Developmental diversity of amphibians

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 345-369

  Elinson, Richard P ^a   del Pino, Eugenia M ^b  

^a DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR   (Ecuador)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PIGMENT; RNA; THYROID HORMONE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LHX1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADAPTATION; AMPHIBIA; ANURA; BLASTOCOEL; BLASTOPORE; BRACHETS CEFT; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; EGG LAYING; EGG SIZE; EGG YOLK; ENDODERM; GASTRULATION; GYMNOPHIONA; HEAD; HUMAN; LIMB DEVELOPMENT; MESODERM; MORPHOGENESIS; MOUTH; NONHUMAN; NOTOCHORD; OOCYTE; OOCYTE CLEAVAGE; OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; PHYLOGENY; REVIEW; SALAMANDER; TADPOLE; TAIL;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; AMPHIBIANS; ANIMALS; GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT; OOGENESIS; PHYLOGENY; RNA;

EID: 84870915840     PISSN: 17597684     EISSN: 17597692     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.23     Document Type: Review

References (253)

1. Holtfreter J, Hamburger V. Amphibians. In: Willier BH, Weiss PA, Hamburger V, eds. Analysis of Development. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company; 1955, 230-296.
2. Gurdon JB, Hopwood N. The introduction of Xenopus laevis into developmental biology: of empire, pregnancy testing and ribosomal genes. Int J Dev Biol 2000, 44:43-50.
3. Callery EM. There's more than one frog in the pond: a survey of the Amphibia and their contributions to developmental biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006, 17:80-92.
4. Beetschen JC. How did urodele embryos come into prominence as a model system? Int J Dev Biol 1996, 40:629-636.
5. Malacinski GM. Rufus R. Humphrey (1892-1977). Am Zool 1978, 18:191-193.
6. Smith JJ, Putta S, Zhu W, Pao GM, Verma IM, Hunter T, Bryant SV, Gardiner DM, Harkins TT, Voss SR. Genic regions of a large salamander genome contain long introns and novel genes. BMC Genomics 2009, 10:19.
7. Elinson RP. Fertilization in amphibians: the ancestry of the block to polyspermy. Int Rev Cytol 1986, 101:59-100.
8. Iwao Y. Fertilization in amphibians. In: Tarin JJ, Cano A, eds. Fertilization in Protozoa and Metazoan Animals, Cellular and Molecular Aspects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2000, 147-191.
9. Nieuwkoop PD, Sutasurya LA. Primordial Germ Cells in the Chordates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1979.
10. Johnson AD, Crother B, White ME, Patient R, Bachvarova RF, Drum M, Masi T. Regulative germ cell specification in axolotl embryos: a primitive trait conserved in the mammalian lineage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 358:1371-1379.
11. Johnson AD, Drum M, Bachvarova RF, Masi T, White ME, Crother BI. Evolution of predetermined germ cells in vertebrate embryos: implications for macroevolution. Evol Dev 2003, 5:414-431.
12. Johnson AD, Richardson E, Bachvarova RF, Crother BI. Evolution of the germ line-soma relationship in vertebrate embryos. Reproduction 2011, 141:291-300.
13. Rose CS. Hormonal control of larval development and evolution-amphibians. In: Hall BK, Wake MH, eds. The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1999, 167-216.
14. Stocum DL, Cameron JA. Looking proximally and distally: 100 years of limb regeneration and beyond. Dev Dyn 2011, 240:943-968.
15. Duellman WE, Trueb L. Biology of Amphibians. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1986.
16. Thibaudeau G, Altig R. Endotrophic anurans, development and evolution. In: McDiarmid RW, Altig R, eds. Tadpoles, the Biology of Anuran Larvae. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1999, 170-188.
17. Cannatella DC, Vieites DR, Zhang P, Wake MH, Wake DB. Amphibians (Lissamphibia). In: Hedges SB, Kumar S, eds. The Timetree of Life. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009, 353-356.
18. Bossuyt F, Roelants K. Frogs and toads (Anura). In: Hedges SB, Kumar S, eds. The Timetree of Life. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009, 357-364.
19. Wake MH. A brief history of research on gymnophionan reproductive biology and development. In: Exbrayat J-M, ed. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Gymnophionans. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers; 2006, 1-37.
20. Dunker N, Wake MH, Olson WM. Embryonic and larval development in the caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia, gymnophiona): a staging table. J Morphol 2000, 243:3-34.
21. Woltering JM, Vonk FJ, Muller H, Bardine N, Tuduce IL, de Bakker MA, Knochel W, Sirbu IO, Durston AJ, Richardson MK. Axial patterning in snakes and caecilians: evidence for an alternative interpretation of the Hox code. Dev Biol 2009, 332:82-89.
22. Kohlsdorf T, Cummings MP, Lynch VJ, Stopper GF, Takahashi K, Wagner GP. A molecular footprint of limb loss: sequence variation of the autopodial identity gene Hoxa-13. J Mol Evol 2008, 67:581-593.
23. Mannaert A, Amemiya CT, Bossuyt F. Comparative analyses of vertebrate posterior HoxD clusters reveal atypical cluster architecture in the caecilian Typhlonectes natans. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:658.
24. Kleinteich T. Ontogenetic differences in the feeding biomechanics of oviparous and viviparous caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona). Zoology (Jena) 2010, 113:283-294.
25. Kupfer A, Muller H, Antoniazzi MM, Jared C, Greven H, Nussbaum RA, Wilkinson M. Parental investment by skin feeding in a caecilian amphibian. Nature 2006, 440:926-929.
26. Wilkinson M, Kupfer A, Marques-Porto R, Jeffkins H, Antoniazzi MM, Jared C. One hundred million years of skin feeding? Extended parental care in a Neotropical caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Biol Lett 2008, 4:358-361.
27. Hanken J. Larvae in amphibian development and evolution. In: Hall BK, Wake MH, eds. The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1999, 61-108.
28. Nieuwkoop PD. What are the key advantages and disadvantages of urodele species compared to anurans as a model system for experimental analysis of early development? Int J Dev Biol 1996, 40:617-619.
29. Page RB, Boley MA, Smith JJ, Putta S, Voss SR. Microarray analysis of a salamander hopeful monster reveals transcriptional signatures of paedomorphic brain development. BMC Evol Biol 2010, 10:199.
30. Page RB, Monaghan JR, Walker JA, Voss SR. A model of transcriptional and morphological changes during thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis of the axolotl. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009, 162: 219-232.
31. Huggins P, Johnson CK, Schoergendorfer A, Putta S, Bathke AC, Stromberg AJ, Voss SR. Identification of differentially expressed thyroid hormone responsive genes from the brain of the Mexican Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012, 155:128-135.
32. Sprules WG. Environmental factors and the incidence of neoteny in Ambystoma gracile (Baird) (Amphibia: Caudata). Can J Zool 1974, 52:1545-1552.
33. Doyle JM, Whiteman HH. Paedomorphosis in Ambystoma talpoideum: effects of initial body size variation and density. Oecologia 2008, 156:87-94.
34. Voss SR, Shaffer HB. What insights into the developmental traits of urodeles does the study of interspecific hybrids provide? Int J Dev Biol 1996, 40:885-893.
35. Malacinski GM. The Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum: its biology and developmental genetics, and its autonomous cell-lethal genes. Am Zool 1978, 18:195-206.
36. Safi R, Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Duffraisse M, Seugnet I, Plateroti M, Margotat A, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Crespi EJ, Denver RJ, Demeneix B, et al. Pedomorphosis revisited: thyroid hormone receptors are functional in Necturus maculosus. Evol Dev 2006, 8:284-292.
37. Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Safi R, Guillem P, Leteurtre E, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Laudet V. Thyroid hormone receptor expression in the obligatory paedomorphic salamander Necturus maculosus. Int J Dev Biol 2006, 50:553-560.
38. Wassersug RJ. The adaptive significance of the tadpole stage with comments on the maintenance of complex life cycles in anurans. Am Zool 1975, 15:405-417.
39. Rot-Nikcevic I, Wassersug RJ. Arrested development in Xenopus laevis tadpoles: how size constrains metamorphosis. J Exp Biol 2004, 207:2133-2145.
40. Wake DB, Hanken J. Direct development in the lungless salamanders: what are the consequences for developmental biology, evolution and phylogenesis? Int J Dev Biol 1996, 40:859-869.
41. Collazo A, Keller R. Early development of Ensatina eschscholtzii: an amphibian with a large, yolky egg. Evodevo 2010, 1:6.
42. del Pino EM, Elinson RP. Gastrulation produces an embryonic disc, a novel developmental pattern for frogs. Nature 1983, 306:589-591.
43. Chippindale PT, Bonett RM, Baldwin AS, Wiens JJ. Phylogenetic evidence for a major reversal of life-history evolution in plethodontid salamanders. Evolution 2004, 58:2809-2822.
44. In: Altig R, McDiarmid RW, eds. Tadpoles, the Biology of Anuran Larvae. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1999.
45. Haas A, Hertwig S, Das I. Extreme tadpoles: the morphology of the fossorial megophryid larva, Leptobrachella mjobergi. Zoology (Jena) 2006, 109:26-42.
46. Handrigan GR, Haas A, Wassersug RJ. Bony-tailed tadpoles: the development of supernumerary caudal vertebrae in larval megophryids (Anura). Evol Dev 2007, 9:190-202.
47. Handrigan GR, Wassersug RJ. The metamorphic fate of supernumerary caudal vertebrae in South Asian litter frogs (Anura: Megophryidae). J Anat 2007, 211: 271-279.
48. Mohanty-Hejmadi P, Dutta SK, Mahapatra P. Limbs generated at site of tail amputation in marbled balloon frog after vitamin A treatment. Nature 1992, 355:352-353.
49. Maden M, Corcoran J. Role of thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors in the homeotic transformation of tails into limbs in frogs. Dev Genet 1996, 19:85-93.
50. Handrigan GR, Wassersug RJ. The anuran Bauplan: a review of the adaptive, developmental, and genetic underpinnings of frog and tadpole morphology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007, 82:1-25.
51. Ruibal R, Thomas E. The obligate carnivorous larvae of the frog, Lepidobatrachus laevis (Leptodactylidae). Copeia 1988, 1988:591-604.
52. Carroll EJ, Jr, Seneviratne AM, Ruibal R. Gastric pepsin in an anuran larva. Dev Growth Differ 1991, 33:499-507.
53. Pfennig D. The adaptive significance of an environmentally-cued developmental switch in an anuran tadpole. Oecologia 1990, 85:101-107.
54. Pfennig DW, Murphy PJ. Character displacement in polyphenic tadpoles. Evolution 2000, 54:1738-1749.
55. Storz BL, Travis J. Temporally dissociated, trait-specific modifications underlie phenotypic polyphenism in Spea multiplicata tadpoles, which suggests modularity. ScientificWorldJournal 2007, 7:715-726.
56. Storz BL, Moerland TS. Spadefoot-tadpole polyphenism: histological analysis of differential muscle growth in carnivores and omnivores. J Morphol 2009, 270:1262-1268.
57. Ledon-Rettig CC, Pfennig DW, Crespi EJ. Diet and hormonal manipulation reveal cryptic genetic variation: implications for the evolution of novel feeding strategies. Proc Biol Sci 2010, 277:3569-3578.
58. Ledon-Rettig CC, Pfennig DW, Nascone-Yoder N. Ancestral variation and the potential for genetic accommodation in larval amphibians: implications for the evolution of novel feeding strategies. Evol Dev 2008, 10:316-325.
59. Lannoo MJ, Bachmann MD. Aspects of cannibalistic morphs in a population of Ambystoma t. tigrinum larvae. Am Midl Nat 1984, 112:103-109.
60. Michimae H, Wakahara M. A tadpole-induced polyphenism in the salamander Hynobius retardatus. Evolution 2002, 56:2029-2038.
61. Michimae H, Wakahara M. Variation in cannibalistic polyphenism between populations in the salamander Hynobius retardatus. Zoolog Sci 2002, 19:703-707.
62. Collins JP, Cheek JE. Effect of food and density on development of typical and cannibalistic salamander larvae in Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum. Am Zool 1983, 23:77-84.
63. Pfennig DW, Collins JP. Kinship affects morphogenesis in cannibalistic salamanders. Nature 1993, 362:836-838.
64. Michimae H, Nishimura K, Wakahara M. Mechanical vibrations from tadpoles' flapping tails transform salamander's carnivorous morphology. Biol Lett 2005, 1:75-77.
65. Michimae H, Nishimura K, Tamori Y, Wakahara M. Maternal effects on phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus. Oecologia 2009, 160:601-608.
66. Altig R, Johnston GF. Guilds of anuran larvae: relationships among developmental modes, morphologies, and habitats. Herpetol Monogr 1989, 3:81-109.
67. Vera Candioti MF, Ubeda C, Lavilla EO. Morphology and metamorphosis of Eupsophus calcaratus tadpoles (Anura: Leptodactylidae). J Morphol 2005, 264:161-177.
68. Crump ML. Life history consequences of feeding versus non-feeding in a facultatively non-feeding toad larva. Oecologia 1989, 78:486-489.
69. Ron SR, Santos JC, Cannatella DC. Phylogeny of the tungara frog genus Engystomops (= Physalaemus pustulosus species group; Anura: Leptodactylidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006, 39:392-403.
70. Ryan MJ. The Túngara Frog: A Study in Sexual Selection and Communication. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press; 1985.
71. Ryan MJ, Rand AS. Sexual selection in female perceptual space: how female tungara frogs perceive and respond to complex population variation in acoustic mating signals. Evolution 2003, 57:2608-2618.
72. Mackenzie CD, Smith BO, Meister A, Blume A, Zhao X, Lu JR, Kennedy MW, Cooper A. Ranaspumin-2: structure and function of a surfactant protein from the foam nests of a tropical frog. Biophys J 2009, 96:4984-4992.
73. Davidson EH, Hough BR. Synchronous oogenesis in Engystomops pustulosus, a neotropic anuran suitable for laboratory studies: localization in the embryo of RNA synthesized at the lampbrush stage. J Exp Zool 1969, 172:25-48.
74. Dalgetty L, Kennedy MW. Building a home from foam-tungara frog foam nest architecture and three-phase construction process. Biol Lett 2010, 6:293-296.
75. Romero-Carvajal A, Saenz-Ponce N, Venegas-Ferrin M, Almeida-Reinoso D, Lee C, Bond J, Ryan MJ, Wallingford JB, del Pino EM. Embryogenesis and laboratory maintenance of the foam-nesting tungara frogs, genus Engystomops (= Physalaemus). Dev Dyn 2009, 238:1444-1454.
76. Hough BR, Yancey PH, Davidson EH. Persistence of maternal RNA in Engystomops embryos. J Exp Zool 1973, 185:357-368.
77. Radice GP, Neff AW, Shim YH, Brustis JJ, Malacinski GM. Developmental histories in amphibian myogenesis. Int J Dev Biol 1989, 33:325-343.
78. Gatherer D, del Pino EM. Somitogenesis in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae. Int J Dev Biol 1992, 36:283-291.
79. del Pino EM, Venegas-Ferrín M, Romero-Carvajal A, Montenegro-Larrea P, Sáenz-Ponce N, Moya IM, Alarcón I, Sudou N, Yamamoto S, Taira M. A comparative analysis of frog early development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:11882-11888.
80. Afonin B, Ho M, Gustin JK, Meloty-Kapella C, Domingo CR. Cell behaviors associated with somite segmentation and rotation in Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2006, 235:3268-3279.
81. Nieuwkoop PD, Faber J. Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). New York: Garland Publishing; 1994.
82. Hausen P, Riebesell M. The Early Development of Xenopus laevis. Berlin: Springer; 1991.
83. Pollister AW, Moore JA. Tables for the normal development of Rana sylvatica. Anat Rec 1937, 68:489-496.
84. del Pino EM, Escobar B. Embryonic stages of Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler) during maternal incubation and comparison of development with that of other egg-brooding hylid frogs. J Morphol 1981, 167:277-295.
85. del Pino EM, Avila ME, Pérez OD, Benítez MS, Alarcón I, Noboa V, Moya IM. Development of the dendrobatid frog Colostethus machalilla. Int J Dev Biol 2004, 48:663-670.
86. Grant T, Frost DR, Caldwell JP, Gagliardo R, Haddad CFB, Kok PJR, Means DB, Noonan BP, Schargel WE, Wheeler WC. Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 2006, 299:1-262.
87. Daly JW. Thirty years of discovering arthropod alkaloids in amphibian skin. J Nat Prod 1998, 61:162-172.
88. Daly JW. The chemistry of poisons in amphibian skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:9-13.
89. Daly JW, Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Decker MW, Sullivan JP, Williams M. Alkaloids from frog skin: the discovery of epibatidine and the potential for developing novel non-opioid analgesics. Nat Prod Rep 2000, 17:131-135.
90. Coloma LA. Ecuadorian Frogs of the Genus Colostethus (Anura:Dendrobatidae). Lawrence, KS: Natural History Museum, University of Kansas; 1995.
91. Wiens JJ, Kuczynski CA, Duellman WE, Reeder TW. Loss and re-evolution of complex life cycles in marsupial frogs: does ancestral trait reconstruction mislead? Evolution 2007, 61:1886-1899.
92. Duellman WE, Maness SJ. The reproductive behavior of some hylid marsupial frogs. J Herpetol 1980, 14:213-222.
93. Wassersug RJ, Duellman WE. Oral structures and their development in egg-brooding hylid frog embryos and larvae: evolutionary and ecological implications. J Morphol 1984, 182:1-37.
94. Trueb L. Systematic relationships of neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura, Hylidae). Occas Pap Mus Nat Hist Univ Kans 1974, 29:1-60.
95. Jones RE, Gerrard AM, Roth JJ. Estrogen and brood pouch formation in the marsupial frog, Gastrotheca riobambae. J Exp Zool 1973, 184:177-184.
96. del Pino EM. Morphology of the pouch and incubatory integument in marsupial frogs (Hylidae). Copeia 1980, 1980:10-17.
97. del Pino EM. Progesterone induces incubatory changes in the brooding pouch of the frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler). J Exp Zool 1983, 227:159-163.
98. del Pino EM, Sanchez G. Ovarian structure of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler). J Morphol 1977, 153:153-161.
99. del Pino EM. Modifications of oogenesis and development in marsupial frogs. Development 1989, 107:169-187.
100. del Pino EM, Galarza ML, de Albuja CM, Humphries AA. The maternal pouch and development in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler). Biol Bull 1975, 149:480-491.
101. Greven H, Richter S. Morphology of skin incubation in Pipa carvalhoi (Anura: Pipidae). J Morphol 2009, 270:1311-1319.
102. del Pino EM, Loor-Vela S. The pattern of early cleavage of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae. Development 1990, 110:781-789.
103. del Pino EM, Medina A. Neural development in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae. Int J Dev Biol 1998, 42:723-731.
104. Moya IM, Alarcón I, del Pino EM. Gastrulation of Gastrotheca riobambae in comparison with other frogs. Dev Biol 2007, 304:467-478.
105. Alcocer I, Santacruz X, Steinbeisser H, Thierauch KH, del Pino EM. Ureotelism as the prevailing mode of nitrogen excretion in larvae of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler) (Anura, Hylidae). Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 1992, 101:229-231.
106. del Pino EM, Alcocer I, Grunz H. Urea is necessary for the culture of embryos of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae, and is tolerated by embryos of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis. Dev Growth Differ 1994, 36:73-80.
107. Elinson RP, del Pino EM, Townsend DS, Cuesta FC, Eichhorn P.A practical guide to the developmental biology of terrestrial-breeding frogs. Biol Bull 1990, 179:163-177.
108. Wake MH. Phylogenesis of direct development and viviparity in vertebrates. In: Wake DB, Roth G, eds. Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1989, 235-250.
109. Callery EM, Fang H, Elinson RP. Frogs without polliwogs: evolution of anuran direct development. Bioessays 2001, 23:233-241.
110. Elinson RP. Direct development: an alternative way to make a frog. Genesis 2001, 29:91-95.
111. Lamotte M, Lescure J. Tendances adaptives a l'affranchissement du milieu aquatique chez les amphibiens anoures. Terre at la Vie 1977, 31:225-311.
112. Townsend DS, Stewart MM. Direct development in Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae): a staging table. Copeia 1985, 1985:423-436.
113. Meegaskumbura M, Bossuyt F, Pethiyagoda R, Manamendra-Arachchi K, Bahir M, Milinkovitch MC, Schneider CJ. Sri Lanka: an amphibian hot spot. Science 2002, 298:379.
114. Bahir MM, Meegaskumbura M, Manamendra-Arachchi K, Schneider CJ, Pethiyagoda R. Reproduction and terrestrial direct development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae: Philautus). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2005, (suppl 12):339-350.
115. Anstis M. Direct development in the Australian myobatrachid frog Metacrinia nichollsi from Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus 2008, 24:133-150.
116. Anstis M, Roberts JD, Altig R. Direct development in two Myobatrachid frogs, Arenophryne rotunda Tyler and Myobatrachus gouldii Gray, from Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus 2007, 23:259-271.
117. Hedges SB, Duellman WE, Heinicke MP. New World direct-developing frogs (Anura:Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 2008, 1737:1-182.
118. Heinicke MP, Duellman WE, Hedges SB. Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:10092-10097.
119. Schmid M, Steinlein C, Bogart JP, Feichtinger W, Leon P, La Marca E, Diaz LM, Sanz A, Chen SH, Hedges SB. The chromosomes of terraranan frogs. Insights into vertebrate cytogenetics. Cytogenet Genome Res 2010, 130-131:1-568.
120. Elinson RP. Fertilization and aqueous development of the Puerto Rican terrestrial-breeding frog, Eleutheroductylus coqui. J Morphol 1987, 193:217-224.
121. Matova N, Cooley L. Comparative aspects of animal oogenesis. Dev Biol 2001, 231:291-320.
122. Spradling AC. Germline cysts: communes that work. Cell 1993, 72:649-651.
123. Cooley L. Oogenesis: variations on a theme. Dev Genet 1995, 16:1-5.
124. King RC, Büning J. The origin and functioning of insect oocytes and nurse cells. In: Kerkut GA, ed. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology: Embryogenesis and Reproduction, Vol. 1. New York: Pergamon Press; 1985, 37-82.
