Chapter 4 Affect as a Psychological Primitive

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 41, Issue , 2009, Pages 167-218

  Barrett, Lisa Feldman ^a   Bliss Moreau, Eliza ^b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 62149088212     PISSN: 00652601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00404-8     Document Type: Review

References (278)

1. Abelson R.P., and Sermat V. Multidimensional scaling of facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 63 (1962) 546-554
2. Alpers G.W., and Gerdes A.B.M. Here is looking at you: Emotional faces predominate in binocular rivalry. Emotion 7 (2007) 495-506
3. Alpers G.W., and Pauli P. Emotional pictures predominate in binocular rivalry. Cognition and Emotion 20 (2006) 596-607
4. Alpers G.W., Ruhleder M., Walz N., Mühlberger A., and Pauli P. Binocular rivalry between emotional and neutral stimuli: A validation using fear conditioning and EEG. International Journal of Psychophysiology 57 (2005) 25-32
5. Arnold M. Emotion and personality (1960), Columbia University Press, New York
6. Ashby F.G., Isen A.M., and Turken A.U. A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review 106 (1999) 529-550
7. Bachorowski J. Vocal expression and perception of emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science 8 (1999) 53-56
8. Bar M., Kassam K.S., Ghuman A.S., Boshyan J., Schmidt A.M., Dale A.M., et al. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 103 2 (2006) 449-454
9. Bar M., Tootell R.B., Schacter D.L., Greve D.N., Fischl B., Mendola J.D., et al. Cortical mechanisms specific to explicit visual object recognition. Neuron 29 (2001) 529-535
10. Barad M., Gean P., and Lutz B. The role of the amygdala in the extinction of conditioned fear. Biological Psychiatry 60 (2006) 322-328
11. Barbas H. Organization of cortical afferent input to orbitofrontal areas in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 56 (1993) 841-864
12. Barbas H. Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition, memory, and emotion in primate prefrontal cortices. Brain Research Bulletin 52 (2000) 319-330
13. Barbas H. Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways. Journal of Anatomy 211 (2007) 237-249
14. Barbas H., and De Olmos J. Projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 300 4 (1990) 549-571
15. Barbas H., and Pandya D.N. Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 286 (1989) 353-375
16. Barbas H., Saha S., Rempel-Clower N., and Ghashghaei T. Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas may influence emotional expression. BMC Neuroscience 4 (2003) 25-37
17. Barge-Schaapveld D.Q.C.M., Nicolson N.A., van der Hoop R.G., and DeVries M.W. Changes in daily life experience associated with clinical improvement in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 34 (1995) 139-154
18. Barrett L.F. Hedonic tone, perceived arousal, and item desirability: Three components of affective experience. Cognition and Emotion 10 (1996) 47-68
19. Barrett L.F. Discrete emotions or dimensions? The role of valence focus and arousal focus. Cognition and Emotion 12 (1998) 579-599
20. Barrett L.F. Feelings or words? Understanding the content in self-report ratings of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004) 266-281
21. Barrett L.F. Emotions as natural kinds?. Perspectives on Psychological Science 1 (2006) 28-58
22. Barrett L.F. Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 (2006) 20-46
23. Barrett L.F. Valence as a basic building block of emotional life. Journal of Research in Personality 40 (2006) 35-55
24. Barrett, L. F. The future of psychology: Connecting mind to brain. Perspectives in Psychological Science, (in press).
25. Barrett L.F., and Bar M. See it with feeling: Affective predictions in the human brain. Royal Society Philosophical Transactions, B (2006)
26. Barrett L.F., and Fossum T. Mental representations of affect knowledge. Cognition and Emotion 15 (2001) 333-364
27. Barrett L.F., Lindquist K., Bliss-Moreau E., Duncan S., Gendron M., Mize J., et al. Of mice and men: Natural kinds of emotion in the mammalian brain?. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2 (2007) 297-312
28. Barrett L.F., and Niedenthal P.M. Valence focus and the perception of facial affect. Emotion 4 (2004) 266-274
29. Barrett L.F., Ochsner K.N., and Gross J.J. On the automaticity of emotion. In: Bargh J. (Ed). Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes (2007), Psychology Press, New York
30. Barrett L.F., Quigley K., Bliss-Moreau E., and Aronson K.R. Arousal focus and interoceptive sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004) 684-697
31. Barrett L.F., and Russell J.A. Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 967-984
32. Barrett L.F., and Russell J.A. Structure of current affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science 8 (1999) 10-14
33. Basole A., White L.E., and Fitzpatrick D. Mapping multiple features in the population response of visual cortex. Nature 423 (2003) 986-990
34. Baxter M.G., Hadfield W.S., and Murray E.A. Rhinal cortex lesions produce mild deficits in visual discrimination learning for an auditory secondary reinforcer in rhesus monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience 113 (1999) 243-252
35. Baxter M.G., and Murray E.A. Impairments in visual discrimination learning and recognition memory produced by neurotoxic lesions of rhinal cortex in rhesus monkeys. European Journal of Neuroscience 13 (2001) 1228-1238
36. Baxter M.G., Parker A., Lindner C.C.C., Izquierdo A.D., and Murray E.A. Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000) 4311-4319
37. Bechara A., Damasio H., Damasio A.R., and Lee G.P. Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999) 5473-5481
38. Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., and Damasio A.R. Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science 275 (1997) 1293-1295
39. Beebe-Center J.G. Pleasure and instinct: A study in the psychology of human action. Psychological Bulletin 29 (1932) 355-356
40. Berridge K.C., and Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Research Reviews 28 (1998) 309-369
41. Berridge K.C., and Winkielman P. What is an unconscious emotion? (the case for unconscious "liking"). Cognition and Emotion 17 (2003) 181-211
42. Bertolucci-D'Angio M., Serrano A., and Scatton B. Differential effects of forced locomotion, tail-pinch, immobilization, and methyl-beta-carboline carboxylate on extracellular 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the rat striatum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex: An in vivo voltammetric study. Journal of Neurochemistry 55 (1990) 1208-1215
43. Bliss-Moreau E., Barrett L.F., Horvitz J., Quigley K., and Balsam P. Individual variation in the acquisition and recovery of affective value (2008) Manuscript under review
44. Bliss-Moreau, E., Barrett, L. F., & Owren, M. I like the sound of your voice: Affective learning about voices. Manuscript under review.
