The Missing Martyrs: Why There Are So Few Muslim Terrorists

The Missing Martyrs: Why There Are So Few Muslim Terrorists

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-256

  Kurzman, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Al qaida; Islam; Islamic; Islamist; Muslim; September 11; Taliban; Terror; Terrorism; Terrorist

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870359318     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199766871.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (620)

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6. Charles Kurzman, ed., Liberal Islam: A Source-Book (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
7. Khayr al-Din, The Surest Path, trans. Leon Carl Brown (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University, 1967);
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18. Mahdi Ansari, Shaykh Fazlullah Nuri va Mashrutiyat (Tehran, Iran: Amir Kabir, 1997), p. 306;
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23. see Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri, eds., Rweason, Freedom, and Democracy in Islam: Essential Writings of 'Abdolkarim Soroush (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000);
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35. see also Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 418
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58. Noorhaidi Hasan, Laskar Jihad: Islam, Militancy and the Quest for Identity in Post-New Order Indonesia, doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Utrecht, p. 151.
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62. Charles Kurzman and Ijlal Naqvi, "Islamic Party Performance in Parliamentary Elections," United States Institute of Peace Working Paper, 2009.
63. Daniel Brumberg, "Islam, Elections, and Reform in Algeria," Journal of Democracy, volume 2, 1991, p. 64.
64. Ricardo Rene Larement, Islam and the Politics of Resistance in Algeria, 1783-1992 (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 2000), p. 206;
65. see also M. Al-Ahnaf, B. Botiveau, and F. Frégosi, L'Algérie par ses islamistes (Paris, France: Éditions Karthala, 1991), pp. 87-98.
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67. Michael Herb, Kuwait Politics Database, Georgia State University, gsu.edu.
68. Kurzman and Naqvi, "Islamic Party Performance."
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70. Nathan J. Brown and Amr Hamzawy, "The Draft Party Platform of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: Foray into Political Integration or Retreat into Old Positions?" Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2008;
71. Ayman Zawahiri, "Al-Liqa' al-Maftuh ma' al-Shaykh Ayman Zawahiri: Al-Halqa al-Thaniya," As-Sahab Media, April 2008, pp. 19-26.
72. Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
73. Dalia Mogahed, "Perspectives of Women in the Muslim World," Gallup World Poll, 2006;
74. Frank Newport, "The Issue of Women in Government in Islamic Countries," Gallup News, March 30, 2006;
75. Magali Rheault, "Majorities Support Women's Rights in North Africa," Gallup News, November 6, 2007;
76. Magali Rheault, "Saudi Arabia: Majorities Support Women's Rights," Gallup News, December 21, 2007.
77. Pew Global Attitudes Project, World Publics Welcome Global Trade-but Not Immigration: 47-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey, October 4, 2007.
78. see Omayma Abdellatif and Marina Ottaway, "Women in Islamist Movements: Toward an Islamist Model of Women's Activism," Carnegie Middle East Center, number 2, 2007
79. Omayma Abdel-Latif, "In the Shadow of the Brothers: The Women of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood," Carnegie Middle East Center, number 13, 2008, carnegieendowment.org.
80. Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2002;
81. Charles Kurzman, "Tropes and Challenges of Islamic Toleration," in Ingrid Creppell, Russell Hardin, and Stephen Macedo, eds., Toleration on Trial (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2008), pp. 153-167.
82. Katherine Meyer, Helen Rizzo, and Yousef Ali, "Islam and the Extension of Citizenship Rights to Women in Kuwait," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, volume 37, 1998, pp. 138-140;
83. Helen Rizzo, Katherine Meyer, and Yousef Ali, "Women's Political Rights: Islam, Status and Networks in Kuwait," Sociology, volume 36, 2002, p. 653;
84. Katherine Meyer, Helen Rizzo, and Yousef Ali, "Changed Political Attitudes in the Middle East: The Case of Kuwait," International Sociology, volume 22, 2007, p. 307;
85. Helen Mary Rizzo, Islam, Democracy, and the Status of Women: The Case of Kuwait (New York: Routledge, 2005);
86. Mary Ann Tétreault, "A State of Two Minds: State Cultures, Women, and Politics in Kuwait," International Journal of Middle East Studies, volume 33, 2001, pp. 203-220.
87. see Pamela Paxton and Melanie M. Hughes, Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective (Los Angeles, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 2007), pp. 59-62.
88. Majelis Ulema Indonesia, "Keputusan Fatwa: Pluralisme, Liberalisme dan Sekularisme Agama," July 29, 2005, www.mui.or.id.
89. Al-Fawzan: Al-Jazirah (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), June 26, 2007, www.al-jazirah.com.
90. Fauzi M. Najjar, "Islamic Fundamentalism and the Intellectuals: The Case of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd," British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, volume 27, 2000, pp. 177-200;
91. Raymond William Baker, Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 263.
92. See also Nasr Abu Zaid, Voice of an Exile (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2004);
93. Nasr Abu Zayd, Rethinking the Qur'an: Towards a Humanistic Hermeneutics (Utrecht, Netherlands: University of Humanistics, 2004);
94. Nasr Abu Zayd, Reformation of Islamic Thought (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press, 2006).
95. Hamid Algar, Mirza Malkum Khan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973);
96. M. S{dot below}ükrü Hanioğlu, Bir Siyasal Düsünür Olarak Doktor Abdullah Cevdet ve Dönemi (Istanbul, Turkey: Üçdal Neşriyat, 1981);
97. Michaelle Browers, Democracy and Civil Society in Arab Political Thought (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2006).
98. Samir Khan, Inshallah Shaheed, July 4, 2007, inshallahshaheed.wordpress.com;
99. New York Times, October 15, 2007.
100. Jakarta Post, December 24, 2002.
101. Julia Day Howell, "Modulations of Active Piety: Professors and Televangelists as Promoters of Indonesian 'Sufisme,' "
102. James B. Hoesterey, "Marketing Morality: The Rise, Fall, and Rebranding of Aa Gym," in Greg Fealy and Sally White, eds., Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008), pp. 40-62 and 95-112;
103. Ayşe Öncü, "Becoming 'Secular Muslims': Yaşar Nuri Öztürk as a Super-Subject on Turkish Television," in Birgit Meyers and Annelies Moors, eds., Religion, Media and the Public Sphere (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 227-240.
104. Amr Khaled, A Call for Coexistence, episode 1, 2007, amrkhaled.net.
105. Muhammad Baz, Du'at fi al-manfa: Qissat 'Amr Khalid wa al-du'at al-judud fi-Misr (Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Faris li'l-Nashr wa al-Tawzi', 2004);
106. Sophia Pandya, "Religious Change Among Yemeni Women: The New Popularity of 'Amr Khaled," Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, volume 5, 2009, pp. 50-79;
107. Lindsay Wise, "Amr Khaled: Broadcasting the Nahda," Transnational Broadcasting Studies, number 13, 2004, tbsjournal.com.
108. Susan Friend Harding, The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 22.
109. See also Jeffrey K. Hadden and Anson Shupe, Televangelism, Power, and Politics on God's Frontier (New York: H. Holt, 1988);
110. David Edwin Harrell, Jr., Pat Robertson: A Life and Legacy (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2010).
111. Al-Masry al-Youm, June 3, 2009, almasry-alyoum.com.
112. Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 213.
113. Oprah comparison: Independent (London, England), January 4, 2006.
114. New York Times, November 28, 2003, and March 7, 2004;
115. Washington Post, July 22, 2007.
116. Washington Post, October 7, 2005;
117. New York Times, August 22, 2009;
118. Mark LeVine, Heavy Metal Islam (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008), pp. 249-250;
119. J. Michael Waller, "Muslim Pop Artists Lead Youthful Resistance to Islamic Extremism," Serviam, January-February 2008, serviammagazine.com.
120. Times Higher Education, May 29, 2008.
121. Martin and Neal, Defending Civilization, p. 6.
122. Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001), pp. 57, 55.
123. "International Studies in Higher Education Act of 2003," Report to Accompany House Resolution 3077, U.S. House of Representatives, October 8, 2003.
124. Howard Berman, Congressional Record, October 21, 2003, p. H9757;
125. Stanley Kurtz, "UCLA Tests Congress," National Review Online, March 3, 2009, nationalreview.com;
126. U.S. Congress, "Higher Education Opportunity Act," Public Law 110-315, August 14, 2008, p. 3336.
127. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Fiscal Year (FY) 2004/ FY 2005 Biennial Budget Estimates, February 2003, p. 80
128. Jeffrey Heath, From Code-Switching to Borrowing: Foreign and Diglossic Mixing in Moroccan Arabic (London, England: Kegan Paul International, 1989), p. 122;
129. Muhammad Hasan Amara and Bernard Spolsky, "The Diffusion and Integration of Hebrew and English Lexical Items in the Spoken Arabic of an Israeli Village," Anthropological Linguistics, volume 28, 1986, p. 48;
130. Washington Post, May 31, 2009.
131. Roger Hsiao et al., "Optimizing Components for Handheld Two-Way Speech Translation for an English-Iraqi Arabic System," Ninth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 17-21, 2006, p. 766;
132. Sean O'Brien, "Computational Social Science," DARPATech Symposium, Anaheim, California, August 8, 2007;
133. Robert Popp, "Utilizing Social Science Technology to Understand and Counter the 21st Century Strategic Threat," DARPATech Symposium, Anaheim, California, August 9-11, 2005, p. 107, darpa.mil.
134. Auguste Comte, "Considérations philosophiques sur les sciences et les savants" (1825), in Système de politique positive, volume 4 (Paris, France: self-published, 1854), appendix pp. 150-151, 172.
135. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, "Forecasting Policy Decisions: An Expected Utility Approach to Post-Khomeini Iran," PS, volume 17, 1984, p. 233;
136. Predicting Politics (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2002), p. 69;
137. The Predictioneer's Game (New York: Random House, 2009), p. xix;
138. "U.S. Policy Towards Iran," public lecture, Duke University, January 15, 2009;
139. "What Will Iran Do?" TED lecture series, February 2009, minute 8, ted.com.
140. Bueno de Mesquita,"What Will Iran Do?" minute 16.
141. U.S. Congress, "National Defense Education Act of 1958," September 2, 1958.
142. Bueno de Mesquita, "What Will Iran Do?" minute 15;
143. The Predictioneer's Game, pp. 200-201, 240.
144. New York Times Magazine, August 16, 2009, pp. 20-25;
145. Bueno de Mesquita, "Forecasting Policy Decisions," p. 233;
146. Predicting Politics, p. 75;
147. David Hunt, On the Hunt: How to Wake Up Washington and Win the War on Terror (New York: Crown Forum, 2007), p. 67.
148. Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, p. 133.
149. Crime in the United States, 2009;
150. Internet Crime Complaint Center, 2009 Internet Crime Report (Glen Allen, Va.: National White Collar Crime Center, 2010).
151. Edward Jay Epstein, The Hollywood Economist: The Hidden Financial Reality Behind the Movies (Brooklyn, New York: Melville House, 2010).
152. Walter Laqueur, "The Terrorism to Come," Policy Review 126 (2004): 49-64.
153. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), pp. 308-309.
154. Rafael Patai, "On Culture Contact and Its Working in Modern Palestine," American Anthropologist, Memoir Series, number 67, 1947, pp. 1-48.
155. Sadiq Jalal al-Azm, "Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse," in Jon Rothschild, ed. Forbidden Agendas: Intolerance and Defiance in the Middle East (London, England: Al Saqi Books, 1984), pp. 349-376;
156. Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (London, England: Verso, 1992), pp. 159-220;
157. Gyan Prakash, "Orientalism Now," History and Theory, volume 34, 1995, pp. 199-212;
158. Daniel Martin Varisco, Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid (Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, 2007).
159. Norvell B. De Atkine and Daniel Pipes, "Middle Eastern Studies: What Went Wrong?" Academic Questions, volume 9, 1995-1996, p. 61.
160. Norvell B. De Atkine, "The Political-Military Army Officer: Soldier Scholar or Cocktail Commando?" American Diplomacy, volume 4, number 1, 1999, unc.edu/depts/diplomat;
161. Norvell B. De Atkine, "It's an Information War," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 2004, pp. 64-65.
162. Norvell B. De Atkine, "Foreword," in Raphael Patai, The Arab Mind (Long Island City, N. Y.: Hatherleigh Press, 2007), p. xv.
163. Tony Lagouranis and Allen Mikaelian, Fear Up Harsh: An Army Interrogator's Dark Journey Through Iraq (New York: NAL Caliber, 2007), pp. 17-19.
164. see Seymour Hersh, "The Gray Zone," New Yorker, May 24, 2004, p. 42.
165. see Lt. Col. William D. Wunderle, A Manual for American Servicemen in the Arab Middle East: Using Cultural Understanding to Defeat Adversaries and Win the Peace (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2008).
166. De Atkine, "Foreword," p. x;
167. De Atkine and Pipes, "Middle Eastern Studies," pp. 60, 70;
168. Norvell B. De Atkine, "Foreword" (November 2001)
169. Rafael Patai, The Arab Mind (Long Island City, New York: Hatherleigh Press, 2002), p. x;
170. De Atkine, "Foreword" (2007), pp. xvi-xvii.
171. Patai, The Arab Mind (2007 edition), p. 33.
172. Robert A. Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Random House, 2005);
173. Donald Black, "The Geometry of Terrorism," Sociological Theory, volume 22, 2004, pp. 14-25.
174. Lisa Rachel Stampnitzky, "Disciplining an Unruly Field: Terrorism Studies and the State, 1972-2001," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, 2008.
175. Alan Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, "Education, Poverty, and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, volume 17, number 4, 2003, pp. 119-144.
176. Robert J. Blendon et al., "The Public's Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Toronto and the United States," Clinical Infectious Diseases, volume 38, 2004, p. 927.
177. Pew Global Attitudes Project, 21 Population Survey, May 2003, pewglobal.org.
178. World Health Organization, "Cumulative Number of Reported Probable Cases of SARS," July 1, 2003, who.int.
179. Richard Schabas, "SARS: Prudence, Not Panic," CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal), May 27, 2003, pp. 1432-1434;
180. Lawrence O. Gostin, Ronald Bayer, and Amy L. Fairchild, "Ethical and Legal Challenges Posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Implications for the Control of Severe Infectious Disease Threats," JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), volume 290, 2003, pp. 3229-3237.
181. Intelligence assessments on smallpox and Iraq: New York Times, September 8 and December 3, 2002;
182. Washington Post, November 5, 2002.
183. Joseph Cirincione et al., WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2004), pp. 33-36;
184. United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq, July 7, 2004, pp. 146-161, 166-174.
185. George W. Bush, "President Delivers Remarks on Smallpox," December 13, 2002, georgewbushwhitehouse. archives.gov.
186. Richard N. Haass, assistant secretary of state for planning, "The Bush Administration's Response to September 11th-and Beyond," October 15, 2001, www.cfr.org.
187. New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005, p. 44;
188. see also Ruth Mayer, "Virus Discourse: The Rhetoric of Threat and Terrorism in the Biothriller," Cultural Critique, number 66, 2007, pp. 1-20.
189. Robert Wuthnow, Be Very Afraid: The Cultural Response to Terror, Pandemics, Environmental Devastation, Nuclear Annihilation, and Other Threats (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
190. Homeland Security Council, National Planning Scenarios: Created for Use in National, Federal, State, and Local Homeland Security Preparedness Activities, Draft Version 20.1, April 2005, washingtonpost.com.
191. Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, SuperFreakonomics (New York: William Morrow, 2009), p. 65.
192. Ron Suskind, The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of its Enemies since 9/11 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 62
193. Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, Al Qaeda Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat: Hype or Reality? (Cambridge, Mass.: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, 2010).
194. U.S. Department of Transportation, Fatality Analysis Reporting System, 2008 Data Summary, nhtsa.dot.gov.
195. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, "Expanded Homicide Data Table 10: Murder Circumstances by Relationship," 2009, fbi.gov.
196. see Anouk de Koning, "Café Latte and Caesar Salad: Cosmopolitan Belonging in Cairo's Coffee Shops," pp. 221-233
197. Diane Singerman and Paul Amar, eds., Cairo Cosmopolitan (Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 2006).
198. Sadik J. Al-Azm, "Time Out of Joint. Western Dominance, Islamist Terror, and the Arab Imagination," Boston Review, October-November 2004, p. 6.
199. Edouard Launet, "Elementary School," Harper's, May 2008, p. 26.
200. Brigitte L. Nacos, "Terrorism as Breaking News: Attack on America," Political Science Quarterly, volume 118, 2003, pp. 46-47.
201. Andrei Piontkovsky, "A Selective Sort of Sorrow," Globe and Mail (Toronto), October 4, 2001.
202. Eva Hoffman, "Such a Facile Response to Terrorism," Independent (London), September 27, 2001, p. 5.
203. Daniel Pipes, "A Middle East Party," Jerusalem Post, September 14, 2001;
204. Cameron S. Brown, "The Shot Seen Around the World: The Middle East Reacts to September 11th," MERIA Journal (Middle East Review of International Affairs), volume 5, December 2001.
205. Gallup Poll of the Islamic World, 2002: Subscriber Report (Princeton, N.J.: Gallup Organization, 2002), pp. 4 and 33.
206. Worldwide Incidents Tracking System (zero terrorist incidents by Kuwaitis, 2004-2009).
207. The Gallup Poll, August 5, 1995, pp. 111-112.
208. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Wave 2 Update Survey, 2003, p. T-158
209. Tom Wolfe, "Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's," New York, June 8, 1970, pp. 26-56;
210. Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak-Catchers (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970).
211. William Safire, "On Language," New York Times Magazine, September 6, 1981, p. 6.
212. Shelby Steele, "Radical Sheik: John Walker Was Looking for Authentic Victimhood: He Found It in Treason," Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2001;
213. Christopher Tennant, "Lefty Pitchers: Call It 'Radical Sheik': The War on Terror Shakes the Dust off the SDS Crowd," New York, September 30, 2002;
214. Terry Golway, "Radical Sheik at CUNY Law," New York Observer, May 5, 2003
215. Kazi Mahmood, "Osama Fever Hits Cellular Phones in ASEAN Countries," Islam-Online, October 3, 2001 (Southeast Asia);
216. Thomas L. Friedman, "Foreign Affairs: In Pakistan, It's Jihad 101," New York Times, November 13, 2001, p. 17 (Peshawar, Pakistan);
217. Herald Sun (Melbourne, Australia), October 26, 2002, p. 7 (Lombok, Indonesia);
218. Greg Powell, "Hat Yai Happy New Year, Thailand," bootnall.com, November 2002 (Hat Yai, Thailand);
219. Mark Moxon, "Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou," moxon.net, December 12, 2002 (Burkina Faso);
220. Tribune (Chandigarh, India), February 24, 2003 (Pakistan);
221. Charles Bowden, "Outback Nightmares & Refugee Dreams," Mother Jones, March-April 2003 (Lombok, Indonesia);
222. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003), p. 239 (Indonesia);
223. Washington Post, May 15, 2004, p. A1 (Suso, Thailand).
224. New York Times, April 23, 2004.
225. Michael Casey, Che's Afterlife: The Legacy of an Image (New York: Vintage, 2009);
226. Michael Eric Dyson, Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
227. Georgi M. Derluguian, Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2005), pp. 38, 42.
228. Sunday Times, August 30, 1998;
229. see also Simon Reeve, The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden, and the Future of Terrorism (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1999), pp. 203-204, 213.
230. Fun-Da-Mental, All Is War (The Benefits of G-Had) (London, England: 5 Uncivilised Tribes, 2006);
231. Katie Brayne, "Osama bin Cool: What do Indonesian Students Think about Osama bin Laden?" Inside Indonesia, number 67, January-March 2002.
232. Jessica Stern, "Jihad: A Global Fad," Boston Globe, August 1, 2006.
233. Eithne Quinn, Nuthin' but a "G" Thang: The Culture and Commerce of Gangsta Rap (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005);
234. see Katheryn Russell-Brown, Underground Codes: Race, Crime, and Related Fires (New York: New York University Press, 2004), pp. 44-50.
235. Guardian, March 11, 2005;
236. Charles Kurzman, "Da Arabian MC's," Contexts, Fall 2005, pp. 70-72;
237. Lisa Goldman, "Who's the Terrorist? The Leading Palestinian Hip-Hop Group Finds an Unlikely Fan Base," Nextbook, November 6, 2007;
238. Jackie Reem Salloum, director, Slingshot Hip Hop (New York: A Fresh Booza Production, 2008).
239. Al-Quds al-'Arabi, August 3, 2004, p. 4.
240. Baxter, British Muslims and the Call to Global Jihad, p. 73.
241. Jarret M. Brachman, Global Jihadism: Theory and Practice (Abingdon, England: Routledge, 2009), p. 19.
242. Gabriele Marranci, Jihad Beyond Islam (Oxford, England: Berg Publishers, 2006), pp. 113-114.
243. Signs of the Hypocrites (Karachi, Pakistan: Darul Ishaat, 2005), p. 113.
244. al-Sharq al-Awsat, April 23, 2001
245. Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), p. 336.
246. Amel Boubekeur, "Post-Islamist Culture: A New Form of Mobilization?" History of Religions volume 47, 2007, pp. 75-76, 82.
247. Abu Bakr Naji, Idarat al-Tawahush (2004), p. 46
248. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Spring 2006 Survey, June 22, 2006, p. 57;
249. Fares Braizat, "Post Amman Attacks: Jordanian Public Opinion and Terrorism," Public Opinion Polling Unit, Center for Strategic Studies, University of Jordan, 2006;
250. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years (2001-2008), December 18, 2008, p. 7.
251. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Spring 2005 17-Nation Survey, p. 46.
252. Sunday Times, November 4, 2001;
253. Munira Mirza, Abi Senthilkumaran and Zein Ja'far, Living Apart Together: British Muslims and the Paradox of Multiculturalism (London, England: Policy Exchange, 2007), pp. 62-63.
254. Mansoor Moaddel, "What the Iraqi Study Group Missed: The Iraqi People," Footnotes (American Sociological Association), January 2007;
255. Ronald Inglehart, Mansoor Moaddel, and Mark Tessler, "Xenophobia and In-Group Solidarity in Iraq: A Natural Experiment on the Impact of Insecurity," Perspectives on Politics, volume 4, September 2006, pp. 495-505.
256. See also Human Security Brief 2007 (Vancouver, Canada: Human Security Research Group, 2008), p. 17.
257. see Musa Khan Jalalzai, Sectarianism and Ethnic Violence in Pakistan, 3rd ed. (Lahore: Iszharsons, 1996), pp. 377-398;
258. Muhammad Qasim Zaman, "Sectarianism in Pakistan: The Radicalization of Shi'i and Sunni Identities," Modern Asian Studies, volume 32, July 1998, pp. 689-716.
259. John C. Lamoreaux, The Early Muslim Tradition of Dream Interpretation (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), p. 4.
260. Iain R. Edgar, "The Inspirational Night Dream in the Motivation and Justification of Jihad," Nova Religio, volume 11, number 2, November 2007, pp. 59-76.
261. David Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2005), pp. 173-183;
262. Jean-Pierre Filiu, L'Apocalypse dans l'islam (Paris, France: Fayard, 2008), pp. 270-289;
263. Timothy R. Furnish, Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, Their Jihads, and Osama bin Laden (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2005), pp. 111-117, 150-158.
264. Muhammad Manzur Nu'mani, Malfuzat-i Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Ilyas (Lucknow, India: Kutub-Khanah-yi al-Furqan, n.d.), p. 50.
265. Farish A. Noor, "Pathans to the East! The Development of the Tablighi Jama'at Movement in Northern Malaysia and Southern Thailand," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, volume 27, 2007, pp. 14.
266. Yoginder Sikand, The Origins and Development of the Tablighi Jama'at (1920-2000) (Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 2002).
267. Muhammad Khalid Masud, "Ideology and Legitimacy," in Masud, ed., Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablighi Jama'at as a Transnational Islamic Movement for Faith Renewal (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2000), p. 105.
268. Salahuddin al-Bengali, "Tableeghi Jama'ah on the Strategic Spectrum," Jihad Recollections, number 3, 2009, pp. 8-9.
269. Musa Khan Jalalzai, Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and Afghanistan (Lahore, Pakistan: System Books, 1999), p. 36;
270. Terry McDermott, Perfect Soldiers: The Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), p. 74;
271. Alex Alexiev, "Tablighi Jamaat: Jihad's Stealthy Legions," Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2005;
272. Jessica Stern, "The Protean Enemy," Foreign Affairs, July-August 2003;
273. Nicholas Howenstein, "Islamist Networks: The Case of Tablighi Jamaat,"
274. Paul M. Barrett, American Islam: The Struggle for the Soul of a Religion (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), p. 95.
275. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 273;
276. Quintan Wiktorowicz, "The Salafi Movement: Violence and the Fragmentation of Community," in miriam cooke and Bruce B. Lawrence, eds., Muslim Networks: From Hajj to Hip Hop (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), pp. 223-224.
277. Maurits S. Berger, "Apostasy and Public Policy in Contemporary Egypt," Human Rights Quarterly, volume 25, 2003, pp. 720-740;
278. Susanne Olsson, "Apostasy in Egypt: Contemporary Cases of Hisbah," The Muslim World, volume 98, 2008, pp. 95-115;
279. Times of India, September 5, 2006.
280. Lawrence, Messages to the World, p. 28.
281. Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, "Pro-Democratic Learning in Islamist Groups: Lessons from Egypt, Jordan and Kuwait," Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association, 2004.
282. Quintan Wiktorowicz and John Kaltner, "Killing in the Name of Islam: Al-Qaeda's Justification for September 11," Middle East Policy, volume 10, Summer 2003, pp. 76-92.
283. see Daniel Pipes, The Hidden Hand: Middle East Fears of Conspiracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).
284. see Jeffrey M. Bale, "Political Paranoia v. Political Realism: On Distinguishing Between Bogus Conspiracy Theories and Genuine Conspiratorial Politics," Patterns of Prejudice, volume 41, 2007, pp. 45-60.
285. Ayman Zawahiri, Al-Luqa' al-Maftuh ma' al-Shaykh Ayman al-Zawahiri (Part 2), As-Sahab Media, April 2008, p. 41.
286. Shibley Telhami, 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll (College Park: Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, University of Maryland, 2008), pp. 95-97.
287. Shibley Telhami, 2005 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey (College Park, Md.: Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, 2005), p. 19;
288. Telhami, 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll, p. 21;
289. Telhami, Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, 2009, p. 43. WorldPublicOpinion.org
290. "Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy, Attacks on Civilians, and al Qaeda," April 24, 2007, p. 11
291. "Muslim Publics Oppose Al Qaeda's Terrorism, But Agree With Its Goal of Driving US Forces Out," February 24, 2009, p. 23.
292. Ira Silverman, "An American Terrorist," New Yorker, August 5, 2002;
293. Jean-Daniel Lefond, director, American Fugitive: The Truth About Hassan (Montreal, Canada: InformAction, 2006).
294. Durus 'Askariyya fi Jihad al-Tawaghit, translated by British police as "Military Studies in the Jihad Against the Tyrants," p. 16.
295. Al-Mu'askar al-Battar, number 1, December 2003-January 2004, pp. 26-27.
296. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 288-289.
297. Gerald Posner, Why America Slept: The Failure to Prevent 9/11 (New York: Random House, 2003), pp. 181-194.
298. Bruce Riedel, "Al Qaeda Strikes Back," Foreign Affairs, May-June 2007, p. 36.
299. Christopher Boucek, "Extremist Reeducation and Rehabilitation in Saudi Arabia," Terrorism Monitor, August 16, 2007.
300. Akil N. Awan and Mina Al-Lami, "Al-Qa'ida's Virtual Crisis," RUSI Journal, volume 154, 2009, pp. 56-64. Alfirdaws.org, July 18, 2006
301. Anne Stenersen, "The Internet: A Virtual Training Camp?" Terrorism and Political Violence, volume 20, 2008, p. 229.
302. Gary R. Bunt, iMuslims: Rewiring the House of Islam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), pp. 177-274;
303. Hanna Rogan, "Jihadism Online: A Study of How Al-Qaida and Radical Islamist Groups Use the Internet for Terrorist Purposes," Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2006, rapporter.ffi.no;
304. Manuel R. Torres Soriano, "Maintaining the Message: How Jihadists Have Adapted to Web Disruptions," CTC Sentinel, November 2009, pp. 22-24;
305. Sajjan M. Gohel, "The Internet and its Role in Terrorist Recruitment and Operational Planning," CTC Sentinel, December 2009, pp. 12-15;
306. Evan Kohlmann, "A Beacon for Extremists: The Ansar al-Mujahideen Web Forum," CTC Sentinel, February 2010, pp. 1-4.
307. Oregonian, September 19, 2003; September 13, 2006.
308. Human Rights Watch, No One Is Safe: Insurgent Attacks on Civilians in Thailand's Southern Border Provinces, August 2007, p. 89.
309. "Whoever Wants to Go to Iraq to Fight, Can Go: Tantawi," IslamOnline.net, April 5, 2003;
310. Yotam Feldner, "Sheikh Tantawi's Positions on Jihad Against Coalition Forces, Saddam's Resignation, and The War in Iraq," Middle East Media Research Institute, April 8, 2003.
311. Washington Post, May 15, 2005;
312. New York Times, July 10, 2008.
313. Usama Bin Ladin, "Ila Ahlina fi'l-'Iraq," October 22, 2007
314. see Clint Watts, Beyond Iraq and Afghanistan: What Foreign Fighters Reveal About the Future of Terrorism, Part 1, "Where Are They Coming From" (PJ Sage, Inc., 2008);
315. Joseph Felter and Brian Fishman, "Becoming a Foreign Fighter: A Second Look at the Sinjar Records," in Brian Fishman, ed., Bombers, Bank Accounts, and Bleedout: Al-Qa'ida's Road In and Out of Iraq (West Point, N.Y.: Combating Terrorism Center, U.S. Military Academy, 2008), pp. 35-42.
316. Kevin Peraino, "Destination Martyrdom: What Drove So Many Libyans to Volunteer as Suicide Bombers for the War in Iraq? A Visit to Their Hometown-The Dead-End City of Darnah," Newsweek, April 28, 2008, pp. 24-30.
317. William Selby, "Detained Terrorists Reveal Al Qaeda Recruiting Process," American Forces Press Service, defense.gov, March 18, 2008.
318. Thomas Hegghammer, "The Failure of Jihad in Saudi Arabia," Occasional Paper Series, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, February 25, 2010, p. 22.
319. S. H. Tajik, "Insight into a Suicide Bomber Training Camp in Waziristan," CTC Sentinel, March 2010, p. 10.
320. Andrea Elliott, "Where Boys Grow Up to Be Jihadis," New York Times Magazine, November 25, 2007, pp. 70-81, 96-100.
321. Ayman Zawahiri, Al-Tabri'a: Risala fi Tabri'at Ummat al-Qalam wa al-Sayf min Manqasat Tuhmat al-Khawar wa al-Da'f, As-Sahab Media, March 2008, pp. 83-87.
322. Abu Amr al-Qaidi, Daura fi Fann al-Tajnid, September 2008, p. 45.
323. Mu'askar al-Battar, number 4, January-February 2004, pp. 30-32.
324. Wali al-Haqq, Ekhlaas.com, April 27, 2008
325. Marc Sageman, Understanding Terrorist Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), pp. 101, 108, 115, 125, 157.
326. Dina Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door: The Lackawanna Six and Rough Justice in the Age of Terror (New York: Public Affairs, 2007).
327. Mao Tse-tung, On Guerrilla Warfare (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, [1937] 2000), p. 93.
328. Charles Kurzman and Ijlal Naqvi, "Who Are the Islamists?" in Carl W. Ernst and Richard C. Martin, eds., Contemporary Islam Between Theory and Practice (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2010), pp. 133-158.
329. Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, trans. Nikki R. Keddie (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), p. 107.
330. see Charles Kurzman, ed., Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 11.
331. Lawrence, Messages to the World, pp. 17, 33-34, 198.
332. Muhammad Khalil al-Hakayma, Toward a New Strategy in Resisting the Occupier, 2006
333. Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 19, 29.
334. Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 44-45.
335. Malika Zeghal, Gardiens de l'islam: les oulémas d'Al Azhar dans l'Égype contemporaine (Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1996), p. 354;
336. Malika Zeghal, "Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952-94)," International Journal of Middle East Studies, volume 31, 1999, pp. 391-396.
337. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings," International Journal of Middle East Studies, volume 12, 1980, pp. 423-453.
338. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "The Changing Face of Islamic Activism" (1995), in Egypt, Islam and Democracy: Twelve Critical Essays (Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 2002), pp. 69-79.
339. Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
340. Kurzman and Naqvi, "Who Are the Islamists?" Bin Ladin: Lawrence, Messages to the World, p. 27.
341. Thomas L. Friedman, "Origin of Species," New York Times, March 14, 2004.
342. Robert J. Barro and Jong-Wha Lee, "International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications," Harvard Center for International Development, April 2000.
343. Social Development in Pakistan: Annual Review, 2002-03: The State of Education (Karachi, Pakistan: Social Policy and Development Centre, 2003), p. 157;
344. Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, and Tristan Zajonc, "Religious School Enrollment in Pakistan: A Look at the Data," Comparative Education Review, volume 50, 2006, pp. 446-477;
345. C. Christine Fair, The Madrassah Challenge: Militancy and Religious Education in Pakistan (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2008), p. 30.
346. Ronald A. Lukens-Bull, A Peaceful Jihad: Negotiating Identity and Modernity in Muslim Java (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 18.
347. Harry S. Truman, "Inaugural Address," Public Papers of the President, 1949, p. 114.
348. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, Islam and the Secular State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008);
349. Abdulaziz Sachedina, The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2001).
350. see Kate Zebiri, Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 24-26.
351. Lawrence, Messages to the World, p. 104.
352. Ayman Zawahiri, Realities of the Conflict Between Islam and Unbelief, As-Sahab Media, December 2006.
353. Asma Afsaruddin, Excellence and Precedence: Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legitimate Leadership (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2002), pp. 36-79;
354. Asma Afsaruddin, The First Muslims (Oxford, England: Oneworld, 2008), pp. 20-22.
355. Bruce B. Lawrence, Defenders of God, 2nd ed. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995);
356. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
357. Abdessalame Yassine, Islamiser la modernité (Rabat, Morocco: al-Ofok Impressions, 1998).
358. Alan Cullison, "Inside al-Qaeda's Hard Drive," Atlantic Monthly, September 2004, p. 64.
359. Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 27, 2003.
360. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 100-102, 105-116, 217-218.
361. Charles Kurzman, "A Feminist Generation in Iran?" Iranian Studies, volume 41, 2008, pp. 297-321.
362. New York Times, October 13, 1996.
363. David B. Edwards, Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 191-198;
364. Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 95-97.
365. John Miller and Michael Stone, with Chris Mitchell, The Cell: Inside the 9/11 Plot, and Why the FBI and CIA Failed to Stop It (New York: Hyperion, 2002), p. 282.
366. Ahmad Rashid, Taliban (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 42;
367. New York Times, December 19, 2001.
368. Abdullah Azzam, Defense of the Muslim Lands, undated, translated by "Brothers in Ribatt," p. 40.
369. Rahimullah Yusufzai, "Osama bin Laden: The Man and his Cause," Gulf News, September 24, 2001;
370. Rahimullah Yusufzai, "Face to Face with Osama," Guardian, September 26, 2001.
371. Lia, Architect of Global Jihad, pp. 287, 293-294.
372. "Substitution for the Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed," p. 26.
373. Vahid Mozhdeh, Afghanistan va Panj Sal-e Solteh-ye Taleban (Tehran, Iran: Nashr-e Ney, 2003), pp. 160-161, 74.
374. George Crile, Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of How the Wildest Man in Congress and a Rogue CIA Agent Changed the History of Our Times (New York: Grove Press, 2003), pp. 201, 318, 335, 348;
375. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), pp. 128-129, 132-134.
376. Newsweek, October 5, 2009, p. 42.
377. Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation Building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia (New York: Viking, 2008), p. 399;
378. Newsweek, October 5, 2009, p. 42.
379. Ghassan Dau'ar, Al-Muhandis: Al-Shahid Yahya 'Ayyash, Ramz al-Jihad (London, England: Flistine al-Muslemah, n.d.), hosted at http:// www.palestine-info.info;
380. Samuel M. Katz, The Hunt for the Engineer (New York: Fromm International, 1999).
381. Azzam, Defense of the Muslim Lands, chapter 2.
382. Yoram Schweitzer and Shaul Shay, The Globalization of Terror (Herzliya, Israel: The Interdisciplinary Center; New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2003), pp. 35-38;
383. New York Times, June 15, 2006;
384. Zaki Chehab, Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of the Militant Islamic Movement (New York: Nation Books, 2007), p. 194;
385. Lia, Architect of Global Jihad, pp. 74, 90.
386. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Global Opinion Trends 2002-2007, July 24, 2007, p. 57, pewglobal.org.
387. Lia, Architect of Global Jihad, pp. 237-250.
388. Reuven Paz, "Arab Volunteers Killed in Iraq: An Analysis," PRISM Series of Global Jihad, March 2005, p. 2;
389. Murad Al-Shishani, "The Salafi-Jihadist Movement in Iraq: Recruitment Methods and Arab Volunteers," Terrorism Monitor, December 2, 2005, p. 6;
390. Combating Terrorism Center, Al-Qa'ida's Foreign Fighters in Iraq, p. 8.
391. Anne Marie Oliver and Paul F. Steinberg, The Road to Martyrs' Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
392. Claude Berrebi, "Evidence about the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism Among Palestinians," Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, volume 13, 2007, p. 19.
393. Chehab, Inside Hamas, p. 108.
394. Chehab, Inside Hamas, p.108.
395. Jeffrey Goldberg, "Letter from Gaza: The Forgotten War," New Yorker, September 11, 2006, p. 44.
396. Hamas, "The Charter of God" (1988)
397. Hamas, "The Charter of God" (1988), article 12;
398. see also Khalid Amayreh, "Hamas and al-Qaida," Conflicts Forum, October 2007;
399. E. Alshech, "Hamas: Between Liberating Palestine and Restoring the Global Islamic Caliphate," Middle East Media Research Institute, December 27, 2007;
400. Reuven Paz, "Jihadis and Hamas," in Assaf Moghadam and Brian Fishman, eds., Self-Inflicted Wounds: Debates and Divisions Within al-Qa'ida and Its Periphery (West Point, N.Y.: Combating Terrorism Center, U.S. Military Academy, 2010), pp. 183-201.
401. Azzam, Defense of the Muslim Lands, p. 36.
402. "Tremendous Lessons and Events in the Year 1427 AH-An Audio Speech by Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri," translated by the SITE Institute, February 12, 2007.
403. Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" (1882)
404. Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, eds., Becoming National: A Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 52.
405. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976).
406. Suzanne Citron, Le mythe national: L'histoire de France en question, 2nd ed. (Paris, France: Éditions Ouvrières; Études et Documentation Internationales, 1991).
407. Basheer M. Nafi, Arabism, Islamism and the Palestine Question, 1908-1914 (Reading, England: Ithaca Press, 1998), pp. 67-71.
408. Gideon Biger, The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840-1947 (London, England: Routledge, 2004).
409. Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
410. David Vital, The Origins of Zionism (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1975).
411. Charles Kurzman, "Weaving Iran into the Tree of Nations," International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 37 (2005): 137-166;
412. Neil Asher Silberman, Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East (New York: H. Holt, 1989);
413. James F. Goode, Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919-1941 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007).
414. Jarret Brachman, Brian Fishman, and Joseph Felter, The Power of Truth? Questions for Ayman al-Zawahiri (Combating Terrorism Center, U.S. Military Academy), April 21, 2008, pp. 4-5, 18.
415. Zawahiri, The Open Meeting with Shaykh Ayman al-Zawahiri, Part 1, As-Sahab Media, 2008, pp. 4, 5, 12, 35, 37.
416. Vahid Brown, "Al-Qa'ida and the Afghan Taliban: 'Diametrically Opposed'?" October 21, 2009, jihadica.com.
417. see also Kim Cragin, "Al Qaeda Confronts Hamas: Divisions in the Sunni Jihadist Movement and its Implications for U.S. Policy," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, volume 32, 2009, pp. 576-590;
418. Mary Habeck, "Al-Qaida and Hamas: The Limits of Salafi-Jihadi Pragmatism," CTC Sentinel, February 2010, pp. 5-7.
419. Chehab, Inside Hamas, pp. 187-192;
420. Benedetta Berti, "Salafi-Jihadi Activism in Gaza: Mapping the Threat," CTC Sentinel, May 2010, pp. 5-9.
421. New York Times, July 8, 2006;
422. Jaysh al-Islam, "Taudih wa I'lam li-Ummat al-Islam" and "Da'wa li'l-Mubahala ma' Qiadat Harakat Hamas," September 16, 2008.
423. Shibley Telhami, 2006 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey (College Park.: Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, University of Maryland, 2007), p. 65.
424. Shibley Telhami, 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll (College Park: Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, University of Maryland, 2008), p. 58;
425. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the Increase in Europe, September 17, 2008, pp. 27-28.
426. Evan Kohlmann, "Zawahiri's New Message: A Landmark Call for Unity or a Tempest in a Teapot?" July 27, 2006, counterterrrorismblog.org.
427. "A Video Speech from Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri Regarding the Events in Lebanon and Gaza," July 27, 2006
428. Bernard Rougier, Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam among Palestinians in Lebanon (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp. 108-109, 161.
429. Samer Abboud, "The Siege of Nahr Al-Bared and the Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon," Arab Studies Quarterly, volume 31, 2009, pp. 31-48.
430. Bilal Y. Saab and Bruce O. Riedel, "Hezbollah and Al Qaeda," International Herald Tribune, April 9, 2007.
431. Bilal Y. Saab, "Al-Qa'ida's Presence and Influence in Lebanon," CTC Sentinel, December 2008, p. 6;
432. Bilal Y. Saab, "Lebanon at Risk from Salafi-Jihadi Terrorist Cells," CTC Sentinel, February 2010, pp. 8-11.
433. Darren W. Davis and Brian D. Silver, "Americans' Perceptions of the Causes of Terrorism: Why Do They Hate Us?" 2004, msu.edu/~bsilver.
434. This Day (Lagos, Nigeria), July 10, 2003;
435. Lancet (London), June 5, 2004;
436. World Health Organization, Global Polio Eradication Initiative: Annual Report 2008, 2009, polioeradication.org.
437. Majelis Ulama Indonesia, "Penggunaan Vaksin Polio Khusus (IPV)," October 8, 2002, mui.or.id;
438. Mao Tse-tung, "U.S. Imperialism Is a Paper Tiger," July 14, 1956, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, volume V, marxists.org;
439. see also Mao Tse Tung, Quotations from Mao Tse Tung (Beijing, China: Foreign Languages Press, 1966), pp. 72-75.
440. Leonard Peikoff, "What to Do about Terrorism," May 1, 1996, aynrand.org.
441. Bernard Lewis, "The Revolt of Islam," New Yorker, November 19, 2001, p. 63.
442. Wall Street Journal, February 3, 2004.
443. Bernard Lewis, The Middle East and the West (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964), p. 115;
444. Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), p. 60;
445. Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 158, 100.
446. Charles Kurzman, ed., Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
447. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. xx, 424.
448. Wall Street Journal, February 3, 2004;
449. Bernard Lewis, "The Revolt of Islam," p. 63;
450. Charlie Rose, "A Conversation with Author Bernard Lewis," December 20, 2001, charlierose.com
451. Barry M. Blechman and Tamara Cofman Wittes, "Defining Moment: The Threat and Use of Force in American Foreign Policy," Political Science Quarterly, volume 114, 1999, p. 5.
452. Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999).
453. Project for the New American Century, "Statement of Principles," June 3, 1997, www.newamericancentury.org.
454. Project for the New American Century, "Letter to President Clinton on Iraq," January 26, 1998, newamericancentury.org.
455. Ron Suskind, The Price of Loyalty (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), pp. 129, 354.
456. Michael DeLong, Inside CentCom (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2004), pp. 21, 63.
457. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 26.
458. Mozhdeh, Afghanistan va Panj Sal-e Solteh-ye Taleban, p. 74.
459. Kathy Gannon, I Is for Infidel (New York: Public Affairs, 2005), pp. 87-88.
460. Wright, The Looming Tower, pp. 288-289.
461. Claire Sterling, The Terror Network (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981).
462. Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), pp. 99-100.
463. George W. Bush, "Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation," September 11, 2001, whitehouse.gov;
464. Woodward, Bush at War, pp. 30-31;
465. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision (New York: Harper, 2008), p. 7;
466. DeLong, Inside CentCom, pp. 21-22.
467. see also Daniel Bynum, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2005);
468. Jeffrey M. Bale, "Terrorists as State Surrogates or Proxies: Separating Fact from Fiction," unpublished paper, 2010.
469. Gregory M. Maney, Lynne M. Woehrle, and Patrick G. Coy, "Harnessing and Challenging Hegemony: The U.S. Peace Movement after 9/11," Sociological Perspectives, volume 48, 2005, pp. 357-381.
470. Charles Kurzman, "Understanding the Attack on America," September 17, 2001, unc.edu/~kurzman.
471. Jerry L. Martin and Anne D. Neal, Defending Civilization: How Our Universities Are Failing America and What Can Be Done About It (Washington, D.C.: American Council of Trustees and Alumni, 2001), pp. 1, 26-27.
472. Charles Tilly, "Predictions," September 15, 2001, essays.ssrc.org/ sept11.
473. Donald N. Wilber, Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran (Langley, Va.: Clandestine Service Historical Paper No. 208, 1969), appendix E, pp. 21-22
474. New York Times, December 25, 1977;
475. see also Christopher Simpson, Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York: Collier Books, 1988), p. 5.
476. Chalmers A. Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), pp. 10-13, 30.
477. Johnson, Blowback, pp. 10-11.
478. Chalmers Johnson, "US Stumbles into Yet Another Futile War," Canberra Times, October 11, 2001.
479. Washington Post, November 30, 2001.
480. Yousef Ibrahim, "Bush's Iraq Adventure Is Bound to Backfire," International Herald Tribune, November 1, 2002;
481. New York Times, October 25, 2002; TomPaine.com.
482. Abu 'Azzam al-Ansari, "Shukran, Ayyatuha al-Sahyusalibiyya," Sada al-Islam, October-November 2006, pp. 13-17.
483. Dalton Fury, Kill Bin Laden: A Delta Force Commander's Account of the Hunt for the World's Most Wanted Man (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008), pp. 233-234.
484. George W. Bush, "We're Fighting to Win-And Win We Will," speech in Norfolk, Virginia, December 7, 2001, georgewbushwhitehouse. archives.gov.
485. George W. Bush, "President Bush Delivers Farewell Address to the Nation," January 15, 2009, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov.
486. Los Angeles Times, December 23, 1996.
487. Richard Sobel, "Portraying American Public Opinion Toward the Bosnia Crisis," Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, March 1998, pp. 16-33.
488. Cees Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992-1995 (Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag, 2003), pp. 158-198.
489. Washington Post, May 13, 1994.
490. Jaafar Abdulmahdi Saheeb, "Arab Views on Balkans' Moslems," Politikologija Religija, volume 2, 2008, pages 65-76.
491. Muhammad I. Ayish and Ali Qassim, "Direct Satellite Broadcasting in the Arab Gulf Region," International Communication Gazette, volume 56 1996, p. 25.
492. Evan Kohlmann, Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network (Oxford, England: Berg, 2004);
493. John R. Schindler, Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad (St. Paul, Minn.: Zenith Press, 2007);
494. Shaul Shay, Islamic Terror and the Balkans (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2009).
495. Crescent International, July 1-15, 1995.
496. Lawrence, Messages to the World, p. 40.
497. Monti Narayan Datta, "The Decline of America's Soft Power in the United Nations," International Studies Perspectives, volume 10, 2009, pp. 265-284
498. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years (2001-2008), December 18, 2008.
499. George W. Bush, "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People," September 20, 2001, georgewbushwhitehouse. archives.gov.
500. Lawrence, Messages to the World, p. 239.
501. Andrew R. Murphy, Prodigal Nation: Moral Decline and Divine Punishment from New England to 9/11 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
502. Giacomo Chiozza, Anti-Americanism and the American World Order (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), pp. 74, 98.
503. see Michael G. Elasmar, Through Their Eyes: Factors Affecting Muslim Support for the U.S.-Led War on Terror (Spokane, Wash.: Marquette Books, 2007).
504. See also Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Anti-Americanisms in World Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2007).
505. Mark A. Tessler and Michael D. H. Robbins, "What Leads Some Ordinary Men and Women in Arab Countries to Approve of Terrorist Acts against the West," Journal of Conflict Resolution, volume 51, 2007, p. 322.
506. Gallup Poll of the Islamic World, 2002.
507. Telhami, 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll, pp. 71-73;
508. Telhami, 2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, p. 15.
509. WorldPublicOpinion.org, "Public Opinion in the Islamic World on Terrorism, al Qaeda, and US Policies," February 25, 2009, p. 18.
510. Esposito and Mogahed, Who Speaks for Islam? p. 83.
511. Shibley Telhami, 2005 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey with 2004 Comparisons, p. 34;
512. Telhami, 2006 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, p. 34;
513. Telhami, 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll, p. 74;
514. Telhami, 2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, p. 17;
515. Telhami, 2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll, p. 12.
516. Telhami, 2005 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey with 2004 Comparisons, p. 39;
517. Telhami, 2006 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, p. 17;
518. Telhami, 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll, pp. 89-91;
519. Telhami, 2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, p. 39;
520. Telhami, 2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll, p. 62.
521. Pew Global Attitudes Project, A Rising Tide Lifts Mood in the Developing World, July 24, 2007, pp. 46-47.
522. Terror Free Tomorrow, "Pakistanis Strongly Back Negotiations with Al Qaeda and Taliban over Military Action; Public Support for Al Qaeda Gaining Ground," July 2009, pp. 8-9, terrorfreetomorrow.org;
523. WorldPublicOpinion.org, "Pakistani Public Opinion on the Swat Conflict, Afghanistan, and the US," July 1, 2009, p. 4.
524. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Islamic Extremism: Common Concern for Muslim and Western Publics, July 14, 2005, p. 34
525. see also WorldPublicOpinion.org, "Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy, Attacks on Civilians and al Qaeda," April 24, 2007, p. 6.
526. WorldPublicOpinion.org, "Public Opinion in the Islamic World on Terrorism, al Qaeda, and US Policies," February 25, 2009, pp. 11-12, 17.
527. U.S. Government Accountability Office, U.S. Public Diplomacy: Key Issues for Congressional Oversight, May 2009, gao.gov;
528. Peter Krause and Stephen Van Evera, "Public Diplomacy: Ideas for the War of Ideas," Middle East Policy, October 2009, pp. 106-134.
529. Joas Wagemakers, "Framing the 'Threat to Islam': Al-Wala' wa al-Bara' in Salafi Discourse," Arab Studies Quarterly, Fall 2008, p. 13;
530. Abid Ullah Jan, War on Islam? (United Kingdom: Maktabah al-Ansar, 2002).
531. George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President Upon Arrival," September 16, 2001, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov.
532. "Backgrounder: The President's Quotes on Islam," undated, georgewbushwhitehouse. archives.gov.
533. Tom Tancredo, "Bigger Sins than Offending," Denver Post, July 24, 2005;
534. Chris Dorsey, "Tancredo Says Threat of Attack on Holy Sites Would Deter Terrorism," IowaPolitics.com, July 31, 2007.
535. Pew Global Attitudes Project, Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years, p. 15;
536. Telhami, 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll, p. 78.
537. Telhami, 2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, pp. 6, 10, 13;
538. 2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll, pp. 6, 7, 10.
539. Telhami, 2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey, p. 16;
540. 2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll, p. 11.
541. "The Nobel Peace Prize 2003," October 10, 2003, nobelprize.org;
542. Shirin Ebadi, "Nobel Lecture," Oslo Norway, December 10, 2003, nobelprize.org.
543. Seymour M. Hersh, "Preparing the Battlefield: The Bush Administration Steps Up Its Secret Moves Against Iran," New Yorker, July 7, 2008, p. 61.
544. Charles Kurzman, "Soft on Satan: Challenges for Iranian-U.S. Relations," Middle East Policy, June 1998, pp. 63-72;
545. Hamshahri, August 5, 1999;
546. "The 'Grand Bargain' Fax: A Missed Opportunity?" Frontline, October 23, 2007, pbs.org.
547. Eric Cantor, "Cantor on Iran, Election Protests & Administration's Silence," June 15, 2009, republicanwhip.house.gov;
548. Babak Sarfaraz, "Iran's New Revolutionaries," Nation, July 13, 2009.
549. Yarro, "Chera Tarh-e Obama bara-ye Bar-Qarari-ye Rabetehye Addi ba Iran Naf'-e Demokrasi dar Iran Ast?" November 11, 2009, yarro.blogspot.com
550. Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin, Three Cups of Tea (New York: Penguin, 2006), p. 97, 219.
551. William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick, The Ugly American (New York: W. W. Norton, 1958), pp. 205-232.
552. Helen B. Hunerwadel, Our Burma Story, unpublished manuscript, 1979;
553. Otto K Hunerwadel, Jr., "Hunerwadel Family," Beersheba Springs Historical Society, Tennessee, June 2008, grundycountyhistory.org.
554. James A. Michener, The Voice of Asia (New York: Random House, 1951), pp. 223-226.
555. W. Morgan Shuster, The Strangling of Persia (New York: Century, 1912);
556. Robert A. McDaniel, The Shuster Mission and the Persian Constitutional Revolution (Minneapolis, Minn.: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1974);
557. Kurzman, Democracy Denied, pp. 182, 229-231.
558. Nicholas J. Cull, The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945-1989 (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 190, 196.
559. Sam Cherribi, "U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Arab World: Responses to Al-Jazeera's Interview with Karen Hughes," American Behavioral Scientist, volume 52, 2009, p. 762.
560. Karen Hughes, " 'Waging Peace': A New Paradigm for Public Diplomacy," Mediterranean Quarterly, volume 18, 2007, pp. 18-36;
561. Herald-Sun (Durham, N.C.), March 25, 2006.
562. Roy Cooper and John J. Aldridge III, North Carolina Firearms Laws (Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Liaison Section, 2006).
563. Mike Davis, Buda's Wagon: A Brief History of the Car Bomb (London, England: Verso, 2007);
564. C. P. Berry, The Law of Automobiles, 2nd ed. (Chicago, Ill.: Callaghan, 1916), p. 997.
565. Gillo Pontecorvo, La Battaglia di Algeri (Algiers, Algeria: Casbah Films; Rome, Italy: Igor Film, 1966);
566. See also Yahya Ibrahim, "The Ultimate Mowing Machine," Inspire, number 2, 2010, p. 54
567. Harakat ul-Mujahedeen, "Jihad: The Forgotten Obligation," date unknown, posted at jihadunspun.org and harkatulmujahideen.org.
568. Mu'askar al-Battar, number 7, March-April 2004, p. 2.
569. Brynjar Lia, Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus'ab al-Suri (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), p. 245.
570. Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj, al-Farida al-Ghaiba, ed.Muhammad 'Imara (Cairo, Egypt: Dar Thabit, 1982)
571. Johannes J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty (New York: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 199-200.
572. Abdullah Azzam, Defense of Muslim Lands, trans. Ahl al-Sunna wa'l-Jama'a, publication date and location unknown, chapter 3.
573. Usama Bin Ladin, Ayman Zawahiri, and Rifa'i Taha, "Nas Bayan al-Jabha al-Islamiyya al-'Alamiyya li-Jihad al-Yahud wa-'l-Salibiyun," Al-Quds al-'Arabi (London, England), February 23, 1998.
574. see Shmuel Bar, Warrants for Terror: Fatwas of Radical Islam and the Duty of Jihad (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), pp. 36-45.
575. Yosri Fouda and Nick Fielding, Masterminds of Terror (Edinburgh, Scotland: Mainstream Publishing, 2003), p. 114;
576. "Substitution for the Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed," U.S. vs. Zacarias Moussaoui, defendant's exhibit DX-0941, introduced March 28, 2006, pp. 26-27, 51.
577. Sami Yousafzai and Ron Moreau, "The Taliban in Their Own Words," Newsweek, October 5, 2009, p. 39;
578. Sami Yousafzai and Ron Moreau, "Inside Al Qaeda," Newsweek, September 13, 2010, pp. 30-37;
579. Peter Bergen, "Where You Bin?" New Republic, January 29, 2007, pp. 16-19;
580. New York Times, February 19 and September 10, 2007, and July 10 and August 13, 2008;
581. S. H. Tajik, "Insight into a Suicide Bomber Training Camp in Waziristan," CTC Sentinel, March 2010, p. 10.
582. Steven Emerson, Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to Militant Islam in the US (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2006), pp. 431-447;
583. Laura Mansfield, One Nation Under Allah: The Islamic Invasion of America (n.p.: Greene Leaf Pub., 2005);
584. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), p. 146.
585. Terrorist Trial Report Card: U.S. Edition, September 11, 2001- September 11, 2006 (New York: Center on Law and Security, New York University School of Law, 2006);
586. Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University, 2007).
587. David Schanzer, Charles Kurzman, and Ebrahim Moosa, "Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans," National Institute of Justice Working Paper, 2009.
588. Charlotte Observer, April 25, 2006.
589. Crime in the United States, 2009 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010);
590. Terrorism Knowledge Base (Oklahoma City, Okla.: National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, 2008);
591. Global Terrorism Database (College Park, Md.: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland, 2009);
592. Terrorism, 2002-2005 (Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2006), p. 29.
593. Sari Horwitz and Michael E. Ruane, Sniper: Inside the Hunt for the Killers Who Terrorized the Nation (New York: Random House, 2003), pp. 19, 28, 219, 235;
594. Angie Cannon, 23 Days of Terror: The Compelling True Story of the Hunt and Capture of the Beltway Snipers (New York: Pocket Books, 2003), pp. 38, 41.
595. see Schanzer et al., "Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans,"
596. Charles Kurzman, "Muslim-American Terrorism Suspects: An Accounting, 2001-2010," January 2011, www.unc.edu/~kurzman.
597. David L. Altheide, Terror Post 9/11 and the Media (New York: Peter Lang, 2009), pp. 99-116;
598. Ian S. Lustick, Trapped in the War on Terror (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), pp. 29-47;
599. John Mueller, "Is There Still a Terrorist Threat? The Myth of the Omnipresent Enemy," Foreign Affairs, September-October 2006, pp. 2-8.
600. Nancy Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 261.
601. Gilbert Burnham et al., The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002-2006 (Baltimore, Md.: Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; Baghdad, Iraq: School of Medicine, Al Mustansiriya University, 2006);
602. Iraq, August 2007 (London, England: Opinion Research Business; Baghdad, Iraq: Independent Institute for Administration and Civil Society Studies, 2008).
603. Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, Bin Ladin bila-Qina' (Beirut, Lebanon: al-Sharika al-'Alamiyya li'l-Kitab, 2003), pp. 142-143.
604. Alan Cullison, "Inside Al-Qaeda's Hard Drive," Atlantic Monthly, September 2004, p. 59.
605. Fawaz A. Gerges, The Far Enemy (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 194.
606. Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Salim, 39 Wasila li-Khidmat al-Jihad wa'l-Musharaka fihi, 2003, faroq.net.
607. Nasra Hassan, "Al-Qaeda's Understudy," Atlantic Monthly, June 2004, p. 44.
608. Walter Laqueur, ed., Voices of Terror: Manifestos, Writings, and Manuals of Al-Qaeda, Hamas and Other Terrorists from Around the World and Throughout the Ages (New York: Reed Press, 2004).
609. see Bruce Riedel, "The Mysterious Relationship Between Al-Qa'ida and Iran," CTC Sentinel, July 2010, pp. 1-3;
610. Wall Street Journal, July 27, 2010
611. Bernard Haykel, "Jihadis and the Shi'a," in Assaf Moghadam and Brian Fishman, eds., Self-Inflicted Wounds: Debates and Divisions Within al-Qa'ida and Its Periphery (West Point, N.Y.: Combating Terrorism Center, U.S. Military Academy, 2010), pp. 202-223.
612. see also The Language of Nuclear Terrorism (Alexandria, Va.: Luntz, Maslansky Strategic Research and Saga Foundation, 2007).
613. Gallup, "The Decade in Review: Four Key Trends," December 23, 2009
614. "Most Important Problem," November 2010, gallup.com;
615. Findings of the 2007 International GfK Survey on Personal and Societal Fears (Nuremberg, Germany: GfK Custom Research, 2007).
616. John Mueller, Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate National Security Threats, and Why We Believe Them (New York: Free Press, 2006).
617. Amy Belasco, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2007);
618. Jennifer Kates, U.S. Federal Funding for HIV/AIDS: The FY 2009 Budget Request, April 2008 (Menlo Park, Calif.: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008).
619. Neil Englehart and Charles Kurzman, "Welcome to World Peace," Social Forces, volume 84, 2006, pp. 1957-1967;
620. Charles Kurzman and Neil Englehart, "Farewell to World Peace?" Christian Science Monitor, August 29, 2008.