Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from epidemiological studies

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 531-540

  Tolppanen, Anna Maija ^a   Solomon, Alina ^a,b   Soininen, Hilkka ^a,c   Kivipelto, Miia ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c KUOPIO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; blood pressure; cholesterol; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; metabolic syndrome X; obesity; risk factors; stroke; vascular diseases

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; CHOLESTEROL;

ADULTHOOD; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AORTA VALVE REGURGITATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY MASS; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84870922252     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2012-120802     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Kloppenborg RP, van den Berg E, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ (2008) Diabetes and other vascular risk factors for dementia: Which factor matters most? A systematic review. Eur J Pharmacol 585, 97-108.
2. Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N, Budge M, Young J (2011) Body mass index in midlife and late-Life as a risk factor for dementia: A meta-Analysis of prospective studies. Obes Rev 12, e426-e437.
3. Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y (2008) Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Obes Rev 9, 204-218. (Pubitemid 351550691)
4. Profenno LA, Porsteinsson AP, Faraone SV (2010) Metaanalysis of alzheimer's disease risk with obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Biol Psychiatry 67, 505-512.
5. Williams JW, Plassman BL, Burke J, Holsinger T, Benjamin S (2010) Preventing alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline. Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 193, 10-E005.
6. Knopman DS, Edland SD, Cha RH, Petersen RC, RoccaWA (2007) Incident dementia in women is preceded by weight loss by at least a decade. Neurology 69, 739-746. (Pubitemid 47300930)
7. Gustafson DR, Backman K, Joas E, Waern M, Ostling S, Guo X, Skoog I (2012) 37 years of body mass index and dementia: Observations from the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. J Alzheimers Dis 28, 163-171.
8. Barnes DE,YaffeK(2011) The projected effect of risk factor reduction on alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol 10, 819-828.
9. Bagi Z (2009) Mechanisms of coronary microvascular adaptation to obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297, R556-R567.
10. Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D (2006) Depression and risk for alzheimer disease: Systematic review, meta-Analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63, 530-538.
11. Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, Decarli C, Greenberg SM, Iadecola C, Launer LJ, Laurent S, Lopez OL, Nyenhuis D, Petersen RC, Schneider JA, Tzourio C, Arnett DK, Bennett DA, Chui HC, Higashida RT, Lindquist R, Nilsson PM, Roman GC, Sellke FW, Seshadri S, American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia (2011) Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart ssociation/American Stroke Association. Stroke 42, 2672-2713.
12. Power MC,Weuve J, Gagne JJ, McQueen MB,Viswanathan A, BlackerD(2011) The association between blood pressure and incident alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Epidemiology 22, 646-659.
13. Guan JW, Huang CQ, Li YH, Wan CM, You C, Wang ZR, Liu YY, Liu QX (2011) No association between hypertension and risk for alzheimer's disease: A meta-Analysis of longitudinal studies. J Alzheimers Dis 27, 799-807.
14. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (2001) Midlife vascular risk factors and alzheimer's disease in later life: Longitudinal, population based study. BMJ 322, 1447-1451. (Pubitemid 32575406)
15. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Foley D, Havlik RJ (1995) The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-Life cognitive function The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA 274, 1846-1851. (Pubitemid 26001260)
16. Swan GE, DeCarli C, Miller BL, Reed T,Wolf PA, Jack LM, Carmelli D (1998) Association of midlife blood pressure to late-Life cognitive decline and brain morphology. Neurology 51, 986-993. (Pubitemid 28473389)
17. Freitag MH, Peila R, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, White LR, Launer LJ (2006) Midlife pulse pressure and incidence of dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Stroke 37, 33-37. (Pubitemid 43732044)
18. Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry CP Jr,YaffeK(2005) Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: A 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 330, 1360.