125. Bastock R, St Johnston D. Drosophila oogenesis. Curr Biol 2008, 18:R1082-R1087.
126. del Pino EM, Humphries AA. Multinucleate oogenesis in Flectonotus pygmaeus and other marsupial frogs. Biol Bull; 1978, 154:198-212.
127. Gall JG, Wu Z, Murphy C, Gao H. Structure in the amphibian germinal vesicle. Exp Cell Res 2004, 296:28-34.
128. Handwerger KE, Gall JG. Subnuclear organelles: new insights into form and function. Trends Cell Biol 2006, 16:19-26.
129. Nizami Z, Deryusheva S, Gall JG. The Cajal body and histone locus body. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010, 2:a000653.
130. Dawid IB, Sargent TD. Xenopus laevis in developmental and molecular biology. Science 1988, 240:1443-1448.
131. Pepling ME, de Cuevas M, Spradling AC. Germline cysts: a conserved phase of germ cell development? Trends Cell Biol 1999, 9:257-262.
132. Macgregor HC, Kezer J. Gene amplification in oocytes with 8 germinal vesicles from the tailed frog Ascaphus truei Stejneger. Chromosoma 1970, 29:189-206.
133. del Pino EM, Steinbeisser H, Hofmann A, Dreyer C, Campos M, Trendelenburg MF. Oogenesis in the egg-brooding frog Gastrotheca riobambae produces large oocytes with fewer nucleoli and low RNA content in comparison to Xenopus laevis. Differentiation 1986, 32:24-33.
134. del Pino EM, Murphy C, Masson PH, Gall JG. 5S rRNA-encoding genes of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae. Gene 1992, 111:235-238.
135. Macgregor HC, del Pino EM. Ribosomal gene amplification in multinucleate oocytes of the egg brooding hylid frog Flectonotus pygmaeus. Chromosoma 1982, 85:475-488.
136. Wallace RA, Misulovin Z. Long-term growth and differentiation of Xenopus oocytes in a defined medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978, 75:5534-5538.
137. Wallace RA, Misulovin Z, Etkin LD. Full-grown oocytes from Xenopus laevis resume growth when placed in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981, 78:3078-3082.
138. Kobel HR, Egens De Sasso M, Zlotowski C. Developmental capacity of aneuploid Xenopus species hybrids. Differentiation 1979, 14:51-58.
139. Berger L. Systematics and hybridization in European green frogs of the Rana esculenta complex. J Herpetol 1973, 7:1-10.
140. Uzzell T, Berger L, Gunther R. Diploid and triploid progeny from a diploid female of Rana esculenta (Amphibia Salientia). Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia 1975, 127:81-91.
141. Uzzell T, Holz H, Berger L. Genome exclusion in gametogenesis by an interspecific Rana hybrid: evidence from electrophoresis of individual oocytes. J Exp Zool 1980, 214:251-259.
142. Tunner HG, Heppich S. Premeiotic genome exclusion during oogenesis in the common edible frog, Rana esculenta. Naturwissenschaften 1981, 68:207-208.
143. Lee C, Le MP, Cannatella D, Wallingford JB. Changes in localization and expression levels of Shroom2 and spectrin contribute to variation in amphibian egg pigmentation patterns. Dev Genes Evol 2009, 219:319-330.
144. Elinson RP, Rowning B. A transient array of parallel microtubules in frog eggs: potential tracks for a cytoplasmic rotation that specifies the dorso-ventral axis. Dev Biol 1988, 128:185-197.
145. Elinson RP, Ninomiya H. Parallel microtubules and other conserved elements of dorsal axial specification in the direct developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Dev Genes Evol 2003, 213:28-34.
146. Chipman AD, Haas A, Khaner O. Variations in anuran embryogenesis: yolk-rich embryos of Hyperolius puncticulatus (Hyperoliidae). Evol Dev 1999, 1:49-61.
147. Elinson RP. Egg evolution. In: Wake DB, Roth G, eds. Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1987, 251-262.
148. Elinson RP. Nutritional endoderm: a way to breach the holoblastic-meroblastic barrier in tetrapods. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2009, 312:526-532.
149. Signoret J, Lefresne J. Contribution a l'etude de la segmentation de l'oeuf d'axolotl. I. Definition de la transition blastuleenne. Ann Embryol Morph 1971, 2:451-459.
150. Brown HA. Developmental anatomy of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei): a primitive frog with large eggs and slow development. J Zool 1989, 217:525-537.
151. Smith BG. Preliminary report on the embryology of Cryptobranchus allegheniensis. Biol Bull 1906, 11:146-165.
152. Ecleshymer AC, Wilson JM. Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus, Vol. 11. Jena, Germany: Verlag Gustav Fischer; 1910.
153. Collazo A, Marks SB. Development of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus: Identification of the ancestral developmental pattern in the salamander family Plethodontidae. J Exp Zool 1994, 268:239-258.
154. Nath K, Boorech JL, Beckham YM, Burns MM, Elinson RP. Status of RNAs, localized in Xenopus laevis oocytes, in the frogs Rana pipiens and Eleutherodactylus coqui. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2005, 304:28-39.
155. Blackler AW. Embryonic sex cells in amphibia. Adv Reprod Physiol 1966, 1:9-28.
156. Beckham YM, Nath K, Elinson RP. Localization of RNAs in oocytes of Eleutherodactylus coqui, a direct developing frog, differs from Xenopus laevis. Evol Dev 2003, 5:562-571.
157. Elinson RP, Beckham Y. Development in frogs with large eggs and the origin of amniotes. Zoology (Jena) 2002, 105:105-117.
158. Ninomiya H, Zhang Q, Elinson RP. Mesoderm formation in Eleutherodactylus coqui: body patterning in a frog with a large egg. Dev Biol 2001, 236:109-123.
