Brain gray matter phenotypes across the psychosis dimension

Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging

Volumn 204, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 13-24

  Ivleva, Elena I ^a   Bidesi, Anup S ^a   Thomas, Binu P ^a   Meda, Shashwath A ^b,c   Francis, Alan ^d   Moates, Amanda F ^a   Witte, Bradley ^a   Keshavan, Matcheri S ^d   Tamminga, Carol A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF LIVING   (United States)

^c VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; FreeSurfer; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Voxel based morphometry

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN SIZE; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; CEREBELLUM; CINGULATE GYRUS; CLAUSTRUM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CUNEUS; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; FUSIFORM GYRUS; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; INSULA; LINGUAL GYRUS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDULLARY PYRAMID; MIDDLE FRONTAL GYRUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; PHENOTYPE; POSTCENTRAL GYRUS; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PRECUNEUS; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUPERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS; TEMPORAL LOBE; THALAMUS; UNCUS; VOXEL BASED MORPHOMETRY;

ADULT; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84869803977     PISSN: 09254927     EISSN: 18727506     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Abrams D.J., Rojas D.C., Arciniegas D.B. Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature. Neuropsychiatric Disease Treatment 2008, 4:1089-1109.
2. Altshuler L.L., Bartzokis G., Grieder T., Curran J., Jimenez T., Leight K., Wilkins J., Gerner R., Mintz J. An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2000, 48:147-162.
3. Altshuler L.L., Bartzokis G., Grieder T., Curran J., Mintz J. Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Archive of General Psychiatry 1998, 55:663-664.
4. Altshuler L.L., Curran J.G., Hauser P., Mintz J., Denicoff K., Post R. T2 hyperintensities in bipolar disorder: magnetic resonance imaging comparison and literature meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:1139-1144.
5. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) 1994, American Psychiatric Association, APA, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
6. Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., Magnotta V., Pierson R., Ziebell S., Ho B.C. Progressive brain change in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2011, 70:672-679.
7. Arnone D., Cavanagh J., Gerber D., Lawrie S.M., Ebmeier K.P., McIntosh A.M. Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 195:194-201.
8. Arnone D., McIntosh A.M., Tan G.M., Ebmeier K.P. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 101:124-132.
9. Ashburner J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage 2007, 38:95-113.
10. Ashburner J., Friston K.J. Voxel-based morphometry-the methods. NeuroImage 2000, 11:805-821.
11. Ashburner J., Friston K.J. Unified segmentation. Neuroimage 2005, 26:839-851.
12. Baiano M., David A., Versace A., Churchill R., Balestrieri M., Brambilla P. Anterior cingulate volumes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 93:1-12.
13. Bearden C.E., Thompson P.M., Dalwani M., Hayashi K.M., Lee A.D., Nicoletti M., Trakhtenbroit M., Glahn D.C., Brambilla P., Sassi R.B., Mallinger A.G., Frank E., Kupfer D.J., Soares J.C. Greater cortical gray matter density in lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 62:7-16.
14. Bhojraj T.S., Francis A.N., Rajarethinam R., Eack S., Kulkarni S., Prasad K.M., Montrose D.M., Dworakowski D., Diwadkar V., Keshavan M.S. Verbal fluency deficits and altered lateralization of language brain areas in individuals genetically predisposed to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 115:202-208.
15. Boonstra G., van Haren N.E., Schnack H.G., Cahn W., Burger H., Boersma M., de Kroon B., Grobbee D.E., Hulshoff Pol H.E., Kahn R.S. Brain volume changes after withdrawal of atypical antipsychotics in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2011, 31:146-153.
16. Borgwardt S., McGuire P., Fusar-Poli P. Gray matters!-mapping the transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2011, 133:63-67.
17. Brambilla P., Hatch J.P., Soares J.C. Limbic changes identified by imaging in bipolar patients. Current Psychiatry Reports 2008, 10:505-509.
18. Buchanan R.W., Francis A., Arango C., Miller K., Lefkowitz D.M., McMahon R.P., Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D. Morphometric assessment of the heteromodal association cortex in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 161:322-331.
19. Calhoun V.D., Adali T., Pearlson G.D., Pekar J.J. A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis. Human Brain Mapping 2001, 14:140-151.
20. Cannon T.D., van Erp T.G., Huttunen M., Lonnqvist J., Salonen O., Valanne L., Poutanen V.P., Standertskjold-Nordenstam C.G., Gur R.E., Yan M. Regional gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid distributions in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998, 55:1084-1091.
21. Cannon T.D., van Erp T.G., Rosso I.M., Huttunen M., Lonnqvist J., Pirkola T., Salonen O., Valanne L., Poutanen V.P., Standertskjold-Nordenstam C.G. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002, 59:35-41.
22. Chua S.E., Cheung C., Cheung V., Tsang J.T., Chen E.Y., Wong J.C., Cheung J.P., Yip L., Tai K.S., Suckling J., McAlonan G.M. Cerebral grey, white matter and CSF in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 89:12-21.
23. Crespo-Facorro B., Roiz-Santianez R., Pelayo-Teran J.M., Gonzalez-Blanch C., Perez-Iglesias R., Gutierrez A., de Lucas E.M., Tordesillas D., Vazquez-Barquero J.L. Caudate nucleus volume and its clinical and cognitive correlations in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 91:87-96.
24. Crespo-Facorro B., Roiz-Santianez R., Perez-Iglesias R., Pelayo-Teran J.M., Rodriguez-Sanchez J.M., Tordesillas-Gutierrez D., Ramirez M., Martinez O., Gutierrez A., de Lucas E.M., Vazquez-Barquero J.L. Effect of antipsychotic drugs on brain morphometry. A randomized controlled one-year follow-up study of haloperidol, risperidone and olanzapine. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2008, 32:1936-1943.
25. Dale A.M., Fischl B., Sereno M.I. Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage 1999, 9:179-194.
26. DeLisi L.E., Sakuma M., Maurizio A.M., Relja M., Hoff A.L. Cerebral ventricular change over the first 10 years after the onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2004, 130:57-70.
27. Desikan R.S., Segonne F., Fischl B., Quinn B.T., Dickerson B.C., Blacker D., Buckner R.L., Dale A.M., Maguire R.P., Hyman B.T., Albert M.S., Killiany R.J. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage 2006, 31:968-980.
28. Duvernoy H. The Human Brain: Surface, Blood Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy. Second, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition 1999, Springer, Vienna, New York. 2nd ed.
29. Ellison-Wright I., Bullmore E. Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 2010, 117:1-12.
30. Ellison-Wright I., Glahn D.C., Laird A.R., Thelen S.M., Bullmore E. The anatomy of first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: an anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:1015-1023.
31. Farrow T.F., Whitford T.J., Williams L.M., Gomes L., Harris A.W. Diagnosis-related regional gray matter loss over two years in first episode schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 58:713-723.
32. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Williams J.B.W. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders/Patient Edition (SCID-I/P) 1996, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department, New York, NY.
33. Fischl B., Liu A., Dale A.M. Automated manifold surgery: constructing geometrically accurate and topologically correct models of the human cerebral cortex. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 2001, 20:70-80.
34. Fischl B., Salat D.H., Busa E., Albert M., Dieterich M., Haselgrove C., van der K.A., Killiany R., Kennedy D., Klaveness S., Montillo A., Makris N., Rosen B., Dale A.M. Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 2002, 33:341-355.
35. Fischl B., Sereno M.I., Tootell R.B., Dale A.M. High-resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface. Human Brain Mapping 1999, 8:272-284.
36. Fischl B., van der K.A., Destrieux C., Halgren E., Segonne F., Salat D.H., Busa E., Seidman L.J., Goldstein J., Kennedy D., Caviness V., Makris N., Rosen B., Dale A.M. Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex 2004, 14:11-22.
37. Friedman L., Findling R.L., Kenny J.T., Swales T.P., Stuve T.A., Jesberger J.A., Lewin J.S., Schulz S.C. An MRI study of adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy control subjects. Biological Psychiatry 1999, 46. following 584.
38. Fusar-Poli, P., Radua, J., McGuire, P., Borgwardt, S., 2011. Neuroanatomical maps of psychosis onset: voxel-wise meta-analysis of antipsychotic-naive VBM studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin; electronic publication 17 November; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr134.
39. Gaser C., Volz H.P., Kiebel S., Riehemann S., Sauer H. Detecting structural changes in whole brain based on nonlinear deformations-application to schizophrenia research. NeuroImage 1999, 10:107-113.
40. Getz G.E., DelBello M.P., Fleck D.E., Zimmerman M.E., Schwiers M.L., Strakowski S.M. Neuroanatomic characterization of schizoaffective disorder using MRI: a pilot study. Schizophrenia Research 2002, 55:55-59.
41. Gutierrez-Galve L., Wheeler-Kingshott C.A., Altmann D.R., Price G., Chu E.M., Leeson V.C., Lobo A., Barker G.J., Barnes T.R., Joyce E.M., Ron M.A. Changes in the frontotemporal cortex and cognitive correlates in first-episode psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 2010, 68:51-60.
42. Hallahan B., Newell J., Soares J.C., Brambilla P., Strakowski S.M., Fleck D.E., Kieseppa T., Altshuler L.L., Fornito A., Malhi G.S., McIntosh A.M., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Labar K.S., Sharma V., MacQueen G.M., Murray R.M., McDonald C. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar disorder: an international collaborative mega-analysis of individual adult patient data. Biological Psychiatry 2011, 69:326-335.
43. Hartberg C.B., Sundet K., Rimol L.M., Haukvik U.K., Lange E.H., Nesvag R., Melle I., Andreassen O.A., Agartz I. Subcortical brain volumes relate to neurocognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2011, 35:1122-1130.
44. Harvey I., Persaud R., Ron M.A., Baker G., Murray R.M. Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls. Psychological Medicine 1994, 24:689-699.
45. Hirayasu Y., Tanaka S., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., DeSantis M.A., Levitt J.J., Wible C., Yurgelun-Todd D., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., McCarley R.W. Prefrontal gray matter volume reduction in first episode schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex 2001, 11:374-381.
46. Hirayasu Y., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Kwon J.S., Wible C.G., Fischer I.A., Yurgelun-Todd D., Zarate C., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., McCarley R.W. Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:1091-1093.
47. Ho B.C., Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., Arndt S., Magnotta V., Flaum M. Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60:585-594.
48. Ho B.C., Andreasen N.C., Ziebell S., Pierson R., Magnotta V. Long-term antipsychotic treatment and brain volumes: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2011, 68:128-137.
49. Honea R., Crow T.J., Passingham D., Mackay C.E. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:2233-2245.
50. Janssen J., Reig S., Parellada M., Moreno D., Graell M., Fraguas D., Zabala A., Garcia V.V., Desco M., Arango C. Regional gray matter volume deficits in adolescents with first-episode psychosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008, 47:1311-1320.
51. Jones L.D., Payne M.E., Messer D.F., Beyer J.L., MacFall J.R., Krishnan K.R., Taylor W.D. Temporal lobe volume in bipolar disorder: relationship with diagnosis and antipsychotic medication use. Journal of Affective Disorders 2009, 114:50-57.
52. Kalmar J.H., Wang F., Chepenik L.G., Womer F.Y., Jones M.M., Pittman B., Shah M.P., Martin A., Constable R.T., Blumberg H.P. Relation between amygdala structure and function in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2009, 48:636-642.
53. Kasai K., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Hirayasu Y., Onitsuka T., Spencer M.H., Yurgelun-Todd D., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., McCarley R.W. Progressive decrease of left Heschl gyrus and planum temporale gray matter volume in first-episode schizophrenia: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60:869-874.
54. Kempton M.J., Geddes J.R., Ettinger U., Williams S.C., Grasby P.M. Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008, 65:1017-1032.
55. Kennedy K.M., Erickson K.I., Rodrigue K.M., Voss M.W., Colcombe S.J., Kramer A.F., Acker J.D., Raz N. Age-related differences in regional brain volumes: a comparison of optimized voxel-based morphometry to manual volumetry. Neurobiology of Aging 2009, 30:1657-1676.
56. Keshavan M.S., Bagwell W.W., Haas G.L., Sweeney J.A., Schooler N.R., Pettegrew J.W. Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment. Lancet 1994, 19, 344(8934):1434.
57. Keshavan M.S., Berger G., Zipursky R.B., Wood S.J., Pantelis C. Neurobiology of early psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 48:s8-s18.
58. Keshavan M.S., Tandon R., Boutros N.N., Nasrallah H.A. Schizophrenia, "just the facts": what we know in 2008 Part 3: neurobiology. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 106:89-107.
59. Konick L.C., Friedman L. Meta-analysis of thalamic size in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 49:28-38.
60. Kubicki M., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Hirayasu Y., Kasai K., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., McCarley R.W. Voxel-based morphometric analysis of gray matter in first episode schizophrenia. NeuroImage 2002, 17:1711-1719.
61. Kuroki N., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Hirayasu Y., Onitsuka T., Ersner-Hershfield H., Yurgelun-Todd D., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., McCarley R.W. Middle and inferior temporal gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia: an MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 163:2103-2110.
62. Langan C., McDonald C. Neurobiological trait abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 2009, 14:833-846.
63. Leung M., Cheung C., Yu K., Yip B., Sham P., Li Q., Chua S., McAlonan G. Gray matter in first-episode schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic drug treatment. Anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analyses with sample size weighting. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2011, 37:199-211.
64. Lieberman J.A., Tollefson G.D., Charles C., Zipursky R., Sharma T., Kahn R.S., Keefe R.S., Green A.I., Gur R.E., McEvoy J., Perkins D., Hamer R.M., Gu H., Tohen M. Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:361-370.
65. Lyoo I.K., Sung Y.H., Dager S.R., Friedman S.D., Lee J.Y., Kim S.J., Kim N., Dunner D.L., Renshaw P.F. Regional cerebral cortical thinning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 2006, 8:65-74.
66. McDonald C., Bullmore E., Sham P., Chitnis X.A., Suckling J., MacCabe J., Walshe M., Murray R.M. Regional volume deviations of brain structure in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder: computational morphometry study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 186:369-377.
67. McDonald C., Zanelli J., Rabe-Hesketh S., Ellison-Wright I., Sham P., Kalidindi S., Murray R.M., Kennedy N. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging brain morphometry studies in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:411-417.
68. McIntosh A.M., Job D.E., Moorhead T.W., Harrison L.K., Forrester K., Lawrie S.M., Johnstone E.C. Voxel-based morphometry of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:544-552.
69. Meda S.A., Giuliani N.R., Calhoun V.D., Jagannathan K., Schretlen D.J., Pulver A., Cascella N., Keshavan M., Kates W., Buchanan R., Sharma T., Pearlson G.D. A large scale (N=400) investigation of gray matter differences in schizophrenia using optimized voxel-based morphometry. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 101:95-105.
70. Meisenzahl E.M., Koutsouleris N., Bottlender R., Scheuerecker J., Jager M., Teipel S.J., Holzinger S., Frodl T., Preuss U., Schmitt G., Burgermeister B., Reiser M., Born C., Moller H.J. Structural brain alterations at different stages of schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 104:44-60.
71. Molina V., Reig S., Sanz J., Palomo T., Benito C., Sanchez J., Pascau J., Desco M. Changes in cortical volume with olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 2007, 40:135-139.
72. Moore G.J., Cortese B.M., Glitz D.A., Zajac-Benitez C., Quiroz J.A., Uhde T.W., Drevets W.C., Manji H.K. A longitudinal study of the effects of lithium treatment on prefrontal and subgenual prefrontal gray matter volume in treatment-responsive bipolar disorder patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2009, 70:699-705.
73. Navari S., Dazzan P. Do antipsychotic drugs affect brain structure? A systematic and critical review of MRI findings. Psychological Medicine 2009, 39:1763-1777.
74. Nelson M.D., Saykin A.J., Flashman L.A., Riordan H.J. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analytic study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998, 55:433-440.
75. O'Donnell B.F., Vohs J.L., Hetrick W.P., Carroll C.A., Shekhar A. Auditory event-related potential abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2004, 53:45-55.
76. Overall J.E., Gorham D.R. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports 1962, 10:799-812.
77. Pearlson G.D., Barta P.E., Powers R.E., Menon R.R., Richards S.S., Aylward E.H., Federman E.B., Chase G.A., Petty R.G., Tien A.Y. Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1997, 41:1-14.
78. Prasad K.M., Rohm B.R., Keshavan M.S. Parahippocampal gyrus in first episode psychotic disorders: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2004, 28:651-658.
79. Purcell S.M., Wray N.R., Stone J.L., Visscher P.M., O'Donovan M.C., Sullivan P.F., Sklar P. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 2009, 460:748-752.
80. Radonic E., Rados M., Kalember P., Bajs-Janovic M., Folnegovic-Smalc V., Henigsberg N. Comparison of hippocampal volumes in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar disorder. Collegium Antropologicum 2011, 35(Suppl 1):249-252.
81. Reuter-Lorenz P.A., Park D.C. Human neuroscience and the aging mind: a new look at old problems. The Journal of Gerontology B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2010, 65:405-415.
82. Rimol L.M., Hartberg C.B., Nesvag R., Fennema-Notestine C., Hagler D.J., Pung C.J., Jennings R.G., Haukvik U.K., Lange E., Nakstad P.H., Melle I., Andreassen O.A., Dale A.M., Agartz I. Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2010, 68:41-50.
83. Sanchez-Morla E.M., Garcia-Jimenez M.A., Barabash A., Martinez-Vizcaino V., Mena J., Cabranes-Diaz J.A., Baca-Baldomero E., Santos J.L. P50 sensory gating deficit is a common marker of vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2008, 117:313-318.
84. Scherk H., Falkai P. Effects of antipsychotics on brain structure. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2006, 19:145-150.
85. Schultz C.C., Koch K., Wagner G., Roebel M., Schachtzabel C., Gaser C., Nenadic I., Reichenbach J.R., Sauer H., Schlosser R.G. Reduced cortical thickness in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2010, 116:204-209.
86. Seger C.A., Cincotta C.M. Dynamics of frontal, striatal, and hippocampal systems during rule learning. Cerebral Cortex 2006, 16:1546-1555.
87. Segonne F., Dale A.M., Busa E., Glessner M., Salat D., Hahn H.K., Fischl B. A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI. Neuroimage 2004, 22:1060-1075.
88. Segonne F., Pacheco J., Fischl B. Geometrically accurate topology-correction of cortical surfaces using nonseparating loops. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 2007, 26:518-529.
89. Selemon L.D., Goldman-Rakic P.S. The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1999, 45:17-25.
90. Selemon L.D., Rajkowska G., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995, 52:805-818.
91. Smieskova R., Fusar-Poli P., Allen P., Bendfeldt K., Stieglitz R.D., Drewe J., Radue E.W., McGuire P.K., Riecher-Rossler A., Borgwardt S.J. The effects of antipsychotics on the brain: what have we learnt from structural imaging of schizophrenia?-a systematic review. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2009, 15:2535-2549.
92. Smith M.J., Barch D.M., Csernansky J.G. Bridging the gap between schizophrenia and psychotic mood disorders: relating neurocognitive deficits to psychopathology. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 107:69-75.
93. Smith M.J., Wang L., Cronenwett W., Mamah D., Barch D.M., Csernansky J.G. Thalamic morphology in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2011, 45:378-385.
94. Steen R.G., Mull C., McClure R., Hamer R.M., Lieberman J.A. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 188:510-518.
95. Strasser H.C., Lilyestrom J., Ashby E.R., Honeycutt N.A., Schretlen D.J., Pulver A.E., Hopkins R.O., Depaulo J.R., Potash J.B., Schweizer B., Yates K.O., Kurian E., Barta P.E., Pearlson G.D. Hippocampal and ventricular volumes in psychotic and nonpsychotic bipolar patients compared with schizophrenia patients and community control subjects: a pilot study. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:633-639.
96. Sun D., Phillips L., Velakoulis D., Yung A., McGorry P.D., Wood S.J., van Erp T.G., Thompson P.M., Toga A.W., Cannon T.D., Pantelis C. Progressive brain structural changes mapped as psychosis develops in 'at risk' individuals. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 108:85-92.
97. Usher J., Menzel P., Schneider-Axmann T., Kemmer C., Reith W., Falkai P., Gruber O., Scherk H. Increased right amygdala volume in lithium-treated patients with bipolar I disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009.
98. van Erp T.G., Saleh P.A., Huttunen M., Lonnqvist J., Kaprio J., Salonen O., Valanne L., Poutanen V.P., Standertskjold-Nordenstam C.G., Cannon T.D. Hippocampal volumes in schizophrenic twins. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:346-353.
99. Velakoulis D., Wood S.J., Wong M.T., McGorry P.D., Yung A., Phillips L., Smith D., Brewer W., Proffitt T., Desmond P., Pantelis C. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006, 63:139-149.
100. Videbech P. MRI findings in patients with affective disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1997, 96:157-168.
101. Vita A., De Peri L., Silenzi C., Dieci M. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Schizophrenia Research 2006, 82:75-88.
102. Watson D.R., Anderson J.M., Bai F., Barrett S.L., McGinnity T.M., Mulholland C.C., Rushe T.M., Cooper S.J. A voxel based morphometry study investigating brain structural changes in first episode psychosis. Behavioural Brain Research 2012, 227:91-99.
103. Whitford T.J., Grieve S.M., Farrow T.F., Gomes L., Brennan J., Harris A.W., Gordon E., Williams L.M. Volumetric white matter abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia: a longitudinal, tensor-based morphometry study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:1082-1089.
104. Whitworth A.B., Kemmler G., Honeder M., Kremser C., Felber S., Hausmann A., Walch T., Wanko C., Weiss E.M., Stuppaeck C.H., Fleischhacker W.W. Longitudinal volumetric MRI study in first- and multiple-episode male schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2005, 140:225-237.
105. Wilke M., Kaufmann C., Grabner A., Putz B., Wetter T.C., Auer D.P. Gray matter-changes and correlates of disease severity in schizophrenia: a statistical parametric mapping study. NeuroImage 2001, 13:814-824.
106. Woodruff P.W., McManus I.C., David A.S. Meta-analysis of corpus callosum size in schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry 1995, 58:457-461.
107. Wright I.C., Rabe-Hesketh S., Woodruff P.W.R., David A.S., Murray R.M., Bullmore E.T. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 157:16-25.
108. Yu K., Cheung C., Leung M., Li Q., Chua S., McAlonan G. Are bipolar disorder and schizophrenia neuroanatomically distinct? an anatomical likelihood meta-analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2010, 4:189.
109. Zipursky R.B., Seeman M.V., Bury A., Langevin R., Wortzman G., Katz R. Deficits in gray matter volume are present in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 1997, 26:85-92.