19. Kilander L, Nyman H, Boberg M, Lithell H (2000) The association between low diastolic blood pressure in middle age and cognitive function in old age A population-Based study. Age Ageing 29, 243-248. (Pubitemid 30316209)
20. Kilander L, Nyman H, Boberg M, Hansson L, Lithell H (1998) Hypertension is related to cognitive impairment: A 20-year follow-up of 999 men. Hypertension 31, 780-786. (Pubitemid 28108576)
21. Yamada M, Kasagi F, Sasaki H, Masunari N, Mimori Y, Suzuki G (2003) Association between dementia and midlife risk factors: The Radiation Effects Research Foundation Adult Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 51, 410-414. (Pubitemid 36348905)
22. Kimm H, Lee PH, Shin YJ, Park KS, Jo J, Lee Y, Kang HC, Jee SH (2011) Mid-Life and late-Life vascular risk factors and dementia inKorean men andwomen. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 52, e117-e122.
23. Li J, Wang YJ, Zhang M, Xu ZQ, Gao CY, Fang CQ, Yan JC, Zhou HD, Chongqing Ageing Study Group (2011) Vascular risk factors promote conversion from mild cognitive impairment to alzheimer disease. Neurology 76, 14851491.
24. Ronnemaa E, Zethelius B, Lannfelt L, Kilander L (2011) Vascular risk factors and dementia: 40-year follow-up of a population-Based cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 31, 460-466.
25. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA (2007) Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-Dwelling older persons. Neurology 69, 21972204.
26. Qiu C, von Strauss E, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L (2004) Decline in blood pressure over time and risk of dementia: A longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen project. Stroke 35, 1810-1815. (Pubitemid 38971856)
27. Joas E, Backman K, Gustafson D, Ostling S,Waern M, Guo X, Skoog I (2012) Blood pressure trajectories from midlife to late life in relation to dementia in women followed for 37 years. Hypertension 59, 796-801.
28. Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Masaki K, Foley D, White LR, Havlik RJ (2000) Midlife blood pressure and dementia: The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 21, 49-55. (Pubitemid 30224785)
29. Chiang CJ, Yip PK, Wu SC, Lu CS, Liou CW, Liu HC, Liu CK, Chu CH, Hwang CS, Sung SF, Hsu YD, Chen CC, Liu SI, Yan SH, Fong CS, Chang SF, You SL, Chen CJ (2007) Midlife risk factors for subtypes of dementia:Anested casecontrol study in Taiwan. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15, 762771.
30. Morris MC, Scherr PA, Hebert LE, Glynn RJ, Bennett DA, EvansDA(2001) Association of incident alzheimer disease and blood pressure measured from 13 years before to 2 years after diagnosis in a large community study. Arch Neurol 58, 1640-1646. (Pubitemid 32963229)
31. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Cobb J, White LR (1993) Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: The Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 138, 353-364. (Pubitemid 23289288)
32. McGuinness B,Todd S, Passmore P, BullockR(2009) Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4), CD004034.
33. Anstey KJ, Lipnicki DM, Low LF (2008) Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: A systematic review of prospective studies with meta-Analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16, 343-354.
34. Stewart R, White LR, Xue QL, Launer LJ (2007) Twentysixyear change in total cholesterol levels and incident dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol 64, 103-107. (Pubitemid 46072431)
35. Mielke MM, Zandi PP, Shao H, Waern M, Ostling S, Guo X, Bjorkelund C, Lissner L, Skoog I, Gustafson DR (2010) The 32-year relationship between cholesterol and dementia from midlife to late life. Neurology 75, 1888-1895.
36. Notkola IL, Sulkava R, Pekkanen J, Erkinjuntti T, Ehnholm C, Kivinen P, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (1998) Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 17, 1420.
37. Whitmer RA, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston SC, Yaffe K (2005) Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 64, 277-281.
38. Tan ZS, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Wilson PW, Kiel DP, Tocco M, D'Agostino RB,Wolf PA(2003) Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for alzheimer disease: The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 163, 1053-1057. (Pubitemid 36548931)
39. Solomon A, Sippola R, Soininen H, Wolozin B, Tuomilehto J, Laatikainen T, Kivipelto M (2010) Lipid-Lowering treatment is related to decreased risk of dementia: A population-Based study (FINRISK). Neurodegener Dis 7, 180-182.
