Vascular factors in alzheimer’s disease: From diagnostic dichotomy to integrative etiology

Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 178-194

  Kivipelto, Miia ^a,b   Solomon, Alina ^a,b   Ngandu, Tiia ^a,b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953164671     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511575976.015     Document Type: Chapter

References (46)

1. Aguero-Torres H, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E. Rethinking the dementia diagnoses in a population-based study: what is Alzheimer’s disease and what is vascular dementia? A study from the Kungsholmen Project. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 22: 244–9.
2. Berchtold NC, Kesslak JP, Cotman CW. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene regulation by exercise and the medial septum. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68: 511–21.
3. Björkhem I. Crossing the barrier: oxysterols as cholesterol transporters and metabolic modulators in the brain. J Int Med 2006; 260: 493–508.
4. Calon F, Lim GP, Yang F, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid protects from dendritic pathology in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Neuron 2004; 43(5): 633–45.
5. Cedazo-Minguez A, Cowburn RF. Apolipoprotein E: a major piece in the Alzheimer’s disease puzzle. J Cell Mol Med 2001; 5: 254–66.
6. Colcombe, SJ, Kramer, AF, Erickson, KI, et al. Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(9): 3316–21.
7. de la Torre JC. Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence. Stroke 2002; 33: 1152–62.
8. Ding J, Eigenbrodt ML, Mosley TH Jr, et al. Alcohol intake and cerebral abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging in a community-based population of middleaged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke 2004; 35(1): 16–21.
9. Fratiglioni L, Paillard-Borg S, Winblad B. An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3(6): 343–53.
10. Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jonhagen M, Cederholm T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 2006; 63(10): 1402–08.
11. Giannakopoulos P, Gold G, Kovari E, et al. Assessing the cognitive impact of Alzheimer disease pathology and vascular burden in the aging brain: the Geneva experience. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2007; 113(1): 1–12.
12. Girouard H, Iadecola C. Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension, stroke, and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100(1): 328–35.
13. Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, Steen B, Skoog I. An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1524–8.
14. Honig LS, Kukull W, Mayeux R. Atherosclerosis and AD. Analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. Neurology 2005; 64: 494–500.
15. Jellinger KA. The enigma of vascular cognitive disorder and vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113(4): 349–88.
16. Kalaria RN. Overlap with Alzheimer’s disease. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthiers, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2002.
17. Kalaria RN, Ballard C. Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; Oct–Dec; 13 Suppl 3: S115–23.
18. Kivipelto M, Helkala E-L, Laakso MP, et al. Apolipoprotein E e4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 149–55.
19. Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, et al. Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1556–60.
20. Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, Winblad B, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J. Risk score for prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal population based study. Lancet Neurol 2006; 9: 735–41.
21. Kramer A, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, et al. Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature 1999; 400: 418–19.
22. Laitinen M, Ngandu T, Rovio S, et al. Fat intake at midlife and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 22: 99–107.
23. Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu–Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21: 49–55.
24. Launer LJ, White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Curb JD. Cholesterol and neuropathologic markers of AD: a population-based autopsy study. Neurology 2001; 57: 1447–52.
25. Libon DJ, Price CC, Heilman KM, Grossman M. Alzheimer’s ‘other dementia’. Cognit Behav Neurol 2006; 19: 112–16.
26. Luchsinger JA, Mayeux R. Dietary factors and AD. Lancet Neurol, 2004; 3: 579–87.
27. Martins IJ, Hone E, Foster JK, et al. Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular disease. Molec Psychiatry 2006; 11: 721–36.
28. Mukamal KJ, Longstreth WT Jr, Mittleman MA, Crum RM, Siscovick DS. Alcohol consumption and subclinical findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Stroke 2001; 32(9): 1939–46.
29. Oksman M, Iivonen H, Hogyes E, et al. Impact of different saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol containing diets on beta-amyloid accumulation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23(3): 563–72.
30. Pappolla MA, Bryant-Thomas TK, Herbert D, et al. Mild hypercholesterolemia is an early risk factor for the development of Alzheimer amyloid pathology. Neurology 2003; 61(2): 199–205.
31. Peila R, White LR, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Launer LJ. Reducing the risk of dementia: efficacy of long-term treatment of hypertension. Stroke 2006; 37(5): 1165–70.
32. Qiu WQ, Folstein MF. Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-b peptide in Alzheimer’s disease: review and hypothesis. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 190–8.
33. Roman GC, Kalaria RN. Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 1769–85.
34. Rockwood K. The mixed dementias. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthiers, eds. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2002.
35. Rockwood K. Epidemiological and clinical trials evidence about a preventive role for statins in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2006; 185: 71–7.
36. Rovio S, Ka?reholt I, Helkala E-L, et al. Leisure time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 705–10.
37. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation. Arch Neurol 2006; 63(12): 1709–17.
38. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 347: 1141–5.
39. Simons M, Schwarzler F, Lutjohann D, et al. Treatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 346–50.
40. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1997; 277: 813–17.
41. Solomon A, Kareholt I, Ngandu T, et al. Serum cholesterol changes after midlife and late-life cognition: 21-year follow-up study. Neurology 2007; 68(10): 751–6.
42. Sparks DL, Scheff SW, Hunsaker JC 3rd, Liu H, Landers T, Gross DR. Induction of Alzheimer-like betaamyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol. Exp Neurol 1994; 126(1): 88–94.
43. Sparks DL, Sabbagh MN, Connor DJ, et al. Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 753–7.
44. Stewart R, White LR, Xue QL, Launer LJ. Twenty-six-year change in total cholesterol levels and incident dementia: the Honolulu–Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol 2007; 64(1): 103–07.
45. Tong L, Shen H, Perreau VM, Balazs R, Cotman CW. Effects of exercise on gene-expression profile in the rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8: 1046–56.
46. Whitmer RA, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston SC, Yaffe K. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 2005; 64(2): 277–81.