The experience of power: Examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 83, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 1362-1377

  Anderson, Cameron ^b   Berdahl, Jennifer L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040076459     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1362     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Adler, A. (1930). Individual psychology. In C. Murchison (Ed.), Psychologies of 1930 (pp. 395-405). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
2. Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychology, 19, 586-592.
3. Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (2001). Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 116-132.
4. Aries, E. J., Gold, C., & Weigel, R. H. (1983). Dispositional and situational influences on dominance behavior in small groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 779-786.
5. Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193, 31-35.
6. Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529-550.
7. Bales, R. F., Strodtbeck, F. L., Mills, T. M., & Roseborough, M. E. (1951). Channels of communication in small groups. American Sociological Review, 16, 461-468.
8. Barkow, J. H. (1975). Prestige and culture: A biosocial interpretation. Current Anthropology, 16, 553-572.
9. Berdahl, J. L., & Anderson, C. (2002). Gender and emergent hierarchies in groups over time. Unpublished manuscript.
10. Berger, J., Rosenholtz, S. J., & Zelditch, M. (1980). Status organizing processes. Annual Review of Sociology, 6, 479-508.
11. Bruins, J. (1999). Social power and influence tactics: A theoretical introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 7-14.
12. Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., & Cruzcosa, M. (1989). Perceived control over caregiving outcomes: Implications for child abuse. Developmental Psychology, 25, 532-539.
13. Bugental, D. B., & Lewis, J. C. (1999). The paradoxical misuse of power by those who see themselves as powerless: How does it happen? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 51-64.
14. Bugental, D. B., Lyon, J. E., Krantz, J., & Cortez, V. (1997). Who's the boss? Differential accessibility of dominance ideation in parent-child relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1297-1309.
15. Buss, D. M. (1996). Social adaptation and five major factors of personality. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 180-207). New York: Guilford Press.
16. Buss, D. M., & Craik, K. H. (1980). The frequency concept of disposition: Dominance and prototypical dominant acts. Journal of Personality, 48, 379-392.
17. Buss, D. M., Gomes, M., Higgins, D. S., & Lauterbach, K. (1987). Tactics of manipulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1219-1229.
18. Cartwright, D. (1965). Influence, leadership, control. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 1-47). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
19. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
20. Cashdan, E. (1998). Smiles, speech, and body posture: How women and men display sociometric status and power. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22, 209-228.
21. Chance, M. R. A. (1967). Attention structure as the basis of primate rank order. Man, 2, 503-518.
22. Chen, S., Lee-Chai, A. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2001). Relationship orientation as a moderator of the effects of social power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 173-187.
23. Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 151-192). New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Clark, C. (1990). Emotions and micropolitics in everyday life: Some patterns and paradoxes of place. In T. D. Kemper (Ed.), Research agendas in the sociology of emotions (pp. 305-333). Albany: State University of New York Press.
25. Collins, R. (1990). Stratification, emotional energy, and the transient emotions. In T. D. Kemper (Ed.), Research agendas in the sociology of emotions (pp. 27-57). Albany: State University of New York Press.
26. Davidson, R. J. (1992). Emotion and affective style: Hemispheric substrates. Psychological Science, 3, 39-43.
27. DePue, R. A. (1995). Neurobiological factors in personality and depression. European Journal of Personality, 9, 413-439.
28. Derber, C. (1979). The pursuit of attention: Power and individualism in everyday life. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
29. Deutsch, F. M. (1990). Status, sex, and smiling: The effect of smiling in men and women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 531-540.
30. Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1969). Social status, stress and psychological symptoms. Milbank Quarterly, 47, 137-150.
31. Dovidio, J. F., Brown, C. E., Heltman, K., Ellyson, S. L., & Keating, C. F. (1988). Power displays between women and men in discussions of gender-linked tasks: A multichannel study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 580-587.
32. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989). Human ethology. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine De Gruyter.
33. Ekman, P. (1971). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 207-283.
34. Ellis, L. (1993). Conceptually defining social stratification in human and nonhuman animals. In L. Ellis (Ed.), Social stratification and socioeconomic inequality, Vol. 1: A comparative biosocial analysis (pp. 1-14). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
35. Ellyson, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1985). Power, dominance, and nonverbal behavior. New York: Springer Verlag.
36. Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27, 31-41.
37. Erber, R., & Fiske, S. T. (1984). Outcome dependency and attention to inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 709-726.
38. Fiske, S. T. (1993). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48, 621-628.
39. Fowles, D. C. (1980). The three arousal model: Implications of Gray's two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electrodermal activity, and psychopathy. Psychophysiology, 17, 87-104.
40. French, J., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-165). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
41. Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
42. Frijda, N. H., & Mesquita, B. (1994). The social roles and functions of emotions. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 51-87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
43. Gibb, C. A. (1985). Leadership. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 205-282). New York: Random House.
44. Goodwin, S. A., Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (1998). Situational power and interpersonal dominance facilitate bias and inequality. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 677-698.
45. Gough, H. G. (1987). CPI manual (2nd ed). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
46. Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety. New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. New York: Cambridge University Press.
48. Gray, J. A. (1991). Neural systems, emotion, and personality. In J. Madden, IV (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect (pp. 273-396). New York: Raven Press.
49. Gray, J. A. (1994). Three fundamental emotion systems. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 243-247). New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Gray-Little, B., & Burks, N. (1983). Power and satisfaction in marriage: A review and critique. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 513-538.
51. Green, D. P., Strolovitch, D. Z., & Wong, J. S. (1998). Defended neighborhoods, integration, and racially motivated crime. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 372-403.
52. Griffin, D., Murray, S., & Gonzalez, R. (1999). Difference score correlations in relationship research: A conceptual primer. Personal Relationships, 6, 505-518.
53. Gruenfeld, D. H. (1995). Status, ideology, and integrative complexity on the U. S. Supreme Court: Rethinking the politics of political decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 5-20.
54. Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
55. Hall, J. A., & Friedman, G. B. (1999). Status, gender, and nonverbal behavior: A study of structured interactions between employees of a company. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1082-1091.
56. Hall, J. A., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1997). "Subordination" and nonverbal sensitivity: A study and synthesis of findings based on trait measures. Sex Roles, 37, 295-317.
57. Hecht, D. B., Inderbitzen, H. M., & Bukowski, A. L. (1998). The relationship between peer status and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 153-160.
58. Hecht, D. B., & LaFrance, M. (1998). License or obligation to smile: The effect of power and sex on amount and type of smiling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1332-1342.
59. Henley, N. (1973). Body politics: Power, sex, and nonverbal communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
60. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
61. Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46.
62. Hogan, R., Curphy, G. J., & Hogan, J. (1994). What we know about leadership: Effectiveness and personality. American Psychologist, 49, 493-504.
63. Howard, A., & Bray, D. W. (1988). Managerial lives in transition: Advancing age and changing times. New York: Guilford Press.
64. Keating, C. F., Mazur, A., Segall, M. H., Cysneiros, P. G., Divale, W. T., Kilbride, J. E., et al. (1981). Culture and the perception of social dominance from facial expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 615-626.
65. Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (in press). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review.
66. Keltner, D., & Robinson, R. J. (1996). Extremism, power, and the imagined basis of social conflict. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 101-105.
67. Keltner, D., & Robinson, R. J. (1997). Defending the status quo: Power and bias in social conflict. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1066-1077.
68. Keltner, D., Young, R. C., Heerey, E. A., Oemig, C., & Monarch, N. D. (1998). Teasing in hierarchical and intimate relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1231-1247.
69. Kemper, T. D. (1991). Predicting emotions from social relations. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 330-342.
70. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 233-265). New York: McGraw-Hill.
71. Kenny, D. A., & la Voie, L. (1985). Separating individual and group effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 339-348.
72. Kipnis, D. (1972). Does power corrupt? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 33-41.
73. Kipnis, D. (1976). The powerholders. Chicago: Universily of Chicago Press.
74. Kipnis, D., Schmidt, S. M., & Wilkinson, I. (1980). Intraorganizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one's way. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 440-452.
75. Knutson, B. (1996). Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 165-182.
76. Kupersmidt, J. B., & Patterson, C. J. (1991). Childhood peer rejection, aggression, withdrawal, and perceived competence as predictors of self-reported behavior problems in preadolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 427-449.
77. Landy, D., & Aronson, E. (1968). Liking for an evaluator as a function of his discernment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 133-141.
78. Leffler, A., Gillespie, D. L., & Conaty, J. C. (1982). The effects of status differentiation on nonverbal behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45, 153-161.
79. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers. Chicago: Harper & Brothers.