40. Bernick C, Katz R, Smith NL, Rapp S, Bhadelia R, Carlson M,Kuller L, Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group (2005) Statins and cognitive function in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology 65, 1388-1394. (Pubitemid 41552767)
41. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-Risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360, 7-22.
42. Packard CJ, Ford I, Robertson M, Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlane PW, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweeney BJ, Twomey C, Westendorp RG, PROSPER Study Group (2005) Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins as predictors of cardiovascular risk and treatment benefit in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Circulation 112, 30583065.
43. Feldman HH, Doody RS, Kivipelto M, Sparks DL, Waters DD, Jones RW, Schwam E, Schindler R, Hey-Hadavi J, DeMiccoDA, Breazna A, LEADe Investigators (2010) Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate alzheimer disease: LEADe. Neurology 74, 956-964.
44. Muldoon MF, Barger SD, Ryan CM, Flory JD, Lehoczky JP, Matthews KA, Manuck SB (2000) Effects of lovastatin on cognitive function and psychological well-Being. Am J Med 108, 538-546. (Pubitemid 30249031)
45. Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Sereika SM, Flory JD, Manuck SB (2004) Randomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in hypercholesterolemic adults. Am J Med 117, 823-829. (Pubitemid 39602790)
46. McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Passmore P (2009) Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2), CD003160.
47. Ligthart SA, Moll van Charante EP, Van GoolWA, Richard E (2010) Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors to prevent cognitive decline, dementia: A systematic review. Vasc Health Risk Manag 6, 775-785.
48. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, Buse J, Deedwania P, Gale EA, Howard BV, Kirkman MS, Kosiborod M, Reaven P, Sherwin RS, American Diabetes Association, American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association (2009) Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: Implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA diabetes trials: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Circulation 119, 351-357.
49. Grimley EV, Areosa SA (2003) Effect of the treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD003804.
50. Launer LJ, Miller ME,Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Gerstein HC, Murray AM, Sullivan M, Horowitz KR, Ding J, Marcovina S, Lovato LC, Lovato J, Margolis KL, O'Connor P, Lipkin EW, Hirsch J, Coker L, Maldjian J, Sunshine JL, Truwit C, Davatzikos C, Bryan RN, ACCORD MIND investigators (2011) Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): A randomised open-Label substudy. Lancet Neurol 10, 969-977.
51. ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F (2008) Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358, 2560-2572. (Pubitemid 351831357)
52. de Galan BE, Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Anderson C, Dufouil C, Pillai A, Cooper M, Grobbee DE, Hackett M, Hamet P, Heller SR, Lisheng L, Macmahon S, Mancia G, Neal B, Pan CY, Patel A, Poulter N, Travert F, Woodward M, ADVANCE Collaborative Group (2009) Cognitive function and risks of cardiovascular disease and hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial. Diabetologia 52, 2328-2336.
53. Cukierman-Yaffe T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD, Lazar RM, Lovato L, Miller ME, Coker LH, Murray A, Sullivan MD, Marcovina SM, Launer LJ, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Memory in Diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) Investigators (2009) Relationship between baseline glycemic control and cognitive function in individuals with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors: The action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes-memory in diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial. Diabetes Care 32, 221-226.
54. Ryan CM, Geckle M (2000) Why is learning and memory dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes limited to older adults? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 16, 308-315.
55. Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Honig LS, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R (2005) Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident alzheimer disease. Neurology 65, 545-551. (Pubitemid 41170713)
56. Kalmijn S, FoleyD,White L, Burchfiel CM, Curb JD, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Havlik RJ, Launer LJ (2000) Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in JapaneseAmerican elderly men The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20, 2255-2260.
57. Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K, Simonsick EM, Harris T, Shorr RI, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB (2004) The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 292, 2237-2242. (Pubitemid 39473161)
58. Ho RC, Niti M, Yap KB, Kua EH, Ng TP (2008) Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in chinese older adults: Results from the singapore longitudinal ageing studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16, 519-522.
