The Sense of Embodiment in virtual reality

Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 373-387

  Kilteni, Konstantina ^a   Groten, Raphaela ^a   Slater, Mel ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL BODY; EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES; IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS; IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY; MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE; SENSE OF AGENCIES; VIRTUAL APPLICATION; VIRTUAL BODIES;

VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 84869461281     PISSN: 10547460     EISSN: 15313263     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/PRES_a_00124     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Armel, K. C., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2003). Projecting sensations to external objects: Evidence from skin conductance response. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1523), 1499-1506. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2364
2. Arzy, S., Thut, G., Mohr, C., Michel, C. M., & Blanke, O. (2006). Neural basis of embodiment: Distinct contributions of temporoparietal junction and extrastriate body area. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(31), 8074-8081. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0745-06.2006
3. Aspell, J. E., Lenggenhager, B., & Blanke, O. (2009). Keeping in touch with one's self: Multisensory mechanisms of self-consciousness. PLoS One, 4(8), e6488. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0006488
4. Berlucchi, G., & Aglioti, S. (1997). The body in the brain: Neural bases of corporeal awareness. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(12), 560-564. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01136-3
5. Biocca, F. (1997). The Cyborg's Dilemma: Embodiment in virtual environments. Presented at the 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Technology, 1997.
6. Blakemore, S. J., Wolpert, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2002). Abnormalities in the awareness of action. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6(6), 237-242. doi:10.1016/S13646613(02)01907-1
7. Blanke, O., Landis, T., Spinelli, L., & Seeck, M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, 127(Pt 2), 243-258. doi:10.1093/brain/ awh040
8. Blanke, O., & Metzinger, T. (2009). Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13(1), 7-13. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.003
9. Bohil, C. J., Alicea, B., & Biocca, F. A. (2011). Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. doi:10.1038/nrn3122
10. Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands "feel" touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756. doi:10.1038/35784
11. Costantini, M., & Haggard, P. (2007). The rubber hand illusion: Sensitivity and reference frame for body ownership. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(2), 229-240. doi:10.1016/ j.concog.2007.01.001
12. David, N., Bewernick, B. H., Cohen, M. X., Newen, A., Lux, S., Fink, G. R., & Vogeley, K. (2006). Neural representations of self versus other: Visual-spatial perspective taking and agency in a virtual ball-tossing game. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(6), 898-910. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.898
13. David, N., Newen, A., & Vogeley, K. (2008). The "sense of agency" and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(2), 523-534. doi:10.1016/ j.concog.2008.03.004
14. De Preester, H., & Tsakiris, M. (2009). Body-extension versus body-incorporation: Is there a need for a body-model? Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8(3), 307-319. doi:10.1007/s11097-009-9121-y
15. de Vignemont, F. (2011). Embodiment, ownership and disownership. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(1), 82-93. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.004
16. Dummer, T., Picot-Annand, A., Neal, T., & Moore, C. (2009). Movement and the rubber hand illusion. Perception, 38(2), 271-280. doi:10.1068/p5921
17. Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science, 317(5841), 1048. doi:10.1126/ science.1142175
18. Ehrsson, H. H., Spence, C., & Passingham, R. E. (2004). That's my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb. Science, 305(5685), 875-877. doi:10.1126/science.1097011
19. Ehrsson, H. H., Wiech, K., Weiskopf, N., Dolan, R. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2007). Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 104(23), 9828-9833. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610011104
20. Foster, M. E. (2007). Enhancing human-computer interaction with embodied conversational agents. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Ambient Interaction, 828-837.
21. Franck, N., Farrer, C., Georgieff, N., Marie-Cardine, M., Dalery, J., d'Amato, T., & Jeannerod, M. (2001). Defective recognition of one's own actions in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(3), 454-459. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.454
22. Gallagher, S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4(1), 14-21. doi:S1364661399014175 [pii]
23. Giummarra, M. J., Gibson, S. J., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2008). Mechanisms underlying embodiment, disembodiment and loss of embodiment. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(1), 143-160. doi:10.1016/ j.neubiorev.2007.07.001
24. Graziano, M. S. A., & Botvinick, M. M. (2002). How the brain represents the body: Insights from neurophysiology and psychology. In W. Prinz and B. Hommel (Eds.), Common mechanisms in perception and action: Attention and performance, XIX (pp. 136-157). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
25. Halligan, P. W., Fink, G. R., Marshall, J. C., & Vallar, G. (2003). Spatial cognition: Evidence from visual neglect. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7(3), 125-133. doi:10.1016/ S1364-6613(03)00032-9
26. Hohwy, J., & Paton, B. (2010). Explaining away the body: Experiences of supernaturally caused touch and touch on non-hand objects within the rubber hand illusion. PLoS One, 5(2), e9416. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009416
27. Holz, T., Dragone, M., & O'Hare, G. M. P. (2009). Where robots and virtual agents meet. International Journal of Social Robotics, 1(1), 83-93. doi:10.1007/s12369-008-0002-2
28. Honma, M., Koyama, S., & Osada, Y. (2009). Double tactile sensations evoked by a single visual stimulus on a rubber hand. Neuroscience Research, 65(3), 307-311. doi:10.1016/ j.neures.2009.08.005
29. IJsselsteijn, W. A., de Kort, Y. A. W., & Haans, A. (2006). Is this my hand I see before me? The rubber hand illusion in reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(4), 455-464. doi:10.1162/pres.15.4.455
30. Kalckert, A., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2012). Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: Dissociation of ownership and agency. [Original Research]. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00040
31. Kammers, M. P., Verhagen, L., Dijkerman, H. C., Hogendoorn, H., De Vignemont, F., & Schutter, D. J. (2009). Is this hand for real? Attenuation of the rubber hand illusion by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the inferior parietal lobule. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(7), 1311-1320. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21095
32. Kanayama, N., Sato, A., & Ohira, H. (2009). The role of gamma band oscillations and synchrony on rubber hand illusion and crossmodal integration. Brain and Cognition, 69(1), 19-29. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.05.001
33. Lee, K. M. (2004). Presence, explicated. Communication Theory, 14(1), 27-50.
34. Lenggenhager, B., Mouthon, M., & Blanke, O. (2009). Spatial aspects of bodily self-consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 110-117. doi:10.1016/j.concog. 2008.11.003.
35. Lenggenhager, B., Smith, S. T., & Blanke, O. (2006). Functional and neural mechanisms of embodiment: Importance of the vestibular system and the temporal parietal junction. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 17(6), 643-657.
36. Lenggenhager, B., Tadi, T., Metzinger, T., & Blanke, O. (2007). Video ergo sum: Manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science, 317(5841), 1096-1099. doi:10.1126/ science.1143439
37. Longo, M. R., Schuur, F., Kammers, M. P., Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2008). What is embodiment? A psychometric approach. Cognition, 107(3), 978-998. doi:10.1016/j. cognition. 2007.12.004
38. Longo, M. R., Schuur, F., Kammers, M. P., Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2009). Self awareness and the body image. Acta Psychologica Amsterdam, 132(2), 166-172. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.02.003
39. Lopez, C., Halje, P., & Blanke, O. (2008). Body ownership and embodiment: Vestibular and multisensory mechanisms. Clinical Neurophysiology, 38(3), 149-161. doi:10.1016/ j.neucli.2007.12.006
40. Meehan, M., Insko, B., Whitton, M., & Brooks, F. P., Jr. (2002). Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 21(3), 645-652. doi:10.1145/566654.566630 4
41. Metzinger, T. (2008). Empirical perspectives from the selfmodel theory of subjectivity: A brief summary with examples. Progress in Brain Research, 168, 215-245. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)68018-2
42. Metzinger, T. (2009). Why are out-of-body experiences interesting for philosophers? The theoretical relevance of OBE research. Cortex, 45(2), 256-258. doi:10.1016/ j.cortex.2008.09.004
43. Moseley, G. L., Olthof, N., Venema, A., Don, S., Wijers, M., Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2008). Psychologically induced cooling of a specific body part caused by the illusory ownership of an artificial counterpart. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 105(35), 13169-13173.doi:10.1073/pnas.0803768105
44. Newport, R., Pearce, R., & Preston, C. (2010). Fake hands in action: Embodiment and control of supernumerary limbs. Experimental Brain Research, 204(3), 385-395. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-2104-y
45. Nielsen, T. I. (1963). Volition: A new experimental approach. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 225-230.
46. Normand, J. M., Giannopoulos, E., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2011). Multisensory stimulation can induce an illusion of larger belly size in immersive virtual reality. PLoS One, 6(1), e16128. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016128
47. Peled, A., Pressman, A., Geva, A. B., & Modai, I. (2003). Somatosensory evoked potentials during a rubber-hand illusion in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 64(2-3), 157-163. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00057-4
48. Petkova, V. I., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2008). If I were you: Perceptual illusion of body swapping. PLoS One, 3(12), e3832. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003832
49. Petkova, V. I., Khoshnevis, M., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2011). The perspective matters! Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 35. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00035
50. Press, C., Heyes, C., Haggard, P., & Eimer, M. (2008). Visuotactile learning and body representation: An ERP study with rubber hands and rubber objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(2), 312-323. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20022
51. Ratan, R. A., & Hasler, B. (2009). Self-presence standardized: Introducing the Self-Presence Questionnaire (SPQ). Paper presented at the 10th Annual International Workshop on Presence, Los Angeles, USA.
52. Rohde, M., Di Luca, M., & Ernst, M. O. (2011). The rubber hand illusion: Feeling of ownership and proprioceptive drift do not go hand in hand. PLoS One, 6(6), e21659. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021659PONE-D-11-01505
53. Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Spanlang, B., Frisoli, A., Bergamasco, M., & Slater, M. (2010). Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations. PLoS One, 5(4), e10381. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010381
54. Sato, A., & Yasuda, A. (2005). Illusion of sense of self-agency: Discrepancy between the predicted and actual sensory consequences of actions modulates the sense of self-agency, but not the sense of self-ownership. Cognition, 94(3), 241-255. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.04.003
55. Schutz-Bosbach, S., Mancini, B., Aglioti, S. M., & Haggard, P. (2006). Self and other in the human motor system. Currents in Biology, 16(18), 1830-1834. doi:10.1016/ j.cub.2006.07.048
56. Shimada, S., Fukuda, K., & Hiraki, K. (2009). Rubber hand illusion under delayed visual feedback. PLoS One, 4(7), e6185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006185
57. Slater, M. (2009). Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1535), 3549-3557. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0138
58. Slater, M., Perez-Marcos, D., Ehrsson, H. H., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2008). Towards a digital body: The virtual arm illusion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2, 6. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.006.2008
59. Slater, M., Perez-Marcos, D., Ehrsson, H. H., & SanchezVives, M. V. (2009). Inducing illusory ownership of a virtual body. Frontiers Neuroscience, 3(2), 214-220. doi:10.3389/ neuro.01.029.2009
60. Slater, M., Spanlang, B., & Corominas, D. (2010). Simulating virtual environments within virtual environments as the basis for a psychophysics of presence. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 29(4), 92. doi:10.1145/1778765.1778829
61. Slater, M., Spanlang, B., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Blanke, O. (2010). First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality. PLoS One, 5(5), e10564. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0010564
62. Tsakiris, M. (2008). Looking for myself: Current multisensory input alters self-face recognition. PLoS One, 3(12), e4040. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004040
63. Tsakiris, M. (2010). My body in the brain: A neurocognitive model of body-ownership. Neuropsychologia, 48(3), 703-712. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.034
64. Tsakiris, M., Carpenter, L., James, D., & Fotopoulou, A. (2010). Hands only illusion: Multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects. Experimental Brain Research, 204(3), 343-352. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-2039-3
65. Tsakiris, M., Costantini, M., & Haggard, P. (2008). The role of the right temporo-parietal junction in maintaining a coherent sense of one's body. Neuropsychologia, 46(12), 3014-3018. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.004
66. Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2005). The rubber hand illusion revisited: Visuotactile integration and self-attribution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(1), 80-91. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.80
67. Tsakiris, M., Prabhu, G., & Haggard, P. (2006). Having a body versus moving your body: How agency structures body-ownership. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(2), 423-432. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.004
68. Tsakiris, M., Schutz-Bosbach, S., & Gallagher, S. (2007). On agency and body-ownership: Phenomenological and neuro-cognitive reflections. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(3), 645-660. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.05.012
69. Vaishnavi, S., Calhoun, J., & Chatterjee, A. (2001). Binding personal and peripersonal space: Evidence from tactile extinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(2), 181-189. doi:10.1162/089892901564243
70. Vallar, G., & Ronchi, R. (2009). Somatoparaphrenia: A body delusion. A review of the neuropsychological literature. Experimental Brain Research, 192(3), 533-551. doi:10.1007/ s00221-008-1562-y
71. van den Bos, E., & Jeannerod, M. (2002). Sense of body and sense of action both contribute to self-recognition. Cognition, 85(2), 177-187. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00100-2
72. Wainer, J., Feil-Seifer, D. J., Shell, D. A., & Mataric, M. J. (2006). The role of physical embodiment in human-robot interaction. Paper presented at the 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (ROMAN), 2006.
73. Yuan, Y., & Steed, A. (2010). Is the rubber hand illusion induced by immersive virtual reality? Paper presented at the 2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR).