Cummings E. M.Caregiver stability and day care.Developmental Psychology. 1980;16:3l-37.
24. Daughters S. B.,Lejuez C. W.,Bornovalova M. A.,Kahler C. W.,Strong D. R.,Brown R. A.Distress tolerance as a predictor of early treatment dropout in a residential substance abuse treatment facility.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2005;114:729-734.
25. Delfabbro P.Gender differences in Australian gambling: A critical summary of sociological and psychological research.Australian Journal of Social Issues. 2000;35 (2): 145-156.
26. Dencker J. C.Relative bargaining power, corporate restructuring and managerial incentives.Administrative Science Quarterly. 2009;54:453-485.
27. Dickerson S. S.,Kemeny M. E.Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research.Psychological Bulletin. 2004;130:355-391.
28. Emerson R. M.Power-dependence relations.American Sociological Review. 1962;27:31-41.
29. Fast N. A.,Gruenfeld D. H.,Sivanathan N.,Galinsky A. D.Illusory control: A generative force behind power's far reaching effects.Psychological Science. 2009;20:502-508.
30. Finkelstein S.Power in top management teams: Dimensions, measurement, and validation.Academy of Management Journal. 1992;35:505-538.
31. Finkelstein S.New York: Portfolio; 2003:.
32. Galinsky A. D.,Gruenfeld D. H.,Magee J. C.From power to action.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;85:453-466.
33. Galinsky A. D.,Magee J. C.,Gruenfeld D. H.,Whitson J. A.,Liljenquist K. A.Social power reduces the strength of the situation: Implications for creativity, conformity, and dissonance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;95:1450-1466.
34. Gray J. A.Explorations in Temperament: International Perspectives on Theory and Measurement. Perspectives on Individual Differences. Strelau J.Angleitner A., ed. New York: Plenum Press; 1991:105-128.
35. Gray J. A.The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. Ekman P.Davidson R. J., ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994:243-247.
36. Gross J. J.Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:224-237.
37. Gross J. J.,Levenson R. W.Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting positive and negative emotions.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997;106:95-103.
38. Handgraaf M. J. J. E.,van Dijk R. C.,Vermunt Wilke H. A. M.,De Dreu C.Less power or powerless? Egocentric empathy gaps and the irony of having little versus no power in social decision making.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008;95:1136-1149.
39. Harris C. R.Psychophysiological responses to imaged infidelity: The specific innate modular view of jealousy reconsidered.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;78:1082-1091.
40. Harris K. M.,Duncan G. J.,Boisjoly J.Evaluating the role of 'nothing to lose' attitudes on risky behavior in adolescence.Social Forces. 2002;80:1005-1039.
41. Haselager G. J. T.,Cillessen A. H. N.,van Lieshout C. F. M.,Riksen-Walraven J. M. A.,Hartup W. W.Heterogeneity among peer-rejected boys across middle childhood: Developmental pathways of social behavior.Developmental Psychology. 2002;38:446-456.
42. Higgins E. T.Beyond pleasure and pain.American Psychologist. 1997;52:1280-1300.
43. Higgins E. T.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Zanna M. P., ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1998:1-46.
44. Hirsh J. B.,Galinsky A. D.,Zhong C. B.Drunk, powerful, and in the dark: How general processes of disinhibition produce both prosocial and antisocial behavior.Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2011;6:415-427.
45. Josephs R. A.,Sellers J. G.,Newman M. L.,Mehta P. H.The mismatch effect: When testosterone and status are at odds.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2006;90:999-1013.
46. Kahneman D.,Tversky A.Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk.Econometrica. 1979;47:263-291.
47. Kamil A. C.,Roitblat H. L.The ecology of foraging behavior: Implications for animal learning and memory.Annual Review of Psychology. 1985;36:141-169.
48. Kaplan J. R.,Manuck S. B.,Clarkson T. B.,Lusso F. M.,Taub D. M.Social status, environment, and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys.Arteriosclerosis. 1982;2:359-368.
49. Keltner D.,Gruenfeld D. H.,Anderson C.Power, approach, and inhibition.Psychological Review. 2003;110:265-284.
50. Leary M. R.,Kowalski R. M.New York: Guilford Press; 1995:.
51. Lejuez C. W.,Read J. P.,Kahler C. W.,Richards J. B.,Ramsey S. E.,Stuart G. L.,Strong D. R.,Brown R. A.Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART).Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 2002;8:75-84.
52. Lerner J. S.,Keltner D.Fear, anger, and risk.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:146-159.
53. Levenson R. W.,Sher K. J.,Grossman L. M.,Newman J.,Newlin D. B.Alcohol and stress response dampening: Pharmacological effects, expectancy, and tension reduction.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1980;89:528-538.
54. Levinthal D.A survey of agency models of organizations.Journal of Economic Behavior and Organizations. 1988;9:153-185.
55. Magee J. C.,Galinsky A. D.Social hierarchy: The self-reinforcing nature of power and status.The Academy of Management Annals. 2008;2:351-398.
56. Magee J. C.,Galinsky A. D.,Gruenfeld D. H.Power, propensity to negotiate, and moving first in competitive interactions.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007;33:200-212.
57. Maner J. K.,Gailliot M. T.,Butz D. A.,Peruche B. M.Power, risk, and the status quo: Does power promote riskier or more conservative decision-making?.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007;33:451-462.
58. Manuck S. B.,Kaplan J. R.,Clarkson T. B.Behaviorally induced heart rate reactivity and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys.Psychosomatic Medicine. 1983;45:95.
59. Manuck S. B.,Kaplan J. R.,Muldoon M. F.,Adams M. R.,Clarkson T. B.Stress, Coping, and Disease. McCabe P. M.Schneiderman N.Field T. M.Skylar J., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: LEA; 1991:51-72.
60. Manuck S. B.,Marsland A. L.,Kaplan J. R.,Williams J. K.The pathogenicity of behavior and its neuroendocrine mediation: An example from coronary artery disease.Psychosomatic Medicine. 1995;57:275-283.
61. Manuck S. B.,Muldoon M. F.,Kaplan J. R.,Adams M. R.,Polefrone J. M.In Search of Coronary Prone Behavior. Siegman A. W.Dembroski T. M., ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1989:207-227.
62. March J. G.,Shapira Z.Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking.Management Science. 1987;33:1404-1418.
63. Mather M.,Gorlick M. A.,Lighthall N. R.To brake or accelerate when the light turns yellow? Stress reduces older adults' risk taking in a driving game.Psychological Science. 2009;20:174-176.
64. Mazur A.,Booth A.Testosterone and dominance in men.Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1998;21:353-397.
65. Mazzaferro B. S.,Murray P. J.,Ness R. B.,Bass D. C.,Tyus N.,Cook R. L.Depression, stress, and social support as predictors of high-risk sexual behavior and STIs in young women.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006;39:601-603.
66. McDaniel S. R.,Zuckerman M.The relationship of impulsive sensation seeking and gender to interest and participation in gambling activities.Personality and Individual Differences. 2003;35:1385-1400.
67. Mechanic D.Sources of power of lower participants in complex organizations.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1962;7 (3): 349-364.
68. Newman M. L.,Sellers J. G.,Josephs R. A.Testosterone, cognition, and social status.Hormones and Behavior. 2005;47:205-211.
69. Pat-Horenczyk R.,Peled O.,Miron T.,Brom D.,Villa Y.,Chemtob C. M.Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: Provoking danger under continuous threat.American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164:66-72.
70. Pettit G.,Clawson M. A.,Dodge K. A.,Bates J. E.Stability and change in peer-rejected status: The role of child behavior, parenting, and family ecology.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 1996;42:267-294.
71. Pfeffer J.,Moore W. L.Power in university budgeting: A replication and extension.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1980;25:637-653.
72. Phillips J. G.,Ogeil R. P.Alcohol consumption and computer blackjack.Journal of General Psychology. 2007;134:333-353.
73. Phillips J. G.,Ogeil R. P.Alcohol influences the use of decisional support.Psychopharmacology. 2010;208:603-611.
74. Potenza M. N.,Steinberg M. A.,McLaughlin S. D.,Wu R.,Rounsaville B. J.,O'Malley S. S.Gender-related differences in the characteristics of problem gamblers using a gambling helpline.American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;15:1500-1505.
75. Prinstein M. J.,Cillessen A. H. N.Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 2003;49:310-342.
76. Prinstein M. J.,Meade C. S.,Cohen G. L.Adolescent oral sex, peer popularity, and perceptions of best friends' sexual behavior.Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2003;28:243-249.
77. Rivers J. J.,Josephs R. A.The Social Psychology of Power. Guinote A.Vescio T. K., ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2010:87-112.
78. Ronay R.,Galinsky A. D.Lex Talionis: Testosterone and the law of retaliation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2011;47:702-705.
79. Rosario M.,Schrimshaw E. W.,Hunter J.A model of sexual risk behaviors among young gay and bisexual men: Longitudinal associations of mental health, substance abuse, sexual abuse, and the coming out process.AIDS Education and Prevention. 2006;18:444-460.
80. Rozin P.,Royzman E. B.Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2001;5:296-320.
81. Salancik G. R.,Pfeffer J.The bases and use of power in organizational decision making: The case of a university.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1974;19:453-473.
82. Sapolsky R. M.Primate Social Conflict. Mason W.Mendoza S., ed. New York: SUNY Press; 1993:171-183.
83. Sapolsky R. M.Social subordinance as a marker of hypercortisolism: Some unexpected subtleties.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1995;771:626-639.
84. Sapolsky R. M.The influence of social hierarchy on primate health.Science. 2005;308:648-652.
85. Sapolsky R. M.,Share L.Rank-related differences in cardiovascular function among wild baboons: Role of sensitivity to glucocorticoids.American Journal of Primatology. 1994;32:261-275.
86. Sapolsky R. M.,Share L.A pacific culture among wild baboons: Its emergence and transmission.PLoS Biology. 2004;2:E104.
87. Savitsky K.,Gilovich T.The illusion of transparency and the alleviation of speech anxiety.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2003;39:618-625.
88. Scheepers D.Turning social identity threat into challenge: Status stability and cardiovascular reactivity during inter-group competition.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009;45:228-233.
89. Scheepers D.,Ellemers N.When the pressure is up: The assessment of threats to social identity in low and high status groups.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2005;41:192-200.
90. Scheepers D.,Spears R.,Doosje B.,Manstead A. S. R.Diversity in in-group bias: Structural factors, situational features, and social functions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2006;90:944-960.
91. Schultheiss O. C.Social Neuroscience: Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior. Harmon-Jones E.Winkielman P., ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2007:176-196.
92. Simons J. S.,Gaher R. M.The distress tolerance scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure.Motivation and Emotion. 2005;29:83-102.
93. Sivanathan N.,Pillutla M. M.,Murnighan J. K.Power gained, power lost.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2008;105:135-146.
94. Spencer S. J.,Zanna M. P.,Fong G. T.Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;89:845-851.
95. Steele C. M.,Southwick L.Alcohol and social behavior I: The psychology of drunken excess.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985;48:18-34.
96. Tabachnick B. G.,Fidell L. S.Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2001:.
97. Tajfel H.,Turner J. C.The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Austin W. G.Worchel S., ed. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1979:33-47.
98. Tajfel H.,Turner J. C.Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Worchel S.Austin W. G., ed. Chicago: Nelson-Hall; 1986:7-24.
99. Thorp E.New York: Vintage; 1966:.
100. Tiedens L. Z.Optimism and revolt of the oppressed: A comparison of two Polish Jewish ghettos of World War II.Political Psychology. 1997;18:45-69.
101. Tversky A.,Kahneman D.The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.Science. 1981;211:453-458.
102. Tversky A.,Kahneman D.Rational choice and the framing of decisions.Journal of Business. 1986;59:S251-S278.
103. van Honk J.,Tuiten A.,Verbaten R.,van den Hout M.,Koppeschaar H.,Thijssen J.,de Haan E.Correlations among salivary testosterone, mood, and selective attention to threat in humans.Hormones and Behavior. 1999;36:17-24.
104. Wagenaar W. A.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1988:.
105. Westphal J. D.,Zajac E. J.Who shall govern? CEO/board power, demographic similarity, and new director selection.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1995;40:60-83.
106. Winter D. G.New York: Free Press; 1973:.
107. Wirth M. M.,Welsh K. M.,Schultheiss O. C.Salivary cortisol changes in humans after winning or losing a dominance contest depend on implicit power motivation.Hormones and Behavior. 2006;49:346-352.
108. Wolfgang A. K.Gambling as a function of gender and sensation seeking.Journal of Gambling Behavior. 1988;4:71-77.
109. Wright R. A.,Murray J. B.,Storey P. L.,Williams B. J.Ability analysis of gender relevance and sex differences in cardiovascular response to behavioral challenge.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;73:405-417.