Parainfluenza Viruses

Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology: Sixth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 409-439

  Psarras, Stelios ^a   Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G ^b   Johnston, Sebastian L ^c  

^a BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^c NATIONAL HEART AND LUNG INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute respiratory tract disease (ARD); HPIV infection and illness upper and lower respiratory tract symptom; Human metapneumoviruses (hMPV); Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs); T cell proliferation; Viral transmission, incubation and shedding

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870356749     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470741405.ch17     Document Type: Chapter

References (209)

1. Adamko, D.J., Yost, B.L., Gleich, G.J. et al. (1999) Ovalbumin sensitization changes the inflammatory response to subsequent parainfluenza infection. Eosinophils mediate airway hyperresponsiveness, m(2) muscarinic receptor dysfunction, and antiviral effects. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 190, 1465-78.
2. Aguilar, J.C., Perez-Brena, M.P., Garcia, M.L. et al. (2000) Detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4 in clinical samples of pediatric patients by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 1191-95.
3. Ah-Tye, C., Schwartz, S., Huberman, K. et al. (1999) Virus-receptor interactions of human parainfluenza viruses types 1, 2 and 3. Microbial Pathogenesis, 27, 329-36.
4. Alymova, I.V., Portner, A., Takimoto, T. et al. (2005) The novel parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitor BCX 2798 prevents lethal synergism between a paramyxovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49, 398-405.
5. Amonsen, M., Smith, D.F., Cummings, R.D. and Air, G.M. (2007) Human parainfluenza viruses hPIV1 and hPIV3 bind oligosaccharides with {alpha}2-3 linked sialic acid that are distinct from those bound by H5 avian influenza hemagglutinin. Journal of Virology, 81, 8341-5.
6. Andrejeva, J., Young, D.F., Goodbourn, S. and Randall, R.E. (2002) Degradation of STAT1 and STAT2 by the V proteins of simian virus 5 and human parainfluenza virus type 2, respectively: consequences for virus replication in the presence of alpha/beta and gamma interferons. Journal of Virology, 76, 2159-67.
7. Arguedas, A., Stutman, H.R. and Blanding, J.G. (1990) Parainfluenza type 3 meningitis. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Clinical Pediatrics (Phila), 29, 175-78.
8. Arisoy, E.S., Demmler, G.J., Thakar, S. and Doerr, C. (1993) Meningitis due to parainfluenza virus type 3: report of two cases and review. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 17, 995-97.
9. Bailly, J.E., McAuliffe, J.M., Skiadopoulos, M.H. et al. (2000) Sequence determination and molecular analysis of two strains of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 that are attenuated for primates. Virus Genes, 20, 173-82.
10. Barenfanger, J., Drake, C., Mueller, T. et al. (2001) R-Mix cells are faster, at least as sensitive and marginally more costly than conventional cell lines for the detection of respiratory viruses. Journal of Clinical Virology, 22, 101-10.
11. Bartlett, E.J., Amaro-Carambot, E., Surman, S.R. et al. (2005) Human parainfluenza virus type I (HPIV1) vaccine candidates designed by reverse genetics are attenuated and efficacious in African green monkeys. Vaccine, 23, 4631-46.
12. Bartlett, E.J., Amaro-Carambot, E., Surman, S.R. et al. (2006) Introducing point and deletion mutations into the P/C gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) by reverse genetics generates attenuated and efficacious vaccine candidates. Vaccine, 24, 2674-84.
13. Belshe, R.B., Newman, F.K., Anderson, E.L. et al. (2004a) Evaluation of combined live, attenuated respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza 3 virus vaccines in infants and young children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 190, 2096-103.
14. Belshe, R.B., Newman, F.K., Tsai, T.F. et al. (2004b) Phase 2 evaluation of parainfluenza type 3 cold passage mutant 45 live attenuated vaccine in healthy children 6-18 months old. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 189, 462-70.
15. Bloom, H.H., Johnson, K.M., Jacobsen, R. and Chanock, R.M. (1961) Recovery of parainfluenza viruses from adults with upper respiratory illness. American Journal of Hygiene, 74, 50-59.
16. Bonville, C.A., Rosenberg, H.F. and Domachowske, J.B. (1999) Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and RANTES are present in nasal secretions during ongoing upper respiratory tract infection. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 10, 39-44.
17. Bose, S. and Banerjee, A.K. (2002) Role of heparan sulfate in human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection. Virology, 298, 73-83.
18. Bose, S. and Banerjee, A.K. (2004) Beta-catenin associates with human parainfluenza virus type 3 ribonucleoprotein complex and activates transcription of viral genome RNA in vitro. Gene Expression, 11, 241-49.
19. Bose, S., Basu, M. and Banerjee, A.K. (2004) Role of nucleolin in human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection of human lung epithelial cells. Journal of Virology, 78, 8146-58.
20. Bose, S., Malur, A. and Banerjee, A.K. (2001) Polarity of human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection in polarized human lung epithelial A549 cells: role of microfilament and microtubule. Journal of Virology, 75, 1984-89.
21. Bousse, T., Chambers, R.L., Scroggs, R.A. et al. (2006) Human parainfluenza virus type 1 but not Sendai virus replicates in human respiratory cells despite IFN treatment. Virus Research, 121, 23-32.
22. Bousse, T., Matrosovich, T., Portner, A. et al. (2002) The long noncoding region of the human parainfluenza virus type 1 f gene contributes to the read-through transcription at the m-f gene junction. Journal of Virology, 76, 8244-51.
23. Bousse, T., Takimoto, T., Murti, K.G. and Portner, A. (1997) Elevated expression of the human parainfluenza virus type 1 F gene downregulates HN expression. Virology, 232, 44-52.
24. Brady, M.T., Evans, J. and Cuartas, J. (1990) Survival and disinfection of parainfluenza viruses on environmental surfaces. American Journal of Infection Control, 18, 18-23.
25. Cadd, T., Garcin, D., Tapparel, C. et al. (1996) The Sendai paramyxovirus accessory C proteins inhibit viral genome amplification in a promoter-specific fashion. Journal of Virology, 70, 5067-74.
26. Calain, P. and Roux, L. (1993) The rule of six, a basic feature for efficient replication of Sendai virus defective interfering RNA. Journal of Virology, 67, 4822-30.
27. Canchola, J.G., Chanock, R.M., Jeffries, B.C. et al. (1965) Recovery and identification of human myxoviruses. Bacteriological Reviews, 29, 496-503.
28. Carman, W.F., Wallace, L.A., Walker, J. et al. (2000) Rapid virological surveillance of community influenza infection in general practice. British Medical Journal, 321, 736-37.
29. Chanock, R.M., Bell, J.A. and Parott, R.H. (1961) Natural history of parainfluenza infection, in Perspective in Biology (ed. M. Pollard), Burgess, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 126-39.
30. Chatziandreou, N., Stock, N., Young, D. et al. (2004) Relationships and host range of human, canine, simian and porcine isolates of simian virus 5 (parainfluenza virus 5). The Journal of General Virology, 85, 3007-16.
31. Clements, M.L., Belshe, R.B., King, J. et al. (1991) Evaluation of bovine, cold-adapted human, and wild-type human parainfluenza type 3 viruses in adult volunteers and in chimpanzees. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 29, 1175-82.
32. Corne, J.M., Green, S., Sanderson, G. et al. (1999) A multiplex RT-PCR for the detection of parainfluenza viruses 1-3 in clinical samples. Journal of Virological Methods, 82, 9-18.
33. Coronel, E.C., Takimoto, T., Murti, K.G. et al. (2001) Nucleocapsid incorporation into parainfluenza virus is regulated by specific interaction with matrix protein. Journal of Virology, 75, 1117-23.
34. De, B.P., Hoffman, M.A., Choudhary, S. et al. (2000) Role of NH(2)- and COOH-terminal domains of the P protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 in transcription and replication. Journal of Virology, 74, 5886-95.
35. Didcock, L., Young, D.F., Goodbourn, S. and Randall, R.E. (1999) The V protein of simian virus 5 inhibits interferon signalling by targeting STAT1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. Journal of Virology, 73, 9928-33.
36. Dignan, F., Alvares, C., Riley, U. et al. (2006) Parainfluenza type 3 infection post stem cell transplant: high prevalence but low mortality. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 63, 452-58.
37. Domachowske, J.B., Dyer, K.D., Bonville, C.A.
38. and Rosenberg, H.F. (1998) Recombinant human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin/RNase 2 functions as an effective antiviral agent against respiratory syncytial virus. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 177, 1458-64.
39. Dorman, S.E., Uzel, G., Roesler, J. et al. (1999) Viral infections in interferon-gamma receptor deficiency. The Journal of Pediatrics, 135, 640-43.
40. Durbin, A.P., Siew, J.W., Murphy, B.R. and Collins, P.L. (1997) Minimum protein requirements for transcription and RNA replication of a minigenome of human parainfluenza virus type 3 and evaluation of the rule of six. Virology, 234, 74-83.
41. Echevarria, J.E., Erdman, D.D., Meissner, H.C. and Anderson, L. (2000) Rapid molecular epidemiologic studies of human parainfluenza viruses based on direct sequencing of amplified DNA from a multiplex RT-PCR assay. Journal of Virological Methods, 88, 105-9.
42. Echevarria, J.E., Erdman, D.D., Swierkosz, E.M. et al. (1998) Simultaneous detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3 from clinical samples by multiplex PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 1388-91.
43. Elizaga, J., Olavarria, E., Apperley, J. et al. (2001) Parainfluenza virus 3 infection after stem cell transplant: relevance to outcome of rapid diagnosis and ribavirin treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32, 413-18.
44. Englund, J.A., Piedra, P.A. and Whimbey, E. (1997) Prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses in immunocompromised patients. The American Journal of Medicine, 102, 61-70; discussion 75-66.
45. Fan, J., Henrickson, K.J. and Savatski, L.L. (1998) Rapid simultaneous diagnosis of infections with respiratory syncytial viruses A and B, influenza viruses A and B, and human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 by multiplex quantitative reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction-enzyme hybridization assay (Hexaplex). Clinical Infectious Diseases, 26, 1397-402.
46. Folkerts, G., Verheyen, A.K., Geuens, G.M. et al. (1993) Virus-induced changes in airway responsiveness, morphology, and histamine levels in guinea pigs. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 147, 1569-77.
47. Frank, A.L., Taber, L.H., Wells, C.R. et al. (1981) Patterns of shedding of myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 144, 433-41.
48. Frank, J.A., Jr., Warren, R.W., Tucker, J.A. et al. (1983) Disseminated parainfluenza infection in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency. American Journal of Diseases of Children 137, 1172-74.
49. Freymuth, F., Vabret, A., Galateau-Salle, F. et al. (1997) Detection of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenzavirus 3, adenovirus and rhinovirus sequences in respiratory tract of infants by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization. Clinical and Diagnostic Virology, 8, 31-40.
50. Fry, A.M., Curns, A.T., Harbour, K. et al. (2006) Seasonal trends of human parainfluenza viral infections: United States, 1990-2004. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 43, 1016-22.
51. Gabrielsen, B., Phelan, M.J., Barthel-Rosa, L. et al. (1992) Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of N-carboxamidine- substituted analogues of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl- 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 35, 3231-38.
52. Galinski, M.S., Troy, R.M. and Banerjee, A.K. (1992) RNA editing in the phosphoprotein gene of the human parainfluenza virus type 3. Virology, 186, 543-50.
53. Gao, J., Choudhary, S., Banerjee, A.K. and De, B.P. (2000) Human parainfluenza virus type 3 upregulates ICAM-1 (CD54) expression in a cytokine-independent manner. Gene Expression, 9, 115-21.
54. Gao, J., De, B.P. and Banerjee, A.K. (1999) Human parainfluenza virus type 3 up-regulates major histocompatibility complex class I and II expression on respiratory epithelial cells: involvement of a STAT1- and CIITA-independent pathway. Journal of Virology, 73, 1411-18.
55. Gao, J., De, B.P., Han, Y. et al. (2001) Human parainfluenza virus type 3 inhibits gamma interferon-induced major histocompatibility complex class II expression directly and by inducing alpha/beta interferon. Journal of Virology, 75, 1124-31.
56. Ghose, A.K., Crippen, G.M., Revankar, G.R. et al. (1989) Analysis of the in vitro antiviral activity of certain ribonucleosides against parainfluenza virus using a novel computer aided receptor modeling procedure. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 32, 746-56.
57. Glezen, W.P., Frank, A.L., Taber, L.H. and Kasel, J.A. (1984) Parainfluenza virus type 3: seasonality and risk of infection and reinfection in young children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 150, 851-57.
58. Graziano, F.M., Tilton, R., Hirth, T. et al. (1989) The effect of parainfluenza 3 infection on guinea pig basophil and lung mast cell histamine release. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 139, 715-20.
59. Greenberg, D.P., Walker, R.E., Lee, M.S. et al. (2005) A bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in early infancy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, 1116-22.
60. Greengard, O., Poltoratskaia, N., Leikina, E. et al. (2000) The anti-influenza virus agent 4-GU-DANA (zanamivir) inhibits cell fusion mediated by human parainfluenza virus and influenza virus HA. Journal of Virology, 74, 11108-14.
61. Greer, C.E., Zhou, F., Legg, H.S. et al. (2007) A chimeric alphavirus RNA replicon gene-based vaccine for human parainfluenza virus type 3 induces protective immunity against intranasal virus challenge. Vaccine, 25, 481-89.
62. Grondahl, B., Puppe, W., Hoppe, A. et al. (1999) Rapid identification of nine microorganisms causing acute respiratory tract infections by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-PCR: feasibility study. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 1-7.
63. Gross, P.A., Green, R.H. and Curnen, M.G. (1973) Persistent infection with parainfluenza type 3 virus in man. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 108, 894-98.
64. Gupta, S., De, B.P., Drazba, J.A. and Banerjee, A.K. (1998) Involvement of actin microfilaments in the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 3. Journal of Virology, 72, 2655-62.
65. Hall, C.B. (2001) Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1917-28.
66. Hall, C.B., Douglas, R.G., Jr., Simons, R.L. and Geiman, J.M. (1978) Interferon production in children with respiratory syncytial, influenza, and parainfluenza virus infections. The Journal of Pediatrics, 93, 28-32.
67. Hall, C.B., Geiman, J.M., Breese, B.B. and Douglas, R.G., Jr. (1977) Parainfluenza viral infections in children:correlation of shedding with clinical manifestations. The Journal of Pediatrics, 91, 194-98.
68. Hall, S.L., Stokes, A., Tierney, E.L. et al. (1992) Cold-passaged human parainfluenza type 3 viruses contain ts and non-ts mutations leading to attenuation in rhesus monkeys. Virus Research, 22, 173-84.
69. Henrickson, K.J. (2003) Parainfluenza viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16, 242-64.
70. Henrickson, K.J., Kuhn, S.M. and Savatski, L.L. (1994) Epidemiology and cost of infection with human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2 in young children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18, 770-79.
71. Henrickson, K.J. and Savatski, L.L. (1992) Genetic variation and evolution of human parainfluenza virus type 1 hemagglutinin neuraminidase: analysis of 12 clinical isolates. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 166, 995-1005.
72. Henrickson, K.J. and Savatski, L.L. (1997) Antigenic structure, function, and evolution of the hemagglutininneuraminidase protein of human parainfluenza virus type 1. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 176, 867-75.
73. Hetherington, S.V., Watson, A.S., Scroggs, R.A. and Portner, A. (1994) Human parainfluenza virus type 1 evolution combines cocirculation of strains and development of geographically restricted lineages. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 169, 248-52.
74. Hibbitts, S., Rahman, A., John, R. et al. (2003) Development and evaluation of NucliSens basic kit NASBA for diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection with 'end-point' and 'real-time' detection. Journal of Virological Methods, 108, 145-55.
75. Hindiyeh, M., Hillyard, D.R. and Carroll, K.C. (2001) Evaluation of the prodesse hexaplex multiplex PCR assay for direct detection of seven respiratory viruses in clinical specimens. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 116, 218-24.
76. Hoffman, M.A. and Banerjee, A.K. (2000) Precise mapping of the replication and transcription promoters of human parainfluenza virus type 3. Virology, 269, 201-11.
77. Hoffman, M.A., Thorson, L.M., Vickman, J.E. et al. (2006) Roles of human parainfluenza virus type 3 bases 13 to 78 in replication and transcription: identification of an additional replication promoter element and evidence for internal transcription initiation. Journal of Virology, 80, 5388-96.
78. Holmgren, J., Svennerholm, L., Elwing, H. et al. (1980) Sendai virus receptor: proposed recognition structure based on binding to plastic-adsorbed gangliosides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 77, 1947-50.
79. Horga, M.A., Gusella, G.L., Greengard, O. et al. (2000) Mechanism of interference mediated by human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection. Journal of Virology, 74, 11792-99.
80. Horga, M.A., Macip, S., Tuyama, A.C. et al. (2005) Human parainfluenza virus 3 neuraminidase activity contributes to dendritic cell maturation. Viral Immunology, 18, 523-33.
81. Hu, A., Colella, M., Zhao, P. et al. (2005) Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and quantitation of parainfluenza virus 3. Journal of Virological Methods, 130, 145-48.
82. Hua, J., Liao, M.J. and Rashidbaigi, A. (1996) Cytokines induced by Sendai virus in human peripheral blood leukocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 60, 125-28.
83. Huberman, K., Peluso, R.W. and Moscona, A. (1995) Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of human parainfluenza 3: role of the neuraminidase in the viral life cycle. Virology, 214, 294-300.
84. Ikeda, K., Kitani, S., Sato, K. et al. (2004) 2beta,3beta- Difluorosialic acid derivatives structurally modified at the C-4 position: synthesis and biological evaluation as inhibitors of human parainfluenza virus type 1. Carbohydrate Research, 339, 1367-72.
85. Ikeda, K., Sato, K., Kitani, S. et al. (2006) 2-Deoxy-2, 3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid analogues structurally modified at the C-4 position: synthesis and biological evaluation as inhibitors of human parainfluenza virus type 1. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 14, 7893-97.
86. Jalal, H., Bibby, D.F., Bennett, J. et al. (2007) Molecular investigations of an outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus infections in a hematology unit. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 1690-96.
87. Jiang, R.W., Ma, S.C., But, P.P. and Mak, T.C. (2001) New antiviral cassane furanoditerpenes from Caesalpinia minax. Journal of Natural Products, 64, 1266-72.
88. Kapikian, A.Z., Chanock, R.M., Reichelderfer, T.E. et al. (1961) Inoculation of human volunteers with parainfluenza virus type 3. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 178, 537-41.
89. Karron, R.A., Froehlich, J.L., Bobo, L. et al. (1994) Rapid detection of parainfluenza virus type 3 RNA in respiratory specimens: use of reverse transcription- PCR-enzyme immunoassay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32, 484-88.
90. Karron, R.A., Wright, P.F., Hall, S.L. et al. (1995a) A live attenuated bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine is safe, infectious, immunogenic, and phenotypically stable in infants and children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 171, 1107-14.
91. Karron, R.A., Wright, P.F., Newman, F.K. et al. (1995b) A live human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine is attenuated and immunogenic in healthy infants and children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172, 1445-50.
92. Kawano, M., Kaito, M., Kozuka, Y. et al. (2001) Recovery of infectious human parainfluenza type 2 virus from cDNA clones and properties of the defective virus without V-specific cysteine-rich domain. Virology, 284, 99-112.
93. Kehl, S.C., Henrickson, K.J., Hua, W. and Fan, J. (2001) Evaluation of the Hexaplex assay for detection of respiratory viruses in children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 1696-701.
94. Knott, A.M., Long, C.E. and Hall, C.B. (1994) Parainfluenza viral infections in pediatric outpatients: seasonal patterns and clinical characteristics. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 13, 269-73.
95. Komada, H., Ito, M., Nishio, M. et al. (2000) N-glycosylation contributes to the limited cross-reactivity between hemagglutinin neuraminidase proteins of human parainfluenza virus type 4A and 4B. Medical Microbiology and Immunology (Berl), 189, 1-6.
96. Komada, H., Kusagawa, S., Orvell, C. et al. (1992) Antigenic diversity of human parainfluenza virus type 1 isolates and their immunological relationship with Sendai virus revealed by using monoclonal antibodies. The Journal of General Virology, 73, 875-84.
97. Komada, H., Tsurudome, M., Ueda, M. et al. (1989) Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human parainfluenza virus type 4 and their use in revealing antigenic relation between subtypes 4A and 4B. Virology, 171, 28-37.
98. Komatsu, T., Takeuchi, K. and Gotoh, B. (2007) Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 accessory proteins that suppress beta interferon production. Microbes and Infection, 9, 954-62.
99. Korppi, M., Halonen, P., Kleemola, M. and Launiala, K. (1988) The role of parainfluenza viruses in inspiratory difficulties in children. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 77, 105-11.
100. Kunzelmann, K., Konig, J., Sun, J. et al. (2004) Acute effects of parainfluenza virus on epithelial electrolyte transport. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 48760-66.
101. Kurotani, A., Kiyotani, K., Kato, A. et al. (1998) Sendai virus C proteins are categorically nonessential gene products but silencing their expression severely impairs viral replication and pathogenesis. Genes to Cells, 3, 111-24.
102. Lamb, R.A. and Choppin, P.W. (1977) The synthesis of Sendai virus polypeptides in infected cells. II. Intracellular distribution of polypeptides. Virology, 81, 371-81.
103. Landry, M.L. and Ferguson, D. (2003) Suboptimal detection of influenza virus in adults by the Directigen Flu A + B enzyme immunoassay and correlation of results with the number of antigen-positive cells detected by cytospin immunofluorescence. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41, 3407-9.
104. Lau, S.K., To, W.K., Tse, P.W. et al. (2005) Human parainfluenza virus 4 outbreak and the role of diagnostic tests. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 4515-21.
105. Laurichesse, H., Dedman, D., Watson, J.M. and Zambon, M.C. (1999) Epidemiological features of parainfluenza virus infections: laboratory surveillance in England and Wales, 1975-1997. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, 475-84.
106. Lawrence, M.C., Borg, N.A., Streltsov, V.A. et al. (2004) Structure of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase from human parainfluenza virus type III. Journal of Molecular Biology, 335, 1343-57.
107. Lee, M.S., Greenberg, D.P., Yeh, S.H. et al. (2001) Antibody responses to bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) vaccination and human PIV3 infection in young infants. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 184, 909-13.
108. Lee, W.M., Grindle, K., Pappas, T. et al. (2007) Highthroughput, sensitive, and accurate multiplex PCRmicrosphere flow cytometry system for large-scale comprehensive detection of respiratory viruses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 2626-34.
109. Lefkowitz, L.B., Jr. and Jackson, G.G. (1966) Dual respiratory infection with parainfluenza and rhinovirus. The pathogenesis of transmitted infection in volunteers. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 93, 519-28.
110. Le Goffic, R., Mouchel, T., Aubry, F. et al. (2002) Production of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 is induced by the Sendai virus in human and rat testicular cells. Endocrinology, 143, 1434-40.
111. Lin, B., Wang, Z., Vora, G.J. et al. (2006) Broad-spectrum respiratory tract pathogen identification using resequencing DNA microarrays. Genome Research, 16, 527-35.
112. Lindquist, S.W., Darnule, A., Istas, A. and Demmler, G.J. (1997) Parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 16, 34-38.
113. Liolios, L., Jenney, A., Spelman, D. et al. (2001) Comparison of a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR-enzyme hybridization assay with conventional viral culture and immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of seven viral respiratory pathogens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 2779-83.
114. Madden, J.F., Burchette, J.L., Jr. and Hale, L.P. (2004) Pathology of parainfluenza virus infection in patients with congenital immunodeficiency syndromes. Human Pathology, 35, 594-603.
115. Madhi, S.A., Cutland, C., Zhu, Y. et al. (2006) Transmissibility, infectivity and immunogenicity of a live human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine (HPIV3cp45) among susceptible infants and toddlers. Vaccine, 24, 2432-39.
116. Maeda, Y., Hatta, M., Takada, A. et al. (2005) Live bivalent vaccine for parainfluenza and influenza virus infections. Journal of Virology, 79, 6674-79.
117. Makela, M.J., Puhakka, T., Ruuskanen, O. et al. (1998) Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 539-42.
118. Malur, A.G., Chattopadhyay, S., Maitra, R.K. and Banerjee, A.K. (2005) Inhibition of STAT 1 phosphorylation by human parainfluenza virus type 3C protein. Journal of Virology, 79, 7877-82.
119. Malur, A.G., Hoffman, M.A. and Banerjee, A.K. (2004) The human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV 3) C protein inhibits viral transcription. Virus Research, 99, 199-204.
120. Marx, A., Gary, H.E., Jr., Marston, B.J. et al. (1999) Parainfluenza virus infection among adults hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 29, 134-40.
121. Marx, A., Torok, T.J., Holman, R.C. et al. (1997) Pediatric hospitalizations for croup (laryngotracheobronchitis): biennial increases associated with human parainfluenza virus 1 epidemics. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 176, 1423-27.
122. Matsuoka, Y., Curran, J., Pelet, T. et al. (1991) The P gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 encodes P and C proteins but not a cysteine-rich V protein. Journal of Virology, 65, 3406-10.
123. Matsuse, H., Kondo, Y., Saeki, S. et al. (2005) Naturally occurring parainfluenza virus 3 infection in adults induces mild exacerbation of asthma associated with increased sputum concentrations of cysteinyl leukotrienes. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 138, 267-72.
124. McLean, D.M. (2000) Parainfluenza viruses, in Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, 4th edn (eds A.J. Zuckerman, J.E. Banatvala and J.R. Pattison), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 279-91.
125. Mo, X.Y., Sarawar, S.R. and Doherty, P.C. (1995) Induction of cytokines in mice with parainfluenza pneumonia. Journal of Virology, 69, 1288-91.
126. Morrison, T.G. and McGinnes, L.W. (1989) Avian cells expressing the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutininneuraminidase protein are resistant to Newcastle disease virus infection. Virology, 171, 10-17.
127. Moscona, A. (2005) Entry of parainfluenza virus into cells as a target for interrupting childhood respiratory disease. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115, 1688-98.
128. Moscona, A. and Peluso, R.W. (1992) Fusion properties of cells infected with human parainfluenza virus type 3: receptor requirements for viral spread and virusmediated membrane fusion. Journal of Virology, 66, 6280-87.
129. Moscona, A. and Peluso, R.W. (1993) Persistent infection with human parainfluenza virus 3 in CV-1 cells: analysis of the role of defective interfering particles. Virology, 194, 399-402.
130. Moss, W.J., Ryon, J.J., Monze, M. et al. (2002) Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication during acute measles. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 185, 1035-42.
131. Mounts, A.W., Kaur, H., Parashar, U.D. et al. (2001) A cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus, Malaysia, 1999.The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 183, 810-13.
132. Muchmore, H.G., Parkinson, A.J., Humphries, J.E. et al. (1981) Persistent parainfluenza virus shedding during isolation at the South Pole. Nature, 289, 187-89.
133. Murrell, M., Porotto, M., Weber, T. et al. (2003) Mutations in human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin- neuraminidase causing increased receptor binding activity and resistance to the transition state sialic acid analog 4-GU-DANA (Zanamivir). Journal of Virology, 77, 309-17.
134. Nichol, S.T., Arikawa, J. and Kawaoka, Y. (2000) Emerging viral diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 12411-12.
135. Nichols, W.G., Corey, L., Gooley, T. et al. (2001) Parainfluenza virus infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: risk factors, response to antiviral therapy, and effect on transplant outcome. Blood, 98, 573-78.
136. Nishio, M., Tsurudome, M., Ishihara, H. et al. (2007) The conserved carboxyl terminus of human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein plays an important role in virus growth. Virology, 362, 85-98.
137. Nishio, M., Tsurudome, M., Ito, M. and Ito, Y. (2005) Human parainfluenza virus type 4 is incapable of evading the interferon-induced antiviral effect. Journal of Virology, 79, 14756-68.
138. Nolan, S.M., Surman, S.R., Amaro-Carambot, E. et al. (2005) Live-attenuated intranasal parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine candidates developed by reverse genetics containing L polymerase protein mutations imported from heterologous paramyxoviruses. Vaccine, 23, 4765-74.
139. Nolte, F.S., Marshall, D.J., Rasberry, C. et al. (2007) MultiCode-PLx system for multiplexed detection of seventeen respiratory viruses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 2779-86.
140. Ohgimoto, S., Ohgimoto, K., Niewiesk, S. et al. (2001) The haemagglutinin protein is an important determinant of measles virus tropism for dendritic cells in vitro. The Journal of General Virology, 82, 1835-44.
141. Parisien, J.P., Lau, J.F. and Horvath, C.M. (2002) STAT2 acts as a host range determinant for species-specific paramyxovirus interferon antagonism and simian virus 5 replication. Journal of Virology, 76, 6435-41.
142. Parrot, R.H., Vargosko, A.J., Kim, H.W. et al. (1962) Acute respiratory diseases of viral etiology. III. Myxoviruses: parainfluenza. American Journal of Public Health, 52, 907-17.
143. Peck, A.J., Englund, J.A., Kuypers, J. et al. (2007) Respiratory virus infection among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: evidence for asymptomatic parainfluenza virus infection. Blood, 110, 1681-8.
144. Pelet, T., Curran, J. and Kolakofsky, D. (1991) The P gene of bovine parainfluenza virus 3 expresses all three reading frames from a single mRNA editing site. The EMBO Journal, 10, 443-48.
145. Peramaki, E., Salmi, I., Kava, T. et al. (1991) Unilateral bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in a patient with parainfluenza 3 virus infection. Respiratory Medicine, 85, 159-61.
146. Plotnicky-Gilquin, H., Cyblat, D., Aubry, J.P. et al. (2001) Differential effects of parainfluenza virus type 3 on human monocytes and dendritic cells. Virology, 285, 82-90.
147. Porotto, M., Fornabaio, M., Kellogg, G.E. and Moscona, A. (2007) A second receptor binding site on human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase contributes to activation of the fusion mechanism. Journal of Virology, 81, 3216-28.
148. Porotto, M., Greengard, O., Poltoratskaia, N. et al. (2001) Human parainfluenza virus type 3 HN-receptor interaction: effect of 4- guanidino-Neu5Ac2en on a neuraminidase-deficient variant. Journal of Virology, 75, 7481-88.
149. Porotto, M., Murrell, M., Greengard, O. et al. (2004) Inhibition of parainfluenza virus type 3 and Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase receptor binding: effect of receptor avidity and steric hindrance at the inhibitor binding sites. Journal of Virology, 78, 13911-19.
150. Porter, D.D., Prince, G.A., Hemming, V.G. and Porter, H.G. (1991) Pathogenesis of human parainfluenza virus 3 infection in two species of cotton rats: Sigmodon hispidus develops bronchiolitis, while Sigmodon fulviventer develops interstitial pneumonia. Journal of Virology, 65, 103-11.
151. Powell, H.C., Rosenberg, R.N. and McKellar, B. (1973) Reye's syndrome: isolation of parainfluenza virus. Report of three cases. Archives of Neurology, 29, 135-39.
152. Precious, B., Young, D.F., Andrejeva, L. et al. (2005) In vitro and in vivo specificity of ubiquitination and degradation of STAT1 and STAT2 by the V proteins of the paramyxoviruses simian virus 5 and human parainfluenza virus type 2. The Journal of General Virology, 86, 151-58.
153. Prince, G.A., Ottolini, M.G. and Moscona, A. (2001) Contribution of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 HN-receptor interaction to pathogenesis in vivo. Journal of Virology, 75, 12446-51.
154. Ray, R. and Compans, R.W. (1986) Monoclonal antibodies reveal extensive antigenic differences between the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins of human and bovine parainfluenza 3 viruses. Virology, 148, 232-36.
155. Reed, G., Jewett, P.H., Thompson, J. et al. (1997) Epidemiology and clinical impact of parainfluenza virus infections in otherwise healthy infants and young children <5 years old. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 175, 807-13.
156. Roger, T., Bresser, P., Snoek, M. et al. (2004) Exaggerated IL-8 and IL-6 responses to TNF-alpha by parainfluenza virus type 4-infected NCI-H292 cells. American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 287, L1048-L1055.
157. Roman, G., Phillips, C.A. and Poser, C.M. (1978) Parainfluenza virus type 3: isolation from CSF of a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 240, 1613-15.
158. Rydbeck, R., Love, A., Orvell, C. and Norrby, E. (1987) Antigenic analysis of human and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 strains with monoclonal antibodies. The Journal of General Virology, 68, 2153-60.
159. Sable, C.A. and Hayden, F.G. (1995) Orthomyxoviral and paramyxoviral infections in transplant patients. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 9, 987-1003.
160. Saladino, R., Crestini, C., Palamara, A.T. et al. (2001) Synthesis, biological evaluation, and pharmacophore generation of uracil, 4(3H)-pyrimidinone, and uridine derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of parainfluenza 1 (Sendai) virus. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44, 4554-62.
161. Samal, S.K. and Collins, P.L. (1996) RNA replication by a respiratory syncytial virus RNA analog does not obey the rule of six and retains a nonviral trinucleotide extension at the leader end. Journal of Virology, 70, 5075-82.
162. Scheerens, J., Folkerts, G., Van Der Linde, H. et al. (1999) Eotaxin levels and eosinophils in guinea pig broncho-alveolar lavage fluid are increased at the onset of a viral respiratory infection. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 29 (Suppl 2), 74-77.
163. Schmidt, A.C., Wenzke, D.R., McAuliffe, J.M. et al. (2002) Mucosal immunization of rhesus monkeys against respiratory syncytial virus subgroups A and B and human parainfluenza virus type 3 by using a live cDNA-derived vaccine based on a host range-attenuated bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 vector backbone. Journal of Virology, 76, 1089-99.
164. Sieg, S., King, C., Huang, Y. and Kaplan, D. (1996) The role of interleukin-10 in the inhibition of T-cell proliferation and apoptosis mediated by parainfluenza virus type 3. Journal of Virology, 70, 4845-48.
165. Sieg, S., Muro-Cacho, C., Robertson, S. et al. (1994) Infection and immunoregulation of T lymphocytes by parainfluenza virus type 3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 6293-97.
166. Sieg, S., Xia, L., Huang, Y. and Kaplan, D. (1995) Specific inhibition of granzyme B by parainfluenza virus type 3. Journal of Virology, 69, 3538-41.
167. Skiadopoulos, M.H., Surman, S.R., Riggs, J.M. et al. (2002a) Sendai virus, a murine parainfluenza virus type 1, replicates to a level similar to human PIV1 in the upper and lower respiratory tract of African green monkeys and chimpanzees. Virology, 297, 153-60.
168. Skiadopoulos, M.H., Tatem, J.M., Surman, S.R. et al. (2002b) The recombinant chimeric human parainfluenza virus type 1 vaccine candidate, rHPIV3-1cp45, is attenuated, immunogenic, and protective in African green monkeys. Vaccine, 20, 1846-52.
169. Skiadopoulos, M.H., Tao, T., Surman, S.R. et al. (1999) Generation of a parainfluenza virus type 1 vaccine candidate by replacing the HN and F glycoproteins of the live-attenuated PIV3 cp45 vaccine virus with their PIV1 counterparts. Vaccine, 18, 503-10.
170. Smith, G.B., Purcell, R.H. and Chanock, R.M. (1967) Effect of amantadine hydrochloride on parainfluenza type 1 virus infections in adult volunteers. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 95, 689-90.
171. Smith, W.D., Wells, P.W., Burrells, C. and Dawson, A.M. (1975) Immunoglobulins, antibodies and inhibitors of parainfluenza 3 virus in respiratory secretions of sheep. Archives of Virology, 49, 329-37.
172. Sorden, S.D. and Castleman, W.L. (1991) Brown Norway rats are high responders to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and bronchiolar mastocytosis induced by parainfluenza virus. Experimental Lung Research, 17, 1025-45.
173. Spriggs, M.K. and Collins, P.L. (1986) Human parainfluenza virus type 3: messenger RNAs, polypeptide coding assignments, intergenic sequences, and genetic map. Journal of Virology, 59, 646-54.
174. Stankova, J., Carret, A.S., Moore, D. et al. (2007) Long-term therapy with aerosolized ribavirin for parainfluenza 3 virus respiratory tract infection in an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency. Pediatric Transplantation, 11, 209-13.
175. Stark, J.M., Huang, Y.T., Carl, J. and Davis, P.B. (1991) Infection of cultured human tracheal epithelial cells by human parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3. Journal of Virological Methods, 31, 31-45.
176. Suzuki, T., Harada, M., Suzuki, Y. and Matsumoto, M. (1984) Incorporation of sialoglycoprotein containing lacto-series oligosaccharides into chicken asialoerythrocyte membranes and restoration of receptor activity toward hemagglutinating virus of Japan (Sendai virus). Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo), 95, 1193-200.
177. Suzuki, T., Portner, A., Scroggs, R.A. et al. (2001) Receptor specificities of human respiroviruses. Journal of Virology, 75, 4604-13.
178. Suzuki, Y., Suzuki, T., Matsunaga,M. and Matsumoto, M. (1985) Gangliosides as paramyxovirus receptor. Structural requirement of sialo-oligosaccharides in receptors for hemagglutinating virus of Japan (Sendai virus) and Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo), 97, 1189-99.
179. Tanaka, Y., Kato, J., Kohara, M. and Galinski, M.S. (2006) Antiviral effects of glycosylation and glucose trimming inhibitors on human parainfluenza virus type 3. Antiviral Research, 72, 1-9.
180. Tao, T. and Ryan, K.W. (1996) Host range restriction of parainfluenza virus growth occurs at the level of virus genome replication. Virology, 220, 69-77.
181. Tapparel, C. and Roux, L. (1996) The efficiency of Sendai virus genome replication: the importance of the RNA primary sequence independent of terminal complementarity. Virology, 225, 163-71.
182. Taylor, C.E., Osman, H.K., Turner, A.J. et al. (1998) Parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants undergoing bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency. Communicable Disease and Public Health, 1, 202-9.
183. Templeton, K.E., Bredius, R.G., Claas, E.C. et al. (2005) Parainfluenza virus 4 detection in infants. European Journal of Pediatrics, 164, 528-29.
184. Templeton, K.E., Scheltinga, S.A., Beersma, M.F. et al. (2004) Rapid and sensitive method using multiplex real-time PCR for diagnosis of infections by influenza a and influenza B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 1564-69.
185. Tosi, M.F., Stark, J.M., Hamedani, A. et al. (1992a) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-dependent and ICAM-1- independent adhesive interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and human airway epithelial cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2. Journal of Immunology, 149, 3345-49.
186. Tosi, M.F., Stark, J.M., Smith, C.W. et al. (1992b) Induction of ICAM-1 expression on human airway epithelial cells by inflammatory cytokines: effects on neutrophil-epithelial cell adhesion. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 7, 214-21.
187. Toward, T.J., Johnson, F.J., Boult, J.E. and Maillard, J.Y. (2005) Airway function and reactivity, leukocyte influx and nitric oxide after inoculation with parainfluenza-3 virus: effects of dexamethasone or rolipram. International Immunopharmacology, 5, 771-82.
188. Tremonti, L.P., Lin, J.S. and Jackson, G.G. (1968) Neutralizing activity in nasal secretions and serum in resistance of volunteers to parainfluenza virus type 2. Journal of Immunology, 101, 572-77.
189. Trigg, C.J., Nicholson, K.G., Wang, J.H. et al. (1996) Bronchial inflammation and the common cold: a comparison of atopic and non-atopic individuals. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 26, 665-76.
190. Umeda, M., Nojima, S. and Inoue, K. (1984) Activity of human erythrocyte gangliosides as a receptor to HVJ. Virology, 133, 172-82.
191. Van Cleve, W., Amaro-Carambot, E., Surman, S.R. et al. (2006) Attenuating mutations in the P/C gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) vaccine candidates abrogate the inhibition of both induction and signaling of type I interferon (IFN) by wild-type HPIV1. Virology, 352, 61-73.
192. van de Pol, A.C., van Loon, A.M., Wolfs, T.F. et al. (2007) Increased detection of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, and adenoviruses with real-time PCR in patients with respiratory symptoms. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 2260-2.
193. van den Hoogen, B.G., Bestebroer, T.M., Osterhaus, A.D. and Fouchier, R.A. (2002) Analysis of the genomic sequence of a human metapneumovirus. Virology, 295, 119-32.
194. van Oosterhout, A.J., van Ark, I., Folkerts, G. et al. (1995) Antibody to interleukin-5 inhibits virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical CareMedicine, 151, 177-83.
195. van Wyke Coelingh, K. and Tierney, E.L. (1989) Antigenic and functional organization of human parainfluenza virus type 3 fusion glycoprotein. Journal of Virology, 63, 375-82.
196. van Wyke Coelingh, K.L., Winter, C.C. and Murphy, B.R. (1988) Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of hemagglutinin- neuraminidase genes of human type 3 parainfluenza viruses isolated from 1957 to 1983. Virology, 162, 137-43.
197. Vilchez, R.A., Dauber, J., McCurry, K. et al. (2003) Parainfluenza virus infection in adult lung transplant recipients: an emergent clinical syndrome with implications on allograft function. American Journal of Transplantation, 3, 116-20.
198. Vreede, R.W., Schellekens, H. and Zuijderwijk, M. (1992) Isolation of parainfluenza virus type 3 from cerebrospinal fluid. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 165, 1166.
199. Wang, D., Coscoy, L., Zylberberg, M. et al. (2002) Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 15687-92.
200. Weinberg, G.A. (2006) Parainfluenza viruses: an underappreciated cause of pediatric respiratory morbidity. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 25, 447-48.
201. Welliver, R., Wong, D.T., Choi, T.S. and Ogra, P.L. (1982) Natural history of parainfluenza virus infection in childhood. The Journal of Pediatrics, 101, 180-87.
202. Welliver, R.C., Wong, D.T., Sun, M. and McCarthy, N. (1986) Parainfluenza virus bronchiolitis. Epidemiology and pathogenesis. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 140, 34-40.
203. Wendt, C.H. and Hertz, M.I. (1995) Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus infections in the immunocompromised host. Seminars in Respiratory Infections, 10, 224-31.
204. Wendt, C.H., Weisdorf, D.J., Jordan, M.C. et al. (1992) Parainfluenza virus respiratory infection after bone marrow transplantation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 921-26.
205. Whimbley, E. and Ghosh, S. (2000) Respiratory syncytial virus infections in immunocompromised adults. Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases, 20, 232-55.
206. Woo, P.C., Young, K., Tsang, K.W. et al. (2000) Adult croup: a rare but more severe condition. Respiration, 67, 684-88.
207. Wybenga, L.E., Epand, R.F., Nir, S. et al. (1996) Glycophorin as a receptor for Sendai virus. Biochemistry, 35, 9513-18.
208. Young, D.F., Didcock, L., Goodbourn, S. and Randall, R.E. (2000) Paramyxoviridae use distinct virus-specific mechanisms to circumvent the interferon response. Virology, 269, 383-90.
209. Zhang, L., Bukreyev, A., Thompson, C.I. et al. (2005) Infection of ciliated cells by human parainfluenza virus type 3 in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium. Journal of Virology, 79, 1113-24.