159. Sutasurya LA, Nieuwkoop PD. The induction of the primordial germ cells in the urodeles. Wilhelm Roux' Archiv 1974, 175:199-220.
160. Johnson AD, Bachvarova RF, Drum M, Masi T. Expression of axolotl DAZL RNA, a marker of germ plasm: widespread maternal RNA and onset of expression in germ cells approaching the gonad. Dev Biol 2001, 234:402-415.
161. Bachvarova RF, Masi T, Drum M, Parker N, Mason K, Patient R, Johnson AD. Gene expression in the axolotl germ line: Axdazl, Axvh, Axoct-4, and Axkit. Dev Dyn 2004, 231:871-880.
162. Nath K, Elinson RP. RNA of AmVegT, the axolotl orthologue of the Xenopus meso-endodermal determinant, is not localized in the oocyte. Gene Expr Patterns 2007, 7:197-201.
163. Solnica-Krezel L. Conserved patterns of cell movements during vertebrate gastrulation. Curr Biol 2005, 15:R213-R228.
164. Dawid IB, Breen JJ, Toyama R. LIM domains: multiple roles as adapters and functional modifiers in protein interactions. Trends Genet 1998, 14:156-162.
165. Hobert O, Westphal H. Functions of LIM-homeobox genes. Trends Genet 2000, 16:75-83.
166. Karavanov AA, Saint-Jeannet JP, Karavanova I, Taira M, Dawid IB. The LIM homeodomain protein Lim-1 is widely expressed in neural, neural crest and mesoderm derivatives in vertebrate development. Int J Dev Biol 1996, 40:453-461.
167. Yasuoka Y, Kobayashi M, Kurokawa D, Akasaka K, Saiga H, Taira M. Evolutionary origins of blastoporal expression and organizer activity of the vertebrate gastrula organizer gene lhx1 and its ancient metazoan paralog lhx3. Development 2009, 136:2005-2014.
168. Venegas-Ferrin M, Sudou N, Taira M, del Pino EM. Comparison of Lim1 expression in embryos of frogs with different modes of reproduction. Int J Dev Biol 2010, 54:195-202.
169. Yamamoto S, Hikasa H, Ono H, Taira M. Molecular link in the sequential induction of the Spemann organizer: direct activation of the cerberus gene by Xlim-1, Xotx2, Mix.1, and Siamois, immediately downstream from Nodal and Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2003, 257:190-204.
170. Srivastava M, Larroux C, Lu DR, Mohanty K, Chapman J, Degnan BM, Rokhsar DS. Early evolution of the LIM homeobox gene family. BMC Biol 2010, 8:4.
171. Taira M, Jamrich M, Good PJ, Dawid IB. The LIM domain-containing homeo box gene Xlim-1 is expressed specifically in the organizer region of Xenopus gastrula embryos. Genes Dev 1992, 6:356-366.
172. Taira M, Otani H, Jamrich M, Dawid IB. Expression of the LIM class homeobox gene Xlim-1 in pronephros and CNS cell lineages of Xenopus embryos is affected by retinoic acid and exogastrulation. Development 1994, 120:1525-1536.
173. Taira M, Otani H, Saint-Jeannet JP, Dawid IB. Role of the LIM class homeodomain protein Xlim-1 in neural and muscle induction by the Spemann organizer in Xenopus. Nature 1994, 372:677-679.
174. Dressler GR. Advances in early kidney specification, development and patterning. Development 2009, 136:3863-3874.
175. Taira M, Saint-Jeannet JP, Dawid IB. Role of the Xlim-1 and Xbra genes in anteroposterior patterning of neural tissue by the head and trunk organizer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94:895-900.
176. Hukriede NA, Tsang TE, Habas R, Khoo PL, Steiner K, Weeks DL, Tam PP, Dawid IB. Conserved requirement of Lim1 function for cell movements during gastrulation. Dev Cell 2003, 4:83-94.
177. Technau U. Brachyury, the blastopore and the evolution of the mesoderm. Bioessays 2001, 23:788-794.
178. Marcellini S, Technau U, Smith JC, Lemaire P. Evolution of Brachyury proteins: identification of a novel regulatory domain conserved within Bilateria. Dev Biol 2003, 260:352-361.
179. Smith JC, Price BM, Green JB, Weigel D, Herrmann BG. Expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction. Cell 1991, 67:79-87.
180. Conlon FL, Smith JC. Interference with brachyury function inhibits convergent extension, causes apoptosis, and reveals separate requirements in the FGF and activin signalling pathways. Dev Biol 1999, 213:85-100.
181. Tada M, Smith JC. Xwnt11 is a target of Xenopus Brachyury: regulation of gastrulation movements via Dishevelled, but not through the canonical Wnt pathway. Development 2000, 127:2227-2238.
182. Winklbauer R, Schurfeld M. Vegetal rotation, a new gastrulation movement involved in the internalization of the mesoderm and endoderm in Xenopus. Development 1999, 126:3703-3713.
183. Roszko I, Sawada A, Solnica-Krezel L. Regulation of convergence and extension movements during vertebrate gastrulation by the Wnt/PCP pathway. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009, 20:986-997.
184. del Pino EM. The expression of Brachyury (T) during gastrulation in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae. Dev Biol 1996, 177:64-72.
185. Benitez MS, del Pino EM. Expression of Brachyury during development of the dendrobatid frog Colostethus machalilla. Dev Dyn 2002, 225:592-596.
186. Niehrs C. Regionally specific induction by the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Nat Rev Genet 2004, 5:425-434.
187. De Robertis EM. Spemann's organizer and self-regulation in amphibian embryos. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006, 7:296-302.