59. Muller M, Tang MX, Schupf N, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA (2007) Metabolic syndrome and dementia risk in a multiethnic elderly cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 24, 185-192. (Pubitemid 47312668)
60. van den Berg E, Biessels GJ, de Craen AJ, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RG (2007) The metabolic syndrome is associated with decelerated cognitive decline in the oldest old. Neurology 69, 979-985. (Pubitemid 47366051)
61. Forti P, Pisacane N, Rietti E, Lucicesare A, Olivelli V, Mariani E, Mecocci P, Ravaglia G (2010) Metabolic syndrome and risk of dementia in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 58, 487-492.
62. Vanhanen M, Koivisto K, Moilanen L, Helkala EL, Hanninen T, Soininen H, Kervinen K, Kesaniemi YA, Laakso M, Kuusisto J (2006) Association of metabolic syndrome with alzheimer disease: A population-Based study. Neurology 67, 843-847. (Pubitemid 44394200)
63. Strazzullo P, D'Elia L, Cairella G, Garbagnati F, Cappuccio FP, Scalfi L (2010) Excess body weight and incidence of stroke: Meta-Analysis of prospective studies with 2 million participants. Stroke 41, e418-e426.
64. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ (2010) The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 56, 11131132.
65. Psaty BM, Smith NL, Siscovick DS, Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Heckbert SR, Lemaitre RN, Wagner EH, Furberg CD (1997) Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-Line agents A systematic review and meta-Analysis. JAMA 277, 739-745. (Pubitemid 27106227)
66. Stettler C, Allemann S, Juni P, Cull CA, Holman RR, Egger M, Krahenbuhl S, Diem P (2006) Glycemic control and macrovascular disease in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: Meta-Analysis of randomized trials. Am Heart J 152, 27-38. (Pubitemid 43974725)
67. Huxley RR, Barzi F, Lam TH, Czernichow S, Fang X,Welborn T, Shaw J, Ueshima H, Zimmet P, Jee SH, Patel JV, Caterson I, Perkovic V, Woodward M, Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration and the Obesity in Asia Collaboration (2011) Isolated low levels of high-Density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease: An individual participant data meta-Analysis of 23 studies in the Asia-Pacific region. Circulation 124, 2056-2064.
68. de la Torre JC (1997) Hemodynamic consequences of deformed microvessels in the brain in alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 826, 75-91.
69. Juo SH (2009) Genetics of carotid atherosclerosis. Front Biosci 14, 4525-4534.
70. Elosua R, Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Fox CS, Polak JF, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RAS, O'Donnell CJ (2004) Association of APOE genotype with carotid atherosclerosis in men and women: The Framingham Heart Study. J Lipid Res 45, 1868-1875. (Pubitemid 40990879)
71. Watanabe T, Koba S, Kawamura M, Itokawa M, Idei T, Nakagawa Y, Iguchi T, Katagiri T (2004) Small dense lowdensity lipoprotein and carotid atherosclerosis in relation to vascular dementia. Metabolism 53, 476-482. (Pubitemid 38419191)
72. Wendell CR, Zonderman AB, Metter EJ, Najjar SS, Waldstein SR (2009) Carotid intimal medial thickness predicts cognitive decline among adults without clinical vascular disease. Stroke 40, 3180-3185.
73. van Oijen M, de Jong FJ, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM (2007) Atherosclerosis and risk for dementia. Ann Neurol 61, 403-410. (Pubitemid 46878768)
74. Bos D, Vernooij MW, Elias-Smale SE, Verhaaren BF, Vrooman HA, Hofman A, Niessen WJ, Witteman JC, van der Lugt A, Ikram MA (2012) Atherosclerotic calcification relates to cognitive function and to brain changes on magnetic resonance imaging. Alzheimers Dement, doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.01.008.
75. Newman AB, Fitzpatrick AL, Lopez O, Jackson S, Lyketsos C, Jagust W, Ives D, Dekosky ST, Kuller LH (2005) Dementia and alzheimer's disease incidence in relationship to cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc 53, 1101-1107. (Pubitemid 41632508)
76. Pullicino PM, Halperin JL, Thompson JL (2000) Stroke in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Neurology 54, 288-294. (Pubitemid 30078055)
77. Zito M, Muscari A, Marini E, Di Iorio A, Puddu GM, Abate G (1996) Silent lacunar infarcts in elderly patients with chronic non valvular atrial fibrillation. Aging (Milano) 8, 341-346.
78. Reitz C, Brickman AM, Luchsinger JA,Wu WE, Small SA, Tang MX (2007) Frequency of subclinical heart disease in elderly persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 16, 183-188.
79. Dolan H, Crain B, Troncoso J, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Obrien RJ (2010) Atherosclerosis, dementia, and alzheimer disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging cohort. Ann Neurol 68, 231-240.
80. Dublin S, Anderson ML, Haneuse SJ, Heckbert SR, Crane PK, Breitner JC, McCormick W, Bowen JD, Teri L, McCurry SM, Larson EB (2011) Atrial fibrillation and risk of dementia: A prospective cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 59, 1369-1375.
81. Forti P, Maioli F, Pisacane N, Rietti E, Montesi F, Ravaglia G (2006) Atrial fibrillation and risk of dementia in nondemented elderly subjects with and without mild cognitive impairment. Neurol Res 28, 625-629. (Pubitemid 44433321)
82. Bunch TJ,Weiss JP, Crandall BG, May HT, Bair TL, Osborn JS, Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, Lappe DL, Day JD (2010) Atrial fibrillation is independently associated with senile, vascular, and alzheimer's dementia. Heart Rhythm 7, 433-437.
83. Mielke MM, Rosenberg PB, Tschanz J, Cook L, Corcoran C, Hayden KM, Norton M, Rabins PV, Green RC, WelshBohmer KA, Breitner JC, Munger R, Lyketsos CG (2007) Vascular factors predict rate of progression in alzheimer disease. Neurology 69, 1850-1858. (Pubitemid 350071146)
84. Qiu C, Winblad B, Marengoni A, Klarin I, Fastbom J, Fratiglioni L (2006) Heart failure and risk of dementia and alzheimer disease: A population-Based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 166, 1003-1008.
85. Ettorre E, Cicerchia M, De Benedetto G, Fossati C, Guglielmi S, Manzon L, Servello A, Petrillo A, Marigliano V (2009) A possible role of atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 49(Suppl 1), 71-76.
86. Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Franco OH, Ikram MA, Janssen HL, Klaver CC, Kuipers EJ, Nijsten TE, Stricker BH, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vernooij MW, Witteman JC (2011) The rotterdam study: 2012 objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemiol 26, 657-686.
87. Brady CB, Spiro A 3rd, McGlinchey-Berroth R, Milberg W, Gaziano JM (2001) Stroke risk predicts verbal fluency decline in healthy older men: Evidence from the normative aging study. J GerontolBPsychol Sci Soc Sci 56, P340-P346. (Pubitemid 33029896)
88. Elias MF, Sullivan LM, D'Agostino RB, Elias PK, Beiser A, Au R, Seshadri S, DeCarli C, Wolf PA (2004) Framingham stroke risk profile and lowered cognitive performance. Stroke 35, 404-409. (Pubitemid 38174420)
89. Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Xie J, Huppert FA,Melzer D, Langa KM (2008) Framingham Stroke Risk Profile and poor cognitive function: A population-Based study. BMC Neurol 8, 12.
90. Dik MG, Deeg DJ, Bouter LM, Corder EH, Kok A, Jonker C (2000) Stroke and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 are independent risk factors for cognitive decline: A population-Based study. Stroke 31, 2431-2436.
91. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Colacicco AM, D'Introno A, Capurso C, Torres F, Grigoletto F, Maggi S, Del Parigi A, Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Scafato E, Farchi G, Capurso A, Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group (2004) Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia. Neurology 63, 1882-1891. (Pubitemid 39532385)
92. Honig LS, TangMX,Albert S, Costa R, Luchsinger J, Manly J, SternY, MayeuxR(2003) Stroke and the risk of alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 60, 1707-1712. (Pubitemid 37521623)
93. Yip AG, Brayne C, Matthews FE, MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (2006) Risk factors for incident dementia in England and Wales: The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study A population-Based nested case-control study. Age Ageing 35, 154-160.
94. Gamaldo A, Moghekar A, Kilada S, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, O'Brien R (2006) Effect of a clinical stroke on the risk of dementia in a prospective cohort. Neurology 67, 1363-1369. (Pubitemid 44632058)
95. Reitz C, Bos MJ, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM (2008) Prestroke cognitive performance, incident stroke, and risk of dementia: The rotterdam study. Stroke 39, 3641.
96. Leys D, Henon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, Pasquier F (2005) Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol 4, 752-759. (Pubitemid 41457291)
97. Casserly I, Topol E (2004) Convergence of atherosclerosis and alzheimer's disease: Inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins. Lancet 363, 1139-1146. (Pubitemid 38452789)
98. Mielke MM, Leoutsakos JM, Tschanz JT, Green RC, Tripodis Y, Corcoran CD, Norton MC, Lyketsos CG (2011) Interaction between vascular factors and the APOE epsilon4 allele in predicting rate of progression in alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 26, 127-134.
99. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA,MarkesberyWR(1997) Brain infarction and the clinical expression of alzheimer disease TheNunStudy. JAMA277, 813-817. (Pubitemid 27111317)
100. Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Bennett DA (2004) Cerebral infarctions and the likelihood of dementia from alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 62, 1148-1155. (Pubitemid 38456510)
101. Rastas S, Verkkoniemi A, Polvikoski T, Juva K, Niinisto L, Mattila K, Lansimies E, Pirttila T, Sulkava R (2007) Atrial fibrillation, stroke, and cognition: A longitudinal population-Based study of people aged 85 and older. Stroke 38, 1454-1460. (Pubitemid 46684144)
102. Troncoso JC, Zonderman AB, Resnick SM, Crain B, Pletnikova O, O'Brien RJ (2008) Effect of infarcts on dementia in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Ann Neurol 64, 168-176.
103. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, Hyman B, Kukull WA, Mayeux R, Myers RH, Pericak-Vance MA, Risch N, van Duijn CM (1997) Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and alzheimer disease A meta-Analysis. APOE and alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA 278, 13491356.
104. Kivipelto M, Rovio S, Ngandu T, Kareholt I, Eskelinen M, Winblad B, Hachinski V, Cedazo-Minguez A, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (2008) Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: A population-Based study. J Cell Mol Med 12, 2762-2771.
105. Helzner EP, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S, Brickman AM, Glymour MM, Stern Y (2009) Contribution of vascular risk factors to the progression in alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 66, 343-348.
106. Hall K, Murrell J, Ogunniyi A, DeegM, Baiyewu O, Gao S, Gureje O, Dickens J, Evans R, Smith-Gamble V, Unverzagt FW, Shen J, HendrieH(2006) Cholesterol,APOEgenotype, and alzheimer disease: An epidemiologic study of Nigerian Yoruba. Neurology 66, 223-227. (Pubitemid 43970158)
107. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF (1988) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 8, 1-21. (Pubitemid 18049171)
108. NiuW, Qi Y, Qian Y, Gao P, Zhu D (2009) The relationship between apolipoprotein E epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4 polymorphisms and hypertension: A meta-Analysis of six studies comprising 1812 cases and 1762 controls. Hypertens Res 32, 1060-1066.
109. Beeri MS, Rapp M, Silverman JM, Schmeidler J, Grossman HT, Fallon JT, Purohit DP, Perl DP, Siddiqui A, Lesser G, Rosendorff C, Haroutunian V (2006) Coronary artery disease is associated with alzheimer disease neuropathology in APOE4 carriers. Neurology 66, 1399-1404. (Pubitemid 43739650)
110. Mortimer JA, Snowdon DA, Markesbery WR (2009) The effect of APOE-epsilon4 on dementia is mediated by alzheimer neuropathology. alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 23, 152-157.
111. Kivipelto M, Solomon A, Ngandu T (2009) Vascular factors in alzheimer's disease: From diagnostic dichotomy to integrative etiology. In Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice,Wahlund L, Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 178-191.