80. Mann, R. D. (1959). A review of the relationship between personality and performance in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 241-270.
81. Mazur, A. (1973). A cross-species comparison of status in small established groups. American Sociological Review, 38, 513-530.
82. McClelland, D. C. (1975). Power: The inner experience. New York: Irvington.
83. Megargee, E. I. (1969). Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 377-382.
84. Michaelsen, L. K., Watson, W. E., & Black, R. H. (1989). A realistic test of individual versus group consensus decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 834-839.
85. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378.
86. Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1983). The multidimensionality of psychopathology in a community sample. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 573-591.
87. Neuberg, S. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1987). Motivational influences on impression formation: Outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 431-444.
88. Newman, J. P. (1997). Conceptual models of the nervous system: Implications for antisocial behavior. In D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp 324-335). New York: Wiley.
89. O'Neal, E. C., Kipnis, D., & Craig, K. M. (1994). Effects of the persuader of employing a coercive influence technique. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 225-238.
90. Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Effect of trait dominance on powerholders' judgments of subordinates. Social Cognition, 19, 161-180.
91. Overbeck, J. R., & Park, B. (2001). When power does not corrupt: Superior individuation processes among powerful perceivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 549-565.
92. Owens, D. A., & Sutton, R. I. (2001). Status contests in meetings: Negotiating the informal order. In M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Advances in theory and research (pp. 25-35). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
93. Raven, B. H. (1999). Kurt Lewin address: Influence, power, religion, and the mechanisms of social control. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 161-186.
94. Riger, S., LeBailly, R. K., & Gordon, M. T. (1981). Community ties and urbanites' fear of crime: An ecological investigation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9, 653-665.
95. Rind, B., & Kipnis, D. (1999). Changes in self-perception as a result of successfully persuading others. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 141-156.
96. Savin-Williams, R. C. (1979). Dominance hierarchies in groups of early adolescents. Child Development, 50, 923-935.
97. Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1993). The emergence of chronic peer victimization in boys' play groups. Child Development, 64, 1755-1772.
98. Snodgrass, S. E. (1985). Women's intuition: The effect of subordinate role on interpersonal sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 146-155.
99. Snodgrass, S. E. (1992). Further effects of role versus gender on interpersonal sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 154-158.
100. Snodgrass, S. E., Hecht, M. A., & Ploutz-Snyder, R. (1998). Interpersonal sensitivity: Expressivity or perceptivity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 238-249.
101. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
102. Stein, R. T., & Heller, T. (1979). An empirical analysis of the correlations between leadership status and participation rates reported in the literature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1993-2002.
103. Stogdill, R. M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology, 25, 35-71.
104. Sutton, S. K., & Davidson, R. J. (1997). Prefrontal brain asymmetry: A biological substrate of the behavioral approach and inhibition systems. Psychological Science, 8, 204-120.
105. Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley.
106. Thornton, G. C., & Byham, W. C. (1982). Assessment centers and managerial performance. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
107. Tiedens, L. Z., Ellsworth, P. C., & Mesquita, B. (2000). Stereotypes about sentiments and status: Emotional expectations for high- and low-status group members. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 560-574.
108. Upmanyu, V. V. (1974). An investigation into the relationship between sociometric status and different components of anxiety. Journal of Psychological Researches, 18, 78-82.
109. Ward, G., & Kellner, D. (2001). Power and the consumption of resources. Unpublished manuscript.
110. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
111. Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. (A. M. Henderson & T. Parsons, trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
112. Weisfeld, G. E. (1993). Social status and values in traditional Arab culture. In L. Ellis (Ed.), Social stratification and socioeconomic inequality, Vol. 1: A comparative biosocial analysis (pp. 75-97). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
113. Whitney, I., & Smith, P. K. (1993). A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools. Educational Research, 35, 3-25.
114. Wiggins, J. S., Trapnell, P., & Phillips, N. (1988). Psychometric properties and geometric characteristics of the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Sales (IAS-R). Multivariate Behavioral Research, 23, 517-530.
115. Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105, 230-250.
116. Winter. D. G., & Stewart, A. J. (1978) The power motive. In H. London & J. E. Exner (Eds.), Dimensions of personality (pp. 391-447). New York: Wiley.
117. Yukl, G., & Falbe, C. M. (1990). Influence tactics and objectives in upward, downward, and lateral influence attempts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 132-140.