45. Block J. Studies in the phenomenology of emotions. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 54 (1957) 358-363
46. Bliss-Moreau E., Barrett L.F., and Wright C.I. Individual differences in learning the affective value of others under minimal conditions. Emotion 8 (2008) 479-493
47. Bliss-Moreau E., Wager T., Lindquist K.A., Kober H., Joseph J., Davidson M., et al. The valued brain: The neural reference space for core affect. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, CA (2008)
48. Bornstein M.H., and Arterberry M.E. Recognition, discrimination and categorization of smiling by 5-month-old infants. Developmental Science 6 (2003) 585-599
49. Bradley M.M., and Lang P.J. Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 25 (1994) 49-59
50. Bradley M.M., and Lang P.J. Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In: Lane R.D., and Nadel L. (Eds). Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (2000), Oxford University Press, New York 242-276
51. Breiter H.C., Etcoff N.L., Whalen P.J., Kennedy W.J., Rauch S.L., and Buckner R.L. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expressions. Neuron 17 (1996) 875-877
52. Browne M.W. Circumplex models for correlation matrices. Psychometrika 54 (1992) 469-497
53. Büchel C., Dolan R.J., Armony J.L., and Friston K.J. Amygdala-hippocampal involvement in human aversive trace conditioning revealed through event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999) 10869-10876
54. Bush L.E. Individual differences multidimensional scaling of adjectives denoting feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 25 (1973) 50-57
55. Cabanac M. What is emotion?. Behavioural Processes 60 (2002) 69-83
56. Cacioppo J.T., and Berntson G.G. Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994) 401-423
57. Cacioppo J.T., and Berntson G.G. The affect system and racial prejudice. In: Bargh J., and Apsley D.K. (Eds). Unravelling the complexities of social life: A festschrift in honor of Robert B. Zajonc (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 95-110
58. Cacioppo J.T., Berntson G.G., Larsen J.T., Poehlmann K.M., and Ito T.A. The psychophysiology of emotion. In: Lewis R., and Haviland-Jones J.M. (Eds). The handbook of emotion. 2nd ed (2000), Guilford Press, New York 173-191
59. Cacioppo J.T., Gardner W.L., and Berntson G.G. Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1 (1997) 3-25
60. Cacioppo J.T., Gardner W.L., and Berntson G.G. The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 839-855
61. Canli T., Sivers H., Whitfield S.L., Gotlib I.H., and Gabrieli J.D.E. Amygdala response to happy faces as a function of extraversion. Science 296 (2002) 2191
62. Carmichael S.T., and Price J.L. Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 363 (1995) 615-641
63. Carmichael S.T., and Price J.L. Connectional networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 371 (1996) 179-207
64. Carr H.W. The idea of an external world. Symposion 1 (1925) 33-39
65. Carroll J.M., Yik M.S.M., Russell J.A., and Barrett L.F. On the psychometric principles of affect. Review of General Psychology 3 (1999) 14-22
66. Cavada C., Company T., Tejedor J., Cruz-Rizzolo R.J., and Reinsos-Suarez F. The anatomical connections of the Macaque monkey orbitofrontal cortex: A review. Cerebral Cortex 10 (2000) 220-242
67. Choi W.Y., Balsam P.D., and Horvitz J.C. Extended habit training reduces dopamine mediation of appetitive response expression. Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005) 6729-6733
68. Cliff N., and Young F.W. On the relation between unidimensional judgments and multidimensional scaling. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance 3 (1968) 269-285
69. Clore G.L., and Ortony A. Appraisal theories: How cognition shapes affect into emotion. In: Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J.M., and Barrett L.F. (Eds). Handbook of emotions. 3rd ed (2008), Guilford Press, New York 628-642
70. Clore G.L., Storbeck J., Robinson M.D., and Centerbar D. Seven sins in the study of unconscious affect. In: Feldman Barrett L., Niedenthal P., and Winkielman P. (Eds). Emotion: Conscious and unconscious (2005), Guilford Press, New York, NY 384-408
71. Craig A.D. Opinion: How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2002) 655-666
72. Critchley H.D., Wiens S., Rotshtien P., Ohman A., and Dolan R.J. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004) 189-195
73. Damaraju E., Huang Y.-M., Barrett L.F., and Pessoa L. Affective learning enhances activity and functional connectivity in early visual cortex (2008) Manuscript under review
74. Davidson R.J. Prolegomenon to the structure of emotion: Gleanings from neuropsychology. Cognition and Emotion 6 (1992) 245-268
75. Davidson R.J. Parsing affective space: Perspectives from neuropsychology and psychophysiology. Neuropsychology 7 (1993) 464-475
76. Davidson R.J. Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 1196-1214
77. Davidson R.J. Affective style: Causes and consequences. In: Cacioppo J.T., and Berntson G.C. (Eds). Essays in social neuroscience (2004), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 77-91
78. Davidson R.J., Pizzagalli D., Nitschke J.B., and Putnam K. Depression: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual Review of Psychology 53 (2002) 545-574
79. Davison M.L. Introduction to multidimensional scaling and its applications. Applied Psychological Measurement 7 (1983) 373-379
80. De Houwer J., Thomas S., and Baeyens F. Association learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin 127 (2001) 853-869
81. Delgado M.R., Olsson A., and Phelps E.A. Extending animal models of fear conditioning to humans. Biological Psychology 73 (2006) 39-48
82. de Rosnay M., Pons F., Harris P.L., and Morrell J.M.B. A lag between understanding false belief and emotion attribution in young children: Relationships with linguistic ability and mothers' mental-state language. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 22 (2004) 197-218
83. Dichter G.S., Tomarken A.J., Freid C.M., Addington S., and Shelton R.C. Do venlafaxine XR and paroxetine equally influence negative and positive affect?. Journal of Affective Disorders 85 (2005) 333-339
84. Diener E. Introduction to the special section on the structure of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 803-804
85. Dittman A.T. Interpersonal messages in emotion (1972), Springer, New York
86. Domjan M. Pavlovian conditioning: A functional perspective. Annual Review of Psychology 56 (2005) 179-206
87. Dubois S., Rossion B., Schiltz C., Bodart J.M., Michel C., Bruyer R., et al. Effect of familiarity on the processing of human faces. Neuroimage 9 (1999) 278-289
88. Duffy E. Is emotion a mere term of convenience?. Psychological Review 41 (1934) 103-104
89. Duncan S., and Barrett L.F. Affect as a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis. Cognition and Emotion 21 (2007) 1184-1211
90. Dunn B.D., Dalgleish T., and Lawrence A.D. The somatic marker hypothesis: A critical evaluation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (2006) 239-271
91. Eagly A.H., and Chaiken S. Attitude structure and function. In: Gilbert D.T., Fiske S.T., and Lindzey G. (Eds). The handbook of social psychology. 4th ed (1998), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 269-322
92. Edelman G.M. Wider than the sky: The phenomenal gift of consciousness (2004), Yale University Press, London
93. Edelman G.M., and Tononi G. A universe of consciousness: How matter becomes imagination (2000), Basic Books, New York
94. Eimer M., and Holmes A. Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing. Neuropsychologia 45 (2007) 15-31
95. Elliott R., Friston K.J., and Dolan R. Dissociable neural responses in human reward systems. Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000) 6159-6165
96. Elliott R., Rees G., and Dolan R.J. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediates guessing. Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 403-411
97. Engell A.D., Haxby J.V., and Todorov A. Implicit trustworthiness decisions: Automatic coding of face properties in the human amygdala. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19 (2007) 1508-1519
98. Fabrigar L.R., Visser P.S., and Browne M.W. Conceptual and methodological issues in testing the circumplex structure of data in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1 (1997) 184-203
99. Feldman L.A. Variations in the circumplex structure of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 806-817
100. Feldman L.A. Valence focus and arousal focus: Individual differences in the structure of affective experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 153-166
101. Fellows L.K., and Farah M.J. Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: Evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 126 (2003) 1830-1837
102. Ferguson M.L., and Katkin E.S. Visceral perception, anhedonia, and emotion. Biological Psychology 42 (1996) 131-145
103. Field A.P. Learning to like (or dislike): Associative learning of preferences. In: Wills A.J. (Ed). New directions in human associative learning (2005), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 221-252
104. Fillenbaum S., and Rapoport A. Structures in the subjective lexicon (1971), Academic Press, New York
105. Flom R., and Bahrick L.E. The development of infant discrimination of affect in multimodal and unimodal stimulation: The role of intersensory redundancy. Developmental Psychology 43 (2007) 238-252
106. Forgas J.P. Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin 117 (1995) 39-66
107. Forgas J.P. On feeling good and getting your way: Mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 565-577
108. Forgas J.P. Feeling and speaking: Mood effects on verbal communication strategies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (1999) 850-863
109. Forgas J.P. On feeling good and being rude: Affective influences on language use and request formulations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 928-939
110. Forgas J.P., and Fiedler K. Us and them: Mood effects on intergroup discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 28-40
111. Frijda N.H., Kuipers P., and ter Schure E. Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 212-228
112. Gallo L.C., Bogart L.M., Vranceanu A., and Matthews K.A. Socioeconomic status, resources, psychological experiences, and emotional responses: A test of the reserve capacity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 386-399
113. Garavan H., Pendergrass J.C., Ross T.J., Stein E.A., and Risinger R.C. Amygdala response to both positively and negatively valenced stimuli. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 2779-2783
114. Gemelli A. Orienting concepts in the study of affective states. Part I. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 110 (1949) 198-214
115. Gemelli A. Orienting concepts in the study of affective states. Part II. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 110 (1949) 299-314
116. Gendron, M., & Barrett, L. F. Reconstructing the past: A century of emotion theorizing in psychology. Emotion Review, (in press).
