A Translational approach to novel medication development for protracted abstinence

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

Volumn 13, Issue , 2012, Pages 647-670

  Mason, Barbara J ^a   Higley, Amanda E ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Craving; Cue reactivity; Human laboratory models; Medication development; Protracted abstinence; Relapse; Translational models

Indexed keywords

ACAMPROSATE; ALCOHOL; DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ADDICTION; GABAPENTIN; NALMEFENE; NALTREXONE; ONDANSETRON; RIMONABANT; TOPIRAMATE;

ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SCREENING; HUMAN; MENTAL STRESS; NONHUMAN; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; SLEEP QUALITY; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; ANIMAL; REVIEW;

ALCOHOL DETERRENTS; ALCOHOLISM; ANIMALS; DRUG DESIGN; HUMANS; RECURRENCE; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH;

EID: 84868663952     PISSN: 18663370     EISSN: 18663389     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2012_201     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, Gasbarrini G (2005) Neurobiochemical and clinical aspects of craving in alcohol addiction: a review. Addict Behav 30: 1209-1224
2. Adinoff B, Junghanns K, Kiefer F, Krishnan-Sarin S (2005a) Suppression of the HPA axis stressresponse: implications for relapse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 1351-1355
3. Adinoff B, Krebaum SR, Chandler PA, Ye W, Brown MB, Williams MJ (2005b) Dissection of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathology in 1-month-abstinent alcohol-dependent men, part 1: adrenocortical and pituitary glucocorticoid responsiveness. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 517-527
4. Adinoff B, Risher-Flowers D, De Jong J, Ravitz B, Bone GH, Nutt DJ, Roehrich L, Martin PR, Linnoila M (1991) Disturbances of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning during ethanol withdrawal in six men. Am J Psychiatry 148: 1023-1025
5. Adinoff B, Ruether K, Krebaum S, Iranmanesh A, Williams MJ (2003) Increased salivary cortisol concentrations during chronic alcohol intoxication in a naturalistic clinical sample of men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 1420-1427
6. Alling C, Balldin J, Bokstrom K, Gottfries CG, Karlsson I, Langstrom G (1982) Studies on duration of a late recovery period after chronic abuse of ethanol. A cross-sectional study of biochemical and psychiatric indicators. Acta Psychiatr Scand 66: 384-397
7. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
8. Annis HM, Sklar SM, Moser AE (1998) Gender in relation to relapse crisis situations, coping, and outcome among treated alcoholics. Addict Behav 23: 127-131
9. Anton RF, Drobes DJ, Voronin K, Durazo-Avizu R, Moak D (2004a) Naltrexone effects on alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory paradigm: temporal effects of drinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 173: 32-40
10. Anton RF, Moak DH, Latham PK, Waid LR, Malcolm RJ, Dias JK, Roberts JS (2001) Posttreatment results of combining naltrexone with cognitive-behavior therapy for the treatment of alcoholism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21: 72-77
11. Anton RF, Moak DH, Waid LR, Latham PK, Malcolm RJ, Dias JK (1999) Naltrexone and cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of outpatient alcoholics: results of a placebocontrolled trial. AJ Psychiatry 156: 1758-1764
12. Anton RF, O'Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, Cisler RA, Couper D, Donovan DM, Gastfriend DR, Hosking JD, Johnson BA, LoCastro JS, Longabaugh R, Mason BJ, Mattson ME, Miller WR, Pettinati HM, Randall CL, Swift R, Weiss RD, Williams LD, Zweben A (2006) Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295: 2003-2017
13. Anton RF, Pettinati H, Zweben A, Kranzler HR, Johnson B, Bohn MJ, McCaul ME, Anthenelli R, Salloum I, Galloway G, Garbutt J, Swift R, Gastfriend D, Kallio A, Karhuvaara S (2004b) A multi-site dose ranging study of nalmefene in the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24: 421-428
14. Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC (2004) Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol Rev 111: 33-51
15. Baldwin HA, Hitchcott PK, File SE (1989) Evidence that the increased anxiety detected in the elevated plus-maze during chlordiazepoxide withdrawal is not due to enhanced noradrenergic activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34: 931-933