188. Keller R, Shook D. Gastrulation in amphibians. In: Stern CD, ed. Gastrulation from Cells to Embryos. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2004, 171-203.
189. Elinson RP, del Pino EM. Cleavage and gastrulation in the egg-brooding, marsupial frog, Gastrotheca riobambae. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1985, 90:223-232.
190. del Pino EM, Elinson RP. The organizer in amphibians with large eggs: problems and perspectives. In: Grunz H, ed. The Vertebrate Organizer. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2003, 359-374.
191. Keller RE, Danilchik M, Gimlich R, Shih J. The function and mechanism of convergent extension during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1985, 89(suppl):185-209.
192. Shook DR, Keller R. Epithelial type, ingression, blastopore architecture and the evolution of chordate mesoderm morphogenesis. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2008, 310:85-110.
193. Keller RE. Time-lapse cinematographic analysis of superficial cell behavior during and prior to gastrulation in Xenopus laevis. J Morphol 1978, 157:223-248.
194. Wacker S, Grimm K, Joos T, Winklbauer R. Development and control of tissue separation at gastrulation in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2000, 224:428-439.
195. Winklbauer R, Medina A, Swain RK, Steinbeisser H. Frizzled-7 signalling controls tissue separation during Xenopus gastrulation. Nature 2001, 413:856-860.
196. Tada M, Kai M. Noncanonical Wnt/PCP signaling during vertebrate gastrulation. Zebrafish 2009, 6:29-40.
197. Keller RE. The cellular basis of epiboly: an SEM study of deep-cell rearrangement during gastrulation in Xenopus laevis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1980, 60:201-234.
198. Kao KR, Elinson RP. Alteration of the anterior-posterior embryonic axis: the pattern of gastrulation in macrocephalic frog embryos. Dev Biol 1985, 107:239-251.
199. Ishikawa C. Ueber den Riesensalamander Japans. Mitteilungen deutschen Gesellschaft Natur Volkerkunde Ostaciens 1908, 11:259-280.
200. Smith BG. The embryology of Cryptobranchus allegheniensis including comparisons with some other vertebrates. II. General embryonic and larval development, with special reference to external features. J Morphol 1912, 23:455-580.
201. Elinson RP, Fang H. Secondary coverage of the yolk by the body wall in the direct developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui: an unusual process for amphibian embryos. Dev Genes Evol 1998, 208:457-466.
202. Nieuwkoop PD. The formation of mesoderm in urodelean amphibians. I. Induction by the endoderm. Wilhelm Roux' Archiv 1969, 162:341-373.
203. Swiers G, Chen YH, Johnson AD, Loose M. A conserved mechanism for vertebrate mesoderm specification in urodele amphibians and mammals. Dev Biol 2010, 343:138-152.
204. Luxardi G, Marchal L, Thome V, Kodjabachian L. Distinct Xenopus nodal ligands sequentially induce mesendoderm and control gastrulation movements in parallel to the Wnt/PCP pathway. Development 2010, 137:417-426.
205. Saxen L. Neural induction. Int J Dev Biol 1989, 33:21-48.
206. Winklbauer R, Keller RE. Fibronectin, mesoderm migration, and gastrulation in Xenopus. Dev Biol 1996, 177:413-426.
207. Ewald AJ, Peyrot SM, Tyszka JM, Fraser SE, Wallingford JB. Regional requirements for Dishevelled signaling during Xenopus gastrulation: separable effects on blastopore closure, mesendoderm internalization and archenteron formation. Development 2004, 131:6195-6209.
208. Keller RE. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. II. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the deep layer. Dev Biol 1976, 51:118-137.
209. Keller RE. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. I. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the superficial layer. Dev Biol 1975, 42:222-241.
210. Keller RE. The cellular basis of amphibian gastrulation. Dev Biol (N Y 1985) 1986, 2:241-327.
211. Youn BW, Keller RE, Malacinski GM. An atlas of notochord and somite morphogenesis in several anuran and urodelean amphibians. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1980, 59:223-247.
212. Keller R, Danilchik M. Regional expression, pattern and timing of convergence and extension during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. Development 1988, 103:193-209.
213. Gerhart J, Danilchik M, Doniach T, Roberts S, Rowning B, Stewart R. Cortical rotation of the Xenopus egg: consequences for the anteroposterior pattern of embryonic dorsal development. Development 1989, 107(suppl):37-51.
214. Scharf SR, Rowning B, Wu M, Gerhart JC. Hyperdorsoanterior embryos from Xenopus eggs treated with D2O. Dev Biol 1989, 134:175-188.
215. Hardin J, Keller R. The behaviour and function of bottle cells during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. Development 1988, 103:211-230.
216. Callery EM, Elinson RP. Opercular development and ontogenetic re-organization in a direct-developing frog. Dev Genes Evol 2000, 210:377-381.
217. Elinson RP. Leg development in a frog without a tadpole (Eleutherodactylus coqui). J Exp Zool 1994, 270:202-210.
218. Richardson MK, Carl TF, Hanken J, Elinson RP, Cope C, Bagley P. Limb development and evolution: a frog embryo with no apical ectodermal ridge (AER). J Anat 1998, 192(Pt 3):379-390.
219. Hanken J, Carl TF, Richardson MK, Olsson L, Schlosser G, Osabutey CK, Klymkowsky MW. Limb development in a "nonmodel" vertebrate, the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. J Exp Zool 2001, 291:375-388.
220. Kerney R, Hanken J. Gene expression reveals unique skeletal patterning in the limb of the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Evol Dev 2008, 10:439-448.
221. Schlosser G, Roth G. Evolution of nerve development in frogs. II. Modified development of the peripheral nervous system in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui (Leptodactylidae). Brain Behav Evol 1997, 50:94-128.