117. Ghashghaei H.T., and Barbas H. Pathways for emotion: Interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 115 (2002) 1261-1279
118. Gilbert D.T., and Ebert J.E.J. Decisions and revisions: The affective forecasting of changeable outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002) 503-514
119. Gilbert D.T., Pinel E.C., Wilson T.D., Blumberg S.J., and Wheatley T. Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 617-638
120. Goel V., and Dolan R.J. Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. Cognition 87 (2003) B11-B22
121. Green R.S., and Cliff N. Multidimensional comparisons of structures of vocally and facially expressed emotion. Perception and Psychophysics 17 (1975) 429-438
122. Green D.P., Goldman S.L., and Salovey P. Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1993) 1029-1041
123. Green D.P., Salovey P., and Truax K.M. Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 856-867
124. Greene J.D., Sommerville R.B., Nystrom L.E., Darley J.M., and Cohen J.D. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293 (2001) 2105-2108
125. Grillon C. Associative learning deficits increase symptoms of anxiety in humans. Biological Psychiatry 51 (2002) 851-858
126. Guttman L. A new approach to factor analysis: The radex. In: Lazarsfeld P.F. (Ed). Mathematical thinking in the social sciences (1957), Columbia University Press, New York 258-348
127. Haidt J. The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 814-834
128. Haidt J. "Dialogue between my head and my heart": Affective influences on moral judgment. Psychological Inquiry 13 (2002) 54-56
129. Hantas M., Katkin E.S., and Blascovich J. Relationship between heartbeat discrimination and subjective experience of affective state. Psychophysiology 19 (1982) 563
130. Hermans D., Vansteenwegen D., Crombez G., Baeyens F., and Eelen P. Expectancy-learning and evaluative learning in human classical conditioning: Affective priming as an indirect and unobtrusive measure of conditioned stimulus valence. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40 (2002) 217-234
131. Herry C., Bach D.R., Esposito F., Di Salle F., Perrig W.J., Scheffler K., et al. Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007) 5958-5966
132. Holland P.C., and Gallagher M. Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes. Trends in Cognitive Science 3 (1999) 65-73
133. Horvitz J.C. Mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events. Neuroscience 96 (2000) 651-656
134. Horvitz J.C. Dopamine gating of glutamatergic sensorimotor and incentive motivational inputs to the striatum. Behavioral Brain Research 137 (2002) 65-74
135. Hsu M., Bhatt M., Adolphs R., Tranel D., and Camerer C.F. Neural systems responding to degrees of uncertainty in human decision-making. Science 310 (2005) 1680-1683
136. Hunt W.A. A critical review of current approaches to affectivity. Psychological Bulletin 36 (1939) 807-828
137. Hunt W.A. Recent developments in the field of emotion. Psychological Bulletin 38 (1941) 249-276
138. Hurliman E., Nagode J.C., and Pardo J.V. Double dissociation of exteroceptive and interoceptive feedback systems in the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex of humans. Journal of Neuroscience 258 (2005) 4641-4648
139. Ito T.A., and Cacioppo J.T. Affect and attitudes: A social neuroscience approach. In: Forgas J.P. (Ed). Handbook of affect and social cognition (2001), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 50-74
140. Izhikevich E.M., Desai N.S., Walcott E.C., and Hoppensteadt F.C. Bursts as a unit of neural information: Selective communication via resonance. Trends in Neuroscience 2 (2003) 161-167
141. James W. The principals of psychology (1890), Holt, New York
142. Keller R.W., Stricker E.M., and Zigmond M.J. Environmental stimuli but not homeostatic challenges produce apparent increases in dopaminergic activity in the striatum: An analysis by in vivo voltammetry. Brain Research 279 (1983) 159-170
143. Kensinger E.A., and Schacter D.L. Memory and emotion. In: Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J.M., and Barrett L.F. (Eds). The handbook of emotion. (3rd ed.) (2008), Guilford Press, New York
144. Kitayama S., Markus H.R., and Kurokawa M. Culture, emotion and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion 14 (2000) 93-124
145. Kober H., Barrett L.F., Joseph J., Bliss-Moreau E., Lindquist K.A., and Wager T.D. Functional networks and cortical-subcortical interactions in emotion: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage 42 (2008) 998-1031
146. Kringelbach M.L. Linking reward to hedonic experience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 (2005) 691-702
147. Kringelbach M.L., and Rolls E.T. The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Progress in Neurobiology 72 (2004) 341-372
148. LaBar K.S., Cook C.A., Torpey D.C., and Welsh-Bohmer K.A. Impact of healthy aging on awareness and fear conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience 118 (2004) 905-915
149. LaBar K.S., Gatenby J.C., Gore J.C., LeDoux J.E., and Phelps E.A. Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron 20 (1998) 937-945