16. Baldwin HA, Rassnick S, Rivier J, Koob GF, Britton KT (1991) CRF antagonist reverses the anxiogenic response to ethanol withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 103: 227-232
17. Balldin J, Berglund M, Borg S, Mansson M, Bendtsen P, Franck J, Gustafsson L, Halldin J, Nilsson LH, Stolt G, Willander A (2003) A 6-month controlled naltrexone study: combined effect with cognitive behavioral therapy in outpatient treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 1142-1149
18. Baltieri DA, Daro FR, Ribeiro PL, de Andrade AG (2008) Comparing topiramate with naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Addiction 103: 2035-2044
19. Baltieri DA, De Andrade AG (2004) Acamprosate in alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled efficacy study in a standard clinical setting. J Stud Alcohol 65: 136-139
20. Barrias J, Chabac S, Ferreira L, Fonte A, Potgieter AS, Teixeira de Sousa E (1997) Acamprosate: multicenter Portuguese efficacy and tolerance evaluation study. Psiquiatria Clinica 18: 149-160
21. Begleiter H, Porjesz B (1979) Persistence of a subacute withdrawal syndrome following chronic ethanol intake. Drug Alcohol Depend 4: 353-357
22. Berman JD, Cook DM, Buchman M, Keith LD (1990) Diminished adrenocorticotropin response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in nondepressed, actively drinking male alcoholics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71: 712-717
23. Bernardy NC, King AC, Parsons OA, Lovallo WR (1996) Altered cortisol response in sober alcoholics: an examination of contributing factors. Alcohol 13: 493-498
24. Besson J, Aeby F, Kasas A, Lehert P, Potgieter A (1998) Combined efficacy of acamprosate and disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism: a controlled study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 573-579
25. Betty Ford Institute (2007) What is recovery? A working definition from the Betty Ford Institute. J Subst Abuse Treat 33: 221-228
26. Bisaga A, Evans SM (2006) The acute effects of gabapentin in combination with alcohol in heavy drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend 83(1): 25-32
27. Bokstrom K, Balldin J, Langstrom G (1989) Alcohol withdrawal and mood. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80: 505-513
28. Bokstrom K, Balldin J, Langstrom G (1991) Individual mood profiles in alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15: 508-513
29. Brady KT, Sonne SC (1999) The role of stress in alcohol use, alcoholism treatment, and relapse. Alcohol Res Health 23: 263-271
30. Breese GR, Chu K, Dayas CV, Funk D, Knapp DJ, Koob GF, Le DA, O'Dell LE, Overstreet DH, Roberts AJ, Sinha R, Valdez GR, Weiss F (2005) Stress enhancement of craving during sobriety: a risk for relapse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 185-195
31. Brower KJ, Myra Kim H, Strobbe S, Karam-Hage MA, Consens F, Zucker RA (2008) A randomized double-blind pilot trial of gabapentin versus placebo to treat alcohol dependence and comorbid insomnia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 1429-1438
32. Brown RA, Lejuez CW, Kahler CW, Strong DR (2002) Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts. J Abnorm Psychol 111: 180-185
33. Carter BL, Tiffany ST (1999) Cue-reactivity and the future of addiction research. Addiction 94: 349-351
34. Chick J, Anton R, Checinski K, Croop R, Drummond DC, Farmer R, Labriola D, Marshall J, Moncrieff J, Morgan MY, Peters T, Ritson B (2000a) A multicentre, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence or abuse. Alcohol Alcohol 35: 587-593
35. Chick J, Howlett H, Morgan MY, Ritson B (2000b) United Kingdom Multicentre Acamprosate Study (UKMAS): a 6-month prospective study of acamprosate versus placebo in preventing relapse after withdrawal from alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 35: 176-187
36. Cleck JN, Blendy JA (2008) Making a bad thing worse: adverse effects of stress on drug addiction. J Clin Invest 118: 454-461
37. Cloninger CR (1987) Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 236: 410-416
38. Cooney NL, Kadden RM, Litt MD, Getter H (1991) Matching alcoholics to coping skills or interactional therapies: two-year follow-up results. J Consult Clin Psychol 59: 598-601
