Fetal and neonatal levels of omega-3: Effects on neurodevelopment, nutrition, and growth

The Scientific World Journal

Volumn 2012, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Bernardi, Juliana Rombaldi ^a   Escobar, Renata De Souza ^a   Ferreira, Charles Francisco ^a   Silveira, Patrícia Pelufo ^a  

^a HOSPITAL DE CLÍNICAS DE PORTO ALEGRE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID;

AGGRESSION; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CHILD GROWTH; CHILD NUTRITION; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; FETUS GROWTH; HUMAN; MEMORY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; STRESS;

EID: 84868706362     PISSN: 1537744X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1100/2012/202473     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Clandinin M. T., Chappell J. E., Leong S., Extrauterine fatty acid accretion in infant brain: implications for fatty acid requirements. Early Human Development 1980 4 2 131 138 2-s2.0-0018886751 (Pubitemid 10064581)
2. Clandinin M. T., Chappell J. E., Leong S., Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements. Early Human Development 1980 4 2 121 129 2-s2.0-0018827974 (Pubitemid 10064580)
3. Martinez M., Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. Journal of Pediatrics 1992 120 4, part 2 129 138 2-s2.0-0026534480
4. Campbell F. M., Clohessy A. M., Gordon M. J., Page K. R., Dutta-Roy A. K., Uptake of long chain fatty acids by human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells: role of plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein. Journal of Lipid Research 1997 38 12 2558 2568 2-s2.0-0031443591 (Pubitemid 28028140)
5. Dutta-Roy A. K., Transport mechanisms for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human placenta. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000 71 1, supplement 315S 22S 2-s2.0-0033972154 (Pubitemid 30046134)
6. Prescott S. L., Dunstan J. A., Prenatal fatty acid status and immune development: the pathways and the evidence. Lipids 2007 42 9 801 810 2-s2.0-35348868041 10.1007/s11745-007-3030-z (Pubitemid 47585733)
7. Agostoni C., Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): from the maternal-foetal dyad to the complementary feeding period. Early Human Development 2010 86, supplement 1 3 6 2-s2.0-79952110925
8. Harris W. S., Connor W. E., Lindsey S., Will dietary ω -3 fatty acids change the composition of human milk? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984 40 4 780 785 2-s2.0-0021186576 (Pubitemid 14014412)
9. Helland I. B., Saarem K., Saugstad O. D., Drevon C. A., Fatty acid composition in maternal milk and plasma during supplementation with cod liver oil. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998 52 11 839 845 2-s2.0-0031788424 (Pubitemid 28512861)
10. Michaelsen K. F., Dewey K. G., Perez-Exposito A. B., Nurhasan M., Lauritzen L., Roos N., Food sources and intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in low-income countries with emphasis on infants, young children (624 months), and pregnant and lactating women. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2011 7 2 124 140 2-s2.0-79952237035 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00302.x
11. Schuchardt J. P., Huss M., Stauss-Grabo M., Hahn A., Significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for the development and behaviour of children. European Journal of Pediatrics 2010 169 2 149 164 2-s2.0-77949423995 10.1007/s00431-009-1035-8
12. Gil-Campos M., Dalmau Serra J., Importance of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): functions and recommendations for its ingestion in infants. Anales de Pediatria 2010 73 3 142.e1 148.e1 2-s2.0-77956269058 10.1016/j.anpedi.2010.03.019
13. Oken E., Belfort M. B., Fish, fish oil, and pregnancy. Journal of the American Medical Association 2010 304 15 1717 1718 2-s2.0-77958129335 10.1001/jama.2010.1541
14. Jordan R. G., Prenatal omega-3 fatty acids: review and recommendations. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2010 55 6 520 528 2-s2.0-77958190697 10.1016/j.jmwh.2010.02.018
15. Guesnet P., Alessandri J. M., Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the developing central nervous system (CNS)implications for dietary recommendations. Biochimie 2011 93 1 7 12 2-s2.0-78650511669 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.005
16. Trumbo P., Schlicker S., Yates A. A., Poos M., Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2002 102 11 1621 1630 2-s2.0-0036834458 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90346-9 (Pubitemid 40434081)
17. Olang B., Hajifaraji M., Ali M. A., Docosahexaenoic acid in breast milk reflects maternal fish intake in Iranian mothers. Food and Nutrition Sciences 2012 3 441 446
18. Meldrum S. J., D'Vaz N., Casadio Y., Determinants of DHA levels in early infancy: differential effects of breast milk and direct fish oil supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012 86 6 233 239
19. Hallahan B., Garland M. R., Essential fatty acids and mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005 186 275 277 2-s2.0-17144414489 10.1192/bjp.186.4.275 (Pubitemid 40524003)
20. Crawford M. A., The role of dietary fatty acids in biology: their place in the evolution of the human brain. Nutrition Reviews 1992 50 4, part 2 3 11 2-s2.0-0026718581
21. Fontani G., Corradeschi F., Felici A., Alfatti F., Migliorini S., Lodi L., Cognitive and physiological effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 35 11 691 699 2-s2.0-27844525844 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01570.x (Pubitemid 41640905)
22. Kidd P. M., Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Alternative Medicine Review 2007 12 3 207 227 2-s2.0-35349006914 (Pubitemid 47613220)
23. Levitt P., Structural and functional maturation of the developing primate brain. Journal of Pediatrics 2003 143 4, supplement S35 S45 2-s2.0-0242383276 (Pubitemid 37346692)
24. Kitajka K., Sinclair A. J., Weisinger R. S., Weisinger H. S., Mathai M., Jayasooriya A. P., Halver J. E., Puskás L. G., Effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 30 10931 10936 2-s2.0-3342987998 10.1073/pnas.0402342101 (Pubitemid 38989562)
25. Jorgensen M. H., Hernell O., Hughes E. L., Michaelsen K. F., Is there a relation between Docosahexaenoic acid concentration in mothers' milk and visual development in term infants? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2001 32 3 293 296 2-s2.0-0035035630 10.1097/00005176-200103000-00011 (Pubitemid 32374307)
26. Novak E. M., Dyer R. A., Innis S. M., High dietary ω -6 fatty acids contribute to reduced docosahexaenoic acid in the developing brain and inhibit secondary neurite growth. Brain Research 2008 1237 136 145 2-s2.0-53149147022 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.107
27. Daniels J. L., Longnecker M. P., Rowland A. S., Golding J., Fish intake during pregnancy and early cognitive development of offspring. Epidemiology 2004 15 4 394 402 2-s2.0-4344592783 10.1097/01.ede.0000129514.46451.ce (Pubitemid 40416926)
28. Clandinin M. T., Chappell J. E., Van Aerde J. E. E., Requirements of newborn infants for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, Supplement 1989 78 351 63 71 2-s2.0-0024808074 (Pubitemid 19228752)
29. Helland I. B., Smith L., Saarem K., Saugstad O. D., Drevon C. A., Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 2003 111 1 e39 e44 2-s2.0-0037268730
30. Larque E., Demmelmair H., Koletzko B., Perinatal supply and metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: importance for the early development of the nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002 967 299 310 2-s2.0-0036293589 (Pubitemid 34721915)
31. Clandinin M. T., Chappell J. E., Heim T., Fatty acid utilization in perinatal de novo synthesis of tissues. Early Human Development 1981 5 4 355 366 2-s2.0-0019456478 (Pubitemid 11014498)
32. Morris M. C., Evans D. A., Bienias J. L., Tangney C. C., Bennett D. A., Wilson R. S., Aggarwal N., Schneider J., Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 2003 60 7 940 946 2-s2.0-0038115068 10.1001/archneur.60.7.940 (Pubitemid 36858352)
33. Eskelinen M. H., Ngandu T., Helkala E. L., Tuomilehto J., Nissinen A., Soininen H., Kivipelto M., Fat intake at midlife and cognitive impairment later in life: a population-based CAIDE study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 23 7 741 747 2-s2.0-48249116382 10.1002/gps.1969
34. Solfrizzi V., Colacicco A. M., D'Introno A., Capurso C., Parigi A. D., Capurso S. A., Argentieri G., Capurso A., Panza F., Dietary fatty acids intakes and rate of mild cognitive impairment. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Experimental Gerontology 2006 41 6 619 627 2-s2.0-33744979513 10.1016/j.exger.2006.03.017 (Pubitemid 43867225)
35. Salvati S., Natali F., Attorri L., Di Benedetto R., Leonardi F., Di Biase A., Ferri F., Fortuna S., Lorenzini P., Sanchez M., Ricceri L., Vitelli L., Eicosapentaenoic acid stimulates the expression of myelin proteins in rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2008 86 4 776 784 2-s2.0-40549119867 10.1002/jnr.21537 (Pubitemid 351357759)
36. Georgieff M. K., Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 85 2 614S 620S 2-s2.0-33846877601 (Pubitemid 46220971)
37. Hart S. L., Boylan L. M., Carroll S. R., Musick Y. A., Kuratko C., Border B. G., Lampe R. M., Brief report: newborn behavior differs with decosahexaenoic acid levels in breast milk. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006 31 2 221 226 2-s2.0-33644827528 10.1093/jpepsy/jsj069 (Pubitemid 43356351)
38. Waylen A., Ford T., Goodman R., Samara M., Wolke D., Can early intake of dietary omega-3 predict childhood externalizing behaviour? Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 2009 98 11 1805 1808 2-s2.0-70350517749 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01434.x
39. Sinn N., Bryan J., Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2007 28 2 82 91 2-s2.0-34247162957 10.1097/01.DBP.0000267558.88457.a5 (Pubitemid 46624832)
40. Richardson A. J., Montgomery P., The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics 2005 115 5 1360 1366 2-s2.0-20744445534 10.1542/peds.2004-2164 (Pubitemid 43843244)
41. Heird W. C., Lapillonne A., The role of essential fatty acids in development. Annual Review of Nutrition 2005 25 549 571 2-s2.0-24044533241 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132254 (Pubitemid 41213347)
42. Thapar A., Rutter M., Do prenatal risk factors cause psychiatric disorder? Be wary of causal claims. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009 195 2 100 101 2-s2.0-68549120884 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.062828
43. Anderson J. W., Johnstone B. M., Remley D. T., Breast-feeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999 70 4 525 535 2-s2.0-0032874266 (Pubitemid 29463447)
44. Allen N. B., Lewinsohn P. M., Seeley J. R., Prenatal and perinatal influences on risk for psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology 1998 10 3 513 529 2-s2.0-0032090978 (Pubitemid 128433135)
45. Robinson M., Oddy W. H., Li J., Kendall G. E., De Klerk N. H., Silburn S. R., Zubrick S. R., Newnham J. P., Stanley F. J., Mattes E., Pre- and postnatal influences on preschool mental health: a large-scale cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2008 49 10 1118 1128 2-s2.0-53849138789 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01955.x
46. Dignam D. M., Understanding intimacy as experienced by breastfeeding women. Health Care for Women International 1995 16 5 477 485 2-s2.0-0029365173
47. Rogers P. J., Appleton K. M., Kessler D., Peters T. J., Gunnell D., Hayward R. C., Heatherley S. V., Christian L. M., Mcnaughton S. A., Ness A. R., No effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2008 99 2 421 431 2-s2.0-38049182755 10.1017/S0007114507801097
48. Ross B. M., Seguin J., Sieswerda L. E., Omega-3 fatty acids as treatments for mental illness: which disorder and which fatty acid? Lipids in Health and Disease 2007 6, article 21 2-s2.0-36048989288 10.1186/1476-511X-6-21 (Pubitemid 350098950)
49. De Vriese S. R., Christophe A. B., Maes M., Lowered serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels predict the occurrence of postpartum depression: further evidence that lowered n-PUFAs are related to major depression. Life Sciences 2003 73 25 3181 3187 2-s2.0-0141989942 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.02.001 (Pubitemid 37242978)
50. Chen Y. W., Dilsaver S. C., Lifetime rates of suicide attempts among subjects with bipolar and unipolar disorders relative to subjects with other Axis I disorders. Biological Psychiatry 1996 39 10 896 899 2-s2.0-0029984248 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00295-2 (Pubitemid 26163536)
51. Ramakrishnan U., Imhoff-Kunsch B., Digirolamo A. M., Role of docosahexaenoic acid in maternal and child mental health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009 89 3 958S 962S 2-s2.0-61449252529 10.3945/ajcn.2008. 26692F
52. Browne J. C., Scott K. M., Silvers K. M., Fish consumption in pregnancy and omega-3 status after birth are not associated with postnatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 2006 90 2-3 131 139 2-s2.0-31844442011 10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.009 (Pubitemid 43183521)
53. Makrides M., Collins C. T., Gibson R. A., Impact of fatty acid status on growth and neurobehavioural development in humans. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2011 7 2 80 88 2-s2.0-79952215745 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00304.x
54. Dunstan J. A., Mori T. A., Barden A., Beilin L. J., Holt P. G., Calder P. C., Taylor A. L., Prescott S. L., Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on maternal and fetal erythrocyte fatty composition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004 58 3 429 437 2-s2.0-1842527969 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601825 (Pubitemid 38443702)
55. Makrides M., Gibson R. A., McPhee A. J., Yelland L., Quinlivan J., Ryan P., Doyle L. W., Anderson P., Else P. L., Meyer B. J., Colditz P., Pritchard M., Zhou S., Collins C. T., Gulpers Z., McCusker S., Naccarella N., Best K., Loudis H., Anderson A., Griffith E., Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2010 304 15 1675 1683 2-s2.0-77958120522 10.1001/jama.2010.1507
56. Innis S. M., Friesen R. W., Essential n-3 fatty acids in pregnant women and early visual acuity maturation in term infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008 87 3 548 557 2-s2.0-40549134489 (Pubitemid 351364534)
57. Furuhjelm C., Warstedt K., Larsson J., Fredriksson M., Böttcher M. F., Fälth-Magnusson K., Duchén K., Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 2009 98 9 1461 1467 2-s2.0-68549133387 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01355.x
58. Dunstan J. A., Simmer K., Dixon G., Prescott S. L., Cognitive assessment of children at age 2 1/2 years after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2008 93 1 F45 F50 2-s2.0-38049178597 10.1136/adc.2006.099085
59. Helland I. B., Smith L., Blomen B., Saarem K., Saugstad O. D., Drevon C. A., Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's iq and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics 2008 122 2 e472 e479 2-s2.0-49849086329 10.1542/peds.2007-2762
60. Makrides M., Gibson R. A., McPhee A. J., Collins C. T., Davis P. G., Doyle L. W., Simmer K., Colditz P. B., Morris S., Smithers L. G., Willson K., Ryan P., Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2009 301 2 175 182 2-s2.0-58249088832 10.1001/jama.2008.945
61. Jensen C. L., Voigt R. G., Llorente A. M., Peters S. U., Prager T. C., Zou Y. L., Rozelle J. C., Turcich M. R., Fraley J. K., Anderson R. E., Heird W. C., Effects of early maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on neuropsychological status and visual acuity at five years of age of breast-fed term infants. Journal of Pediatrics 2010 157 6 900 905 2-s2.0-78449279354 10.1016/j.jpeds. 2010.06.006
62. Jensen C. L., Voigt R. G., Prager T. C., Zou Y. L., Fraley J. K., Rozelle J. C., Turcich M. R., Llorente A. M., Anderson R. E., Heird W. C., Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005 82 1 125 132 2-s2.0-23444448009 (Pubitemid 41721867)
63. Manley B. J., Makrides M., Collins C. T., McPhee A. J., Gibson R. A., Ryan P., Sullivan T. R., Davis P. G., High-dose docosahexaenoic acid supplementation of preterm infants: respiratory and allergy outcomes. Pediatrics 2011 128 1 e71 e77 2-s2.0-79960021774 10.1542/peds.2010-2405
64. Lauritzen L., Jorgensen M. H., Olsen S. F., Straarup E. M., Michaelsen K. F., Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on developmental outcome in breast-fed infants. Reproduction Nutrition Development 2005 45 5 535 547 2-s2.0-27244438013 10.1051/rnd:2005044 (Pubitemid 41511880)
65. Auestad N., Montalto M. B., Hall R. T., Fitzgerald K. M., Wheeler R. E., Connor W. E., Neuringer M., Connor S. L., Taylor J. A., Hartmann E. E., Visual acuity, erythrocyte fatty acid composition, and growth in term infants fed formulas with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for one year. Pediatric Research 1997 41 1 1 10 2-s2.0-8044227779 (Pubitemid 27008628)
66. Auestad N., Scott D. T., Janowsky J. S., Jacobsen C., Carroll R. E., Montalto M. B., Halter R., Qiu W., Jacobs J. R., Connor W. E., Connor S. L., Taylor J. A., Neuringer M., Fitzgerald K. M., Hall R. T., Visual, cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: a follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 2003 112 3, part 1 e177 e183 2-s2.0-18744431460
67. Whalley L. J., Fox H. C., Wahle K. W., Starr J. M., Deary I. J., Cognitive aging, childhood intelligence, and the use of food supplements: possible involvement of n-3 fatty acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004 80 6 1650 1657 2-s2.0-13844302128 (Pubitemid 41103867)
68. Huffman S. L., Harika R. K., Eilander A., Osendarp S. J., Essential fats: how do they affect growth and development of infants and young children in developing countries? A literature review. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2011 7 supplement 3 44 65 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00356.x.
69. Crespo P. S., Quirante N. T., Azuara L. A.-E., Gonza'lez L. C., Perera J. A. P, Lodeiro F. A., Ácidos grasos n-3 y n-6 en plasma al nacer y al año de edad y relación con el tipo de alimentación. Anales de Pediatría 2008 68 570 575
70. Patin R. V., Vítolo M. R., Valverde M. A., Carvalho P. O., Pastore G. M., Lopez F. A., The influence of sardine consumption on the omega-3 fatty acid content of mature human milk. Jornal de Pediatria 2006 82 1 63 69 2-s2.0-33645998468 10.2223/JPED.1439
71. Oken E., Kleinman K. P., Olsen S. F., Rich-Edwards J. W., Gillman M. W., Associations of seafood and elongated n-3 fatty acid intake with fetal growth and length of gestation: results from a US pregnancy cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004 160 8 774 783 2-s2.0-5444242489 10.1093/aje/kwh282 (Pubitemid 39362215)
72. Brantsaeter A. L., Birgisdottir B. E., Maternal seafood consumption and infant birth weight, length and head circumference in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. British Journal of Nutrition 2012 107 3 436 444
73. Leite C. D., Vicente G. C., Effects of flaxseed on rat milk creamatocrit and its contribution to offspring body growth. Journal of Pediatrics 2012 88 1 74 78
74. Cardozo L. F. M. D. F., Soares L. L., Chagas M. A., Boaventura G. T., Maternal consumption of flaxseed during lactation affects weight and hemoglobin level of offspring in rats. Jornal de Pediatria 2010 86 2 126 130 2-s2.0-77951520824 10.2223/JPED.1976
75. Fernandes F. S., de Souza A. S., das Graças Tavares do Carmo M., Boaventura G. T., Maternal intake of flaxseed-based diet (Linum usitatissimum) on hippocampus fatty acid profile: implications for growth, locomotor activity and spatial memory. Nutrition 2011 27 10 1040 1047 2-s2.0-79952845816 10.1016/j.nut.2010.11.001
76. Stein A. D., Wang M., Martorell R., Neufeld L. M., Flores-Ayala R., Rivera J. A., Ramakrishnan U., Growth to age 18 months following prenatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid differs by maternal gravidity in Mexico. Journal of Nutrition 2011 141 2 316 320 2-s2.0-79251526891 10.3945/jn.110.128215
77. Lauritzen L., Hoppe C., Straarup E. M., Michaelsen K. F., Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation and growth during the first 2.5 years of life. Pediatric Research 2005 58 2 235 242 2-s2.0-23244452554 10.1203/01.PDR. 0000169978.92437.58 (Pubitemid 41099867)