150. LaBar K.S., and Phelps E.A. Reinstatement of conditioned fear in humans is context dependent and impaired in amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience 119 (2005) 677-686
151. Lane R.D., Chua P.M., and Dolan R.J. Common effects of emotional valence, arousal and attention on neural activation during visual processing of pictures. Neuropsychologia 37 (1999) 989-997
152. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Fitzsimmons J.R., Cuthbert B.N., Scott J.D., Moulder B., et al. Emotional arousal and activation of the visual cortex: An fMRI analysis. Psychophysiology 35 (1998) 199-210
153. Lang P.J., Greenwald M., Bradley M., and Hamm A. Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology 30 (1993) 261-273
154. Lewis M. Emergence of human emotions. In: Lewis M., and Haviland-Jones J.M. (Eds). Handbook of emotions. 2nd ed (2000), Guilford Press, New York, NY 253-322
155. Lipp O.V., Oughton N., and LeLievre J. Evaluative learning in human Pavlovian conditioning: Extinct, but still there?. Learning and Motivation 34 (2003) 219-239
156. Mackie D.M., and Hamilton D.L. Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (1993), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
157. Mandler G. Mind and emotion (1975), Wiley, New York
158. Mather M., Canli T., English T., Whitfield S., Wais P., Ochsner K., et al. Amygdala responses to emotionally valenced stimuli in older and younger adults. Psychological Science 15 (2004) 259-263
159. McCullough L.D., and Salamone J.D. Involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in the motor activity induced by periodic food presentation: A microdialysis and behavioral study. Brain Research 592 (1992) 29-36
160. McDonald A.J. Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala. Progress in Neurobiology 55 (1998) 257-332
161. Mesquita B. Emotions as dynamic cultural phenomena. In: Goldsmith H., Davidson R., and Scherer K. (Eds). Handbook of the affective sciences (2003), Oxford, New York 871-890
162. Mesulam M. Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology. (2nd Ed.) (2000), Oxford University Press, New York, NY
163. Milad M.R., Quinn B.T., Pitman R.K., Orr S.P., Fischl B., and Rauch S.L. Thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005) 10706-10711
164. Mirenowicz J., and Schultz W. Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 72 (1994) 1024-1027
165. Moll J., de Oliviera-Souza R., Eslinger P.J., Bramati I.E., Mourao-Miranda J., Andreiuolo P.A., et al. The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 2730-2736
166. Moreno K.N., and Bodenhausen G.V. Intergroup affect and social judgement: Feelings as inadmissible information. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 4 (2001) 21-29
167. Morris J.S., Ohman A., and Dolan R.J. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating "unseen" fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (1998) 1680-1685
168. Nauta W. The problem of the frontal lobe: A reinterpretation. Journal of Psychiatric Research 8 (1971) 167-187
169. Norman K.A., Polyn S.M., Detre G.J., and Haxby J.V. Beyond mind-reading: Multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 (2006) 424-430
170. Nygaard L.C., and Lunders E.R. Resolution of lexical ambiguity by emotional tone of voice. Memory and Cognition 30 (2002) 583-593
171. Nygaard L.C., and Queen J.S. Communicating emotion: Linking affective prosody and word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 34 (2008) 1017-1030
172. Ongur D., An X., and Price J.L. Prefrontal cortical projections to the hypothalamus in macaque monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 401 (1999) 480-505
173. Ongur D., Ferry A.T., and Price J.L. Architectonic subdivision of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 460 (2003) 425-449
174. Ongur D., and Price J.L. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cerebral Cortex 10 (2000) 206-219
175. O'Reilly R.C., and Munakata Y. Computational explorations in cognitive neuroscience: Understanding the mind by simulating the brain (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
176. Osgood C.E., Suci G.J., and Tannenbaum P.H. The measurement of meaning (1957), University of Illinois Press, Champaign, IL
177. Owren M.J., and Rendall D. An affect-conditioning model of nonhuman primate vocal signaling. In: Owings D.H., Beecher M.D., and Thompson N.S. (Eds). Perspectives in ethology Vol. 12 (1997), Plenum, New York 299-346 Communication
178. Owren M.J., and Rendall D. Sound on the rebound: Bringing form and function back to the forefront in understanding nonhuman primate vocal signaling. Evolutionary Anthropology 10 (2001) 58-71
179. Padmala S., and Pessoa L. Affective learning enhances visual detection and responses in primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 28 (2008) 6202-6210
180. Palermo R., and Rhodes G. Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia 45 (2007) 75-92
181. Parvizi J., and Damasio A. Consciousness and the brainstem. Cognition 79 (2001) 135-159
182. Pearce J.M., and Bouton M.E. Theories of associative learning in animals. Annual Review of Psychology 52 (2001) 111-139
183. Peters H.N. The judgmental theory of pleasantness and unpleasantness. Psychological Review 42 (1935) 354-386
184. Phelps E.A., Delgado M.R., Nearing K.I., and LeDoux J.E. Extinction learning in humans: Role of the amygdala and vmPFC. Neuron 43 (2004) 897-905
185. Pietromonaco P.R., and Barrett L.F. Valence focus and self-esteem lability: Reacting to hedonic cues in the social environment (2008) Manuscript under review
186. Plutchik R. A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In: Plutchik R., and Kellerman H. (Eds). Emotion: Theory, research, and experience Vol. 1 (1980), Academic, New York 3-33 Theories of emotion
187. Prather M.D., Lavenex P., Mauldin-Jourdain M.L., Mason W.A., Capitanio J.P., Mendoza S.P., et al. Increased social fear and decreased fear of objects in monkeys with neonatal amygdala lesions. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 653-658
188. Price J.L. Connections of orbital cortex. In: Zald D.H., and Rauch S.L. (Eds). The orbitofrontal cortex (2007), Oxford University Press, New York 38-56
189. Quirk G.J., Russo G.K., Barron J.L., and Lebron K. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear. Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000) 6225-6231
190. Reich J.W., Zautra A.J., and Davis M. Dimensions of affect relationships: Models and their integrative implications. Review of General Psychology 7 (2003) 66-83
191. Rempel-Clower N.L., and Barbas H. Topographic organization of connections between the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 398 (1998) 393-419
192. Revelle W. Personality processes. Annual Review of Psychology 46 (1995) 295-328
193. Reynolds S.M., and Berridge K.C. Fear and feeding in the nucleus accumbens shell: Rostrocaudal segregation of GABA elicitation of defensive behavior and eating behavior. Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001) 3261-3270
194. Reynolds S.M., and Berridge K.C. Positive and negative motivation in nucleus accumbens shell: Bivalent rostrocaudal gradients for GABA-elictied eating, taste "liking"/"disliking" reactions, place preference/avoidance, and fear. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 7308-7320
195. Reynolds S.M., and Berridge. Glutamate motivational ensembles in nucleus accumbens: Rostrocaudal shell gradients of fear and feeding. European Journal of Neuroscience 17 (2003) 2187-2200
196. Reynolds S.M., and Berridge K.C. Emotional environments retune the valence of appetitive versus fearful functions in nucleus accumbens. Nature Neuroscience 11 (2008) 423-425
197. Robledo P., and Koob G.F. Two discrete nucleus accumbens projection areas differentially mediate cocaine self-administration in the rat. Behavioural Brain Research 55 (1993) 159-166
198. Roseman I.J., Antoniou A.A., and Jose P.E. Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion 10 (1996) 241-277
199. Ruckmick C.A. The psychology of feeling and emotion (1936), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY
200. Russell J.A. A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980) 1161-1178
201. Russell J.A. Culture and the categorization of emotion. Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991) 426-450
202. Russell J.A. Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review 110 (2003) 145-172
203. Russell J.A., Bachorowski J., and Fernandez-Dols J.M. Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003) 329-349
204. Russell J.A., and Barrett L.F. Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 805-819
205. Russell J.A., and Bullock M. Multidimensional scaling of emotional facial expressions: Similarity from preschoolers to adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985) 1290-1298
206. Russell J.A., and Carroll J.M. On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin 125 (1999) 3-30
207. Russell J.A., Lewicka M., and Niit T. A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 848-856
208. Russell J.A., and Ridgeway D. Dimensions underlying children's emotion concepts. Developmental Psychology 19 (1983) 795-804
209. Russell J.A., Weiss A., and Mendelsohn G.A. Affect grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 493-502
210. Salamone J.D., Carlson B.B., Rios C., Lentini E., Correa M., Wisniecki A., et al. Dopamine agonists suppress cholinomimetic-induced tremulous jaw movements in an animal model of parkinsonism: Tremorolytic effects of pergolide, ropinirole and CY 208-243. Behavioural Brain Research 156 (2005) 173-179
211. Salamone J.D., Correa M., Farrar A., and Mingote S.M. Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits. Psychopharmacology 191 (2007) 461-482
212. Salamone J.D., Correa M., Mingote S.M., and Weber S.M. Beyond the reward hypothesis: Alternative functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 5 (2005) 34-41
213. Schachter S., and Singer J.E. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review 69 (1962) 379-399
214. Scherer K.R. Profiles of emotion-antecedent appraisal: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures. Cognition and Emotion 11 (1997) 113-150
215. Schimmack U. Pleasure, displeasure, and mixed feelings: Are semantic opposites mutually exclusive?. Cognition and Emotion 15 (2001) 81-97
216. Schimmack U., Böckenholt U., and Reisenzein R. Response styles in affect ratings: Making a mountain out of a molehill. Journal of Personality Assessment 78 (2002) 461-483
217. Schirmer A., and Kotz S.A. ERP evidence for a sex-specific stroop effect in emotional speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 (2003) 1135-1148
218. Schlosberg H. The description of facial expressions in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 44 (1952) 229-237
219. Schlosberg H. Three dimensions of emotion. Psychological Review 61 (1954) 81-88
220. Schnider A., Treyer V., and Buck A. Selection of currently relevant memories by the human posterior medial orbitofrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000) 5880-5884
221. Schnyer D.M., Nicholls L., and Verfaellie M. The role of VMPC in metamemorial judgments of content retrievability. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (2005) 832-846
222. Schultz W., Apicella P., and Ljungberg T. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. Journal of Neuroscience 13 (1993) 900-913
223. Schwartz C.E., Wright C.I., Shin L.M., Kagan J., Whalen P.J., McMullin K.G., et al. Differential amygdalar response to novel versus newly familiar neutral faces: A functional MRI probe developed for studying inhibited temperament. Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003) 854-862
224. Schwarz N., and Clore G.L. Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 3 (1983) 513-523
225. Segura S.L., and González-Romá V. How do respondents construe ambiguous response formats of affect items?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 956-968
226. Semba K. Multiple output pathways of the basal forebrain: Organization, chemical heterogeneity, and roles in vigilance. Behavioural Brain Research 115 (2000) 117-141
227. Seo M., Barrett L.F., and Bartunek J.M. The role of affective experience in work motivation. Academy of Management 29 (2004) 423-439
228. Shamay-Tsoory S.G., Tomer R., Berger B.D., Goldsher D., and Aharon-Peretz J. Impaired "affective theory of mind" is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 18 (2005) 55-67
229. Shepard R.N. The analysis of proximities: Multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. Part I. Psychometrika 27 (1962) 125-140
230. Shepard R.N. The analysis of proximities: Multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. Part II. Psychometrika 27 (1962) 219-246
231. Shepard R.N. The mental image. American Psychologist 33 (1978) 125-137
232. Sloman S.A. The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 119 (1996) 3-22
233. Slovic P., Finucane M., Peters E., and MacGregor D.G. Rational actors or rational fools: Implications of the affect heuristic for behavioral economics. The Journal of Socio-Economics 31 (2002) 329-342
234. Smith E.R., and DeCoster J. Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review 4 (2000) 108-131
235. Smith C.A., and Ellsworth P.C. Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985) 813-838
236. Smith C.A., and Ellsworth P.C. Patterns of appraisal and emotion related to taking an exam. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 475-488
237. Sorg B.A., and Kalivas P.W. Effects of cocaine and footshock stress on extracellular dopamine levels in the ventral striatum. Brain Research 559 (1991) 29-36
238. Spivey M. The continuity of mind (2007), Oxford University Press, New York, NY
239. Stolarova M., Keil A., and Moratti S. Modulation of the C1 visual event-related component by conditioned stimuli: Evidence for sensory plasticity in early affective perception. Cerebral Cortex 16 (2006) 876-887
240. Taylor S.F., Liberzon I., and Koeppe R.A. The effect of graded aversive stimuli on limbic and visual activation. Neuropsychologia 38 (2000) 1415-1425
241. Thayer R.E. The biopsychology of mood and arousal (1989), Oxford University Press, New York, NY
242. Titchener E.B. Lectures on the elementary psychology of feeling and attention (1908), Macmillian, New York
243. Titchener E.B. Experimental psychology of the thought processes (1909), Macmillan, Oxford, England
244. Todorov A.(Ed.). Evaluating faces on trustworthiness: An extension of systems for recognition of emotions signaling approach/avoidance behaviors. In: Kingstone A., and Miller M.B. (Eds). The year in cognitive neuroscience 2008. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2008), Blackwell, Malden, MA 208-224
245. Todorov A., and Uleman J.S. Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors' faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 1051-1065
246. Todorov A., and Uleman J.S. The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors' faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39 (2003) 549-562
247. Vuilleumier P., and Driver J. Modulation of visual processing by attention and emotion: Windows on causal interactions between human brain regions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362 (2007) 837-855
248. Vuilleumier P., and Pourtois G. Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 45 (2007) 174-194
249. Wager T., Barrett L.F., Bliss-Moreau E., Lindquist K., Duncan S., Kober H., et al. The neuroimaging of emotion. Chapter to appear in. In: Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J.M., and Barrett L.F. (Eds). The handbook of emotion. 3rd ed (2008), Guilford, New York 249-271
250. Wagar B.M., and Thagard P. Spiking phineas gage: A neurocomputational theory of cognitive-affective integration in decision making. Psychological Review 111 (2004) 67-79
251. Watson D. Mood and temperament. Emotions and social behavior (2000), Guilford Press, New York, NY
252. Watson D., and Tellegen A. Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin 98 (1985) 219-223
253. Watson D., Wiese D., Vaidya J., and Tellegen A. The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 820-838
254. Wedig M.M., Rauch S.L., Albert M.S., and Wright C.I. Differential amygdala habituation to neutral faces in young and elderly adults. Neuroscience Letters 38 (2005) 114-119
255. Weiskrantz L. Blindsight: A case study and its implications (1986), Oxford University Press, Oxford
256. Weller J.A., Levin I.P., Shiv B., and Bechara A. Neural correlates of adaptive decision making for risky gains and losses. Psychological Science 18 (2007) 958-964
257. Whalen P.J. Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science 7 (1998) 177-188
258. Whitehead W.E., and Drescher V.M. Perception of gastric contractions and self-control of gastric motility. Psychophysiology 17 (1980) 552-558
259. Widen S.C., and Russell J.A. A closer look at preschoolers' freely produced labels for facial expressions. Developmental Psychology 39 (2003) 114-128
260. Wiens S., Mezzacappa E.S., and Katkin E.S. Heartbeat detection and the experience of emotions. Cognition and Emotion 14 (2000) 417-427
261. Wiggins J.S., and Broughton R. A geometric taxonomy of personality scales. European Journal of Personality 5 (1991) 343-365
262. Wilson F.A., and Rolls E.T. Neuronal responses related to reinforcement in the primate basal forebrain. Brain Research 509 (1990) 213-231
263. Winkielman P., Berridge K.C., and Wilbarger J.L. Emotion, behavior, and conscious experience: Once more without feeling. In: Barrett L.F., Niedenthal P.M., and Winkielman P. (Eds). Emotion and consciousness (2005), Guilford Press, New York, NY 335-362
264. Woodworth R.S. Experimental psychology (1938), Holt, Oxford, England
265. Wright C.I., Dickerson B.C., Feczko E., Negeira A., and Williams D. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala responses to human faces in aging and mild alzheimer's disease. Biological Psychiatry 62 (2007) 1388-1395
266. Wright C.I., Fischer H., Whalen P.J., McInerney S.C., Shin L.M., and Rauch S.L. Differential prefrontal cortex and amygdala habituation to repeatedly presented emotional stimuli. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 379-383
267. Wright C.I., Martis M., Schwartz C.E., Shin L.M., Fischer H.H., McMullin K., et al. Novelty responses and differential effects of order in the amygdala, substantia innominata and inferior temporal cortex. Neuroimage 18 (2003) 660-669
268. Wright C.I., Negreira A., Gold A.L., Britton J.C., Williams D., and Barrett L.F. Neural correlates of novelty and face-age effects in young and elderly adults. Neuroimage 42 (2008) 956-968
269. Wright C.I., Williams D., Barrett L.F., Dickerson B., and Wedig M.W. Neuroanatomical correlates of extraversion and neuroticism. Cerebral Cortex 16 (2006) 1809-1819
270. Wundt W. Outlines of psychology (1998), Thoemmes Press, Bristol, UK (C.H. Judd, Trans.) (Original work published 1897)
271. Wurm L.H., Vakoch D.A., Strasser M.R., Calin-Jageman R., and Ross S.E. Speech perception and vocal expression of emotion. Cognition and Emotion 15 (2001) 831-852
272. Yang T.T., Menon V., Eliez S., Blasey C., White C.D., Reid A.J., et al. Amygdalar activation associated with positive and negative facial expressions. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 1737-1741
273. Yik M.S.M., Russell J.A., Ahn C., Fernández-Dols J.M., and Suzuki N. Relating the five-factor model of personality to a circumplex model of affect: A five language study. In: McCrae R.R., and Allik J. (Eds). The five-factor model of personality across cultures (2002), Kluwer/Plenum, New York, NY 79-104
274. Yik M.S.M., Russell J.A., and Barrett L.F. Integrating four structures of current mood into a circumplex: Integration and beyond. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999) 600-619
275. Young P.T. Emotion in man and animal; its nature and relation to attitude and motive (1943), Wiley, Oxford, England
276. Young A.M.J., Joseph M.H., and Gray J.A. Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 54 (1993) 5-9
277. Zald D.H., and Depue R.A. Serotonergic functioning correlates with positive and negative affect in psychiatrically healthy males. Personality and Individual Differences 30 (2001) 71-86
278. Zikopoulos B., and Barbas H. Circuits for multisensory integration and attentional modulation through the prefrontal cortex and the thalamic reticular nucleus in primates. Reviews in the Neurosciences 18 (2007) 417-438