39. Cooney NL, Litt MD, Morse PA, Bauer LO, Gaupp L (1997) Alcohol cue reactivity, negativemood reactivity, and relapse in treated alcoholic men. J Abnorm Psychol 106: 243-250
40. Davidson D, Palfai T, Bird C, Swift R (1999) Effects of naltrexone on alcohol self-administration in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23: 195-203
41. Davidson D, Saha C, Scifres S, Fyffe J, O'Connor S, Selzer C (2004) Naltrexone and brief counseling to reduce heavy drinking in hazardous drinkers. Addict Behav 29: 1253-1258
42. Davidson D, Swift R, Fitz E (1996) Naltrexone increases the latency to drink alcohol in social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20: 732-739
43. De Soto CB, O'Donnell WE, Allred LJ, Lopes CE (1985) Symptomatology in alcoholics at various stages of abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 9: 505-512
44. de Wit H, Soderpalm AH, Nikolayev L, Young E (2003) Effects of acute social stress on alcohol consumption in healthy subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 1270-1277
45. de Wit H, Svenson J, York A (1999) Non-specific effect of naltrexone on ethanol consumption in social drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146: 33-41
46. De Witte P, Pinto E, Ansseau M, Verbanck P (2003) Alcohol and withdrawal: from animal research to clinical issues. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27: 189-197
47. Drobes DJ, Anton RF, Thomas SE, Voronin K (2003) A clinical laboratory paradigm for evaluating medication effects on alcohol consumption: naltrexone and nalmefene. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 755-764
48. Ehrenreich H, Schuck J, Stender N, Pilz J, Gefeller O, Schilling L, Poser W, Kaw S (1997) Endocrine and hemodynamic effects of stress versus systemic CRF in alcoholics during early and medium term abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21: 1285-1293
49. Errico AL, Parsons OA, King AC, Lovallo WR (1993) Attenuated cortisol response to biobehavioral stressors in sober alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 54: 393-398
50. Fox HC, Hong KA, Sinha R (2008) Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control in recently abstinent alcoholics compared with social drinkers. Addict Behav 33: 388-394
51. Furieri FA, Nakamura-Palacios EM (2007) Gabapentin reduces alcohol consumption and craving: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 1691-1700
52. Galloway GP, Koch M, Cello R, Smith DE (2005) Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a depot formulation of naltrexone in alcoholics: an open-label trial. BMC Psychiatry 5: 18
53. Gastpar M, Bonnet U, Boning J, Mann K, Schmidt LG, Soyka M, Wetterling T, Kielstein V, Labriola D, Croop R (2002) Lack of efficacy of naltrexone in the prevention of alcohol relapse: results from a German multicenter study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 22: 592-598
54. Geerlings P, Ansoms C, van den Brink W (1997) Acamprosate and prevention of relapse in alcoholics. Eur Addict Res 3: 129-137
55. George DT, Herion DW, Jones CL, Phillips MJ, Hersh J, Hill D, Heilig M, Ramchandani VA, Geyer C, Spero DE, Singley ED, O'Malley SS, Bishai R, Rawlings RR, Kunos G (2010) Rimonabant (SR141716) has no effect on alcohol self-administration or endocrine measures in nontreatment-seeking heavy alcohol drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 208: 37-44
56. Gilman JM, Hommer DW (2008) Modulation of brain response to emotional images by alcohol cues in alcohol-dependent patients. Addict Biol 13: 423-434
57. Glautier S, Drummond DC (1994) Alcohol dependence and cue reactivity. J Stud Alcohol 55: 224-229
58. Gual A, Lehert P (2001) Acamprosate during and after acute alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in Spain. Alcohol Alcohol 36: 413-418
59. Guardia J, Caso C, Arias F, Gual A, Sanahuja J, Ramirez M, Mengual I, Gonzalvo B, Segura L, Trujols J, Casas M (2002) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol-dependence disorder: results from a multicenter clinical trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26: 1381-1387
60. Hammarberg A, Jayaram-Lindstrom N, Beck O, Franck J, Reid MS (2009) The effects of acamprosate on alcohol-cue reactivity and alcohol priming in dependent patients: a randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 205: 53-62
61. Heilig M, Egli M (2006) Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 111: 855-876