222. Lee SY, Elinson RP. Abnormalities of forelimb and pronephros in a direct developing frog suggest a retinoic acid deficiency. Appl Herpetol 2008, 5:33-46.
223. Elinson RP, Walton Z, Nath K. Raldh expression in embryos of the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui and the conserved retinoic acid requirement for forelimb initiation. J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol 2008, 310:588-595.
224. Sabo MC, Nath K, Elinson RP. Lbx1 expression and frog limb development. Dev Genes Evol 2009, 219:609-612.
225. Fang H, Elinson RP. Patterns of distal-less gene expression and inductive interactions in the head of the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Dev Biol 1996, 179:160-172.
226. Schlosser G, Roth G. Development of the retina is altered in the directly developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui (Leptodactylidae). Neurosci Lett 1997, 224:153-156.
227. Schlosser G. Development of the retinotectal system in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui in comparison with other anurans. Front Zool 2008, 5:9.
228. Wassersug RJ, Hoff K. Developmental changes in the orientation of the anuran jaw suspension. A preliminary exploration into the evolution of anuran metamorphosis. In: Hecht MK, Wallace B, Prance GT, eds. Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 15. New York: Plenum Publishing; 1982, 223-246.
229. Hanken J, Klymkowsky MW, Summers CH, Seufert DW, Ingebrigtsen N. Cranial ontogeny in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae), analyzed using whole-mount immunohistochemistry. J Morphol 1992, 211:95-118.
230. Hanken J, Klymkowsky MW, Alley KE, Jennings DH. Jaw muscle development as evidence for embryonic repatterning in direct-developing frogs. Proc Biol Sci 1997, 264:1349-1354.
231. Kerney R, Gross JB, Hanken J. Early cranial patterning in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui revealed through gene expression. Evol Dev 2010, 12:373-382.
232. Moury JD, Hanken J. Early cranial neural crest migration in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Acta Anat (Basel) 1995, 153:243-253.
233. Olsson L, Moury DJ, Carl TF, Hastad O, Hanken J. Cranial neural crest-cell migration in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui: molecular heterogeneity within and among migratory streams. Zoology (Jena) 2002, 105:3-13.
234. Schneider RA, Helms JA. The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology. Science 2003, 299:565-568.
235. Kerney R, Meegaskumbura M, Manamendra-Arachchi K, Hanken J. Cranial ontogeny in Philautus silus (Anura: Ranidae: Rhacophorinae) reveals few similarities with other direct-developing anurans. J Morphol 2007, 268:715-725.
236. Callery EM, Elinson RP. Thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis in a direct developing frog. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:2615-2620.
237. Singamsetty S, Elinson RP. Novel regulation of yolk utilization by thyroid hormone in embryos of the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Evol Dev 2010, 12:437-448.
238. Jennings DH, Hanken J. Mechanistic basis of life history evolution in anuran amphibians: thyroid gland development in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1998, 111:225-232.
239. Yaoita Y, Brown DD. A correlation of thyroid hormone receptor gene expression with amphibian metamorphosis. Genes Dev 1990, 4:1917-1924.
240. Eliceiri BP, Brown DD. Quantitation of endogenous thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:24459-24465.
241. Kawahara A, Baker BS, Tata JR. Developmental and regional expression of thyroid hormone receptor genes during Xenopus metamorphosis. Development 1991, 112:933-943.
242. Morvan-Dubois G, Demeneix BA, Sachs LM. Xenopus laevis as a model for studying thyroid hormone signalling: from development to metamorphosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008, 293:71-79.
243. Duarte-Guterman P, Langlois VS, Pauli BD, Trudeau VL. Expression and T3 regulation of thyroid hormone- and sex steroid-related genes during Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis early development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010, 166:428-435.
244. Prati M, Calvo R, Morreale G, Morreale de Escobar G. L-thyroxine and 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine concentrations in the chicken egg and in the embryo before and after the onset of thyroid function. Endocrinology 1992, 130:2651-2659.
245. Weber GM, Farrar ES, Tom CK, Grau EG. Changes in whole-body thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations and total content during early development and metamorphosis of the toad Bufo marinus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1994, 94:62-71.
246. McNabb FMA, Wilson CM. Thyroid hormone deposition in avian eggs and effects on embryonic development. Integr Comp Biol 1997, 37:553-560.
247. Flamant F, Samarut J. Involvement of thyroid hormone and its alpha receptor in avian neurulation. Dev Biol 1998, 197:1-11.
248. Power DM, Llewellyn L, Faustino M, Nowell MA, Bjornsson BT, Einarsdottir IE, Canario AV, Sweeney GE. Thyroid hormones in growth and development of fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001, 130:447-459.
249. McComb DM, Gelsleichter J, Manire CA, Brinn R, Brown CL. Comparative thyroid hormone concentration in maternal serum and yolk of the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo) from two sites along the coast of Florida. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005, 144:167-173.
250. Ho DH, Reed WL, Burggren WW. Egg yolk environment differentially influences physiological and morphological development of broiler and layer chicken embryos. J Exp Biol 2011, 214:619-628.
251. Buchholz DR, Singamsetty S, Karadge U, Williamson S, Langer CE, Elinson RP. Nutritional endoderm in a direct developing frog: a potential parallel to the evolution of the amniote egg. Dev Dyn 2007, 236: 1259-1272.
252. del Pino EM. Marsupial frogs. Sci Am 1989, 260:110-118.
253. del Pino EM. The early development of Gastrotheca riobambae and Colostethus machalilla, frogs with terrestrial reproductive modes. BiosciEdNet Digital Library Portal for Teaching and Learning in the Biological Sciences 2010. Available at: http://www.apsarchive.org/resource.cfm?submissionID=3000. (Accessed December 7, 2011).