62. Heinala P, Alho H, Kiianmaa K, Lonnqvist J, Kuoppasalmi K, Sinclair JD (2001) Targeted use of naltrexone without prior detoxification in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a factorial double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21: 287-292
63. Heinz A, Siessmeier T, Wrase J, Buchholz HG, Grunder G, Kumakura Y, Cumming P, Schreckenberger M, Smolka MN, Rosch F, Mann K, Bartenstein P (2005) Correlation of alcohol craving with striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and D2/3 receptor availability: a combined [18F]DOPA and [18F]DMFP PET study in detoxified alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1515-1520
64. Heinz A, Siessmeier T, Wrase J, Hermann D, Klein S, Grusser S, Flor H, Braus D, Buchholz H, Grunder G, Schrechenberger M, Smolka M, Rosch F, Mann K, Bartenstein P (2004) Correlation between dopamine D(2) receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving. Am J Psychiatry 161: 1783-1789
65. Hershon HI (1977) Alcohol withdrawal symptoms and drinking behavior. J Stud Alcohol 38: 953-971
66. Higgins RL, Marlatt GA (1975) Fear of interpersonal evaluation as a determinant of alcohol consumption in male social drinkers. J Abnorm Psychol 84: 644-651
67. Higley AE, Crane NA, Spadoni AD, Quello SB, Goodell V, Mason BJ (2011) Craving in response to stress induction in a human laboratory paradigm predicts treatment outcome in alcohol-dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 218: 121-129
68. Holter SM, Engelmann M, Kirschke C, Liebsch G, Landgraf R, Spanagel R (1998) Long-term ethanol self-administration with repeated ethanol deprivation episodes changes ethanol drinking pattern and increases anxiety-related behaviour during ethanol deprivation in rats. Behav Pharmacol 9: 41-48
69. Huang MC, Chen CH, Yu JM, Chen CC (2005) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence in Taiwan. Addict Biol 10: 289-292
70. Hull JG, Young RD (1983) Self-consciousness, self-esteem, and success-failure as determinants of alcohol consumption in male social drinkers. J Pers Soc Psychol 44: 1097-1109
71. Janiri L, Martinotti G, Dario T, Reina D, Paparello F, Pozzi G, Addolorato G, Di Giannantonio M, De Risio S (2005) Anhedonia and substance-related symptoms in detoxified substancedependent subjects: a correlation study. Neuropsychobiology 52: 37-44
72. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Akhtar FZ, Ma JZ (2004) Oral topiramate reduces the consequences of drinking and improves the quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 905-912
73. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, DiClemente CC, Roache JD, Lawson K, Javors MA, Ma JZ (2003) Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361: 1677-1685
74. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Ait-Daoud N, Zanca NA, Velazquez M (2002) Ondansetron reduces the craving of biologically predisposed alcoholics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 160: 408-413
75. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, DiClemente CC, Cloninger CR, Prihoda TJ, Bordnick PS, Ait-Daoud N, Hensler J (2000) Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284: 963-971
76. Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, Wiegand F, Mao L, Beyers K, McKay A, Ait-Daoud N, Anton RF, Ciraulo DA, Kranzler HR, Mann K, O'Malley SS, Swift RM (2007) Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298: 1641-1651
77. Junghanns K, Backhaus J, Tietz U, Lange W, Bernzen J, Wetterling T, Rink L, Driessen M (2003) Impaired serum cortisol stress response is a predictor of early relapse. Alcohol Alcohol 38: 189-193
78. Junghanns K, Tietz U, Dibbelt L, Kuether M, Jurth R, Ehrenthal D, Blank S, Backhaus J (2005) Attenuated salivary cortisol secretion under cue exposure is associated with early relapse. Alcohol Alcohol 40: 80-85
79. Kaplan RF, Meyer RE, Stroebel CF (1983) Alcohol dependence and responsivity to an ethanol stimulus as predictors of alcohol consumption. Br J Addict 78: 259-267
80. Kiefer F, Jahn H, Tarnaske T, Helwig H, Briken P, Holzbach R, Kampf P, Stracke R, Baehr M, Naber D, Wiedemann K (2003) Comparing and combining naltrexone and acamprosate in relapse prevention of alcoholism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 92-99
81. Killeen TK, Brady KT, Gold PB, Simpson KN, Faldowski RA, Tyson C, Anton RF (2004) Effectiveness of naltrexone in a community treatment program. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28: 1710-1717
82. Koob GF (1998) Circuits, drugs, and drug addiction. Adv Pharmacol 42: 978-982
83. Koob GF (2003) Alcoholism: allostasis and beyond. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 232-243
84. Koob GF (2006) The neurobiology of addiction: a neuroadaptational view relevant for diagnosis. Addiction 101(1): 23-30
85. Koob GF (2008) A role for brain stress systems in addiction. Neuron 59: 11-34
86. Koob GF, Ahmed SH, Boutrel B, Chen SA, Kenny PJ, Markou A, O'Dell LE, Parsons LH, Sanna PP (2004) Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27: 739-749
87. Koob G, Kreek MJ (2007) Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. AJ Psychiatry 164: 1149-1159
88. Koob GF, Le Moal M (1997) Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278: 52-58
89. Koob GF, Le Moal M (2001) Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 24: 97-129
90. Koob GF, Le Moal M (2008) Review. Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363: 3113-3123
91. Koob GF, Lloyd GK, Mason BJ (2009) Development of pharmacotherapies for drug addiction: a Rosetta stone approach. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 8: 500
92. Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010) Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 217-238
93. Kranzler HR, Armeli S, Tennen H, Blomqvist O, Oncken C, Petry N, Feinn R (2003) Targeted naltrexone for early problem drinkers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23: 294-304
94. Kranzler HR, Modesto-Lowe V, Nuwayser ES (1998) Sustained-release naltrexone for alcoholism treatment: a preliminary study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 1074-1079
95. Kranzler HR, Tennen H, Armeli S, Chan G, Covault J, Arias A, Oncken C (2009) Targeted naltrexone for problem drinkers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 29: 350-357
96. Kranzler HR, Wesson DR, Billot L (2004) Naltrexone depot for treatment of alcohol dependence: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28: 1051-1059
97. Krystal JH, Cramer JA, Krol WF, Kirk GF, Rosenheck RA (2001) Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. N Engl J Med 345: 1734-1739
98. Ladewig D, Knecht T, Leher P, Fendl A (1993) Acamprosate-a stabilizing factor in long-term withdrawal of alcoholic patients. Ther Umsch 50: 182-188
99. Latt NC, Jurd S, Houseman J, Wutzke SE (2002) Naltrexone in alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial of effectiveness in a standard clinical setting. Med J Aust 176: 530-534
100. Le AD, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Watchus J, Shalev U, Shaham Y (2000) The role of corticotrophin-releasing factor in stress-induced relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 150: 317-324
101. Lhuintre JP, Daoust M, Moore ND, Chretien P, Saligaut C, Tran G, Bosimare F, Hillemand B (1985) Ability of calcium bis acetyl homotaurine, a GABA agonist, to prevent relapse in weaned alcoholics. Lancet 1: 1014-1016
102. Lindberg L, Brauer S, Wollmer P, Goldberg L, Jones AW, Olsson SG (2007) Breath alcohol concentration determined with a new analyzer using free exhalation predicts almost precisely the arterial blood alcohol concentration. Forensic Sci Int 168: 200-207
103. Litt MD, Cooney NL (1999) Inducing craving for alcohol in the laboratory. Alcohol Res Health 23: 174-178
104. Litt MD, Cooney NL, Kadden RM, Gaupp L (1990) Reactivity to alcohol cues and induced moods in alcoholics. Addict Behav 15: 137-146
105. Litt MD, Cooney NL, Morse P (2000) Reactivity to alcohol-related stimuli in the laboratory and in the field: predictors of craving in treated alcoholics. Addiction 95: 889-900
106. Littleton J (1995) Acamprosate in alcohol dependence: how does it work? Addiction 90: 1179-1188
107. Liu X, Weiss F (2002) Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. J Neurosci 22: 7856-7861
108. Lovallo WR, Dickensheets SL, Myers DA, Thomas TL, Nixon SJ (2000) Blunted stress cortisol response in abstinent alcoholic and polysubstance-abusing men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24: 651-658
109. Macey DJ, Schulteis G, Heinrichs SC, Koob GF (1996) Time-dependent quantifiable withdrawal from ethanol in the rat: effect of method of dependence induction. Alcohol 13: 163-170
110. Marlatt G (1985) Situational determinants of relapse and skill-training interventions. In: Marlatt G, Gordan JR (eds) Relapse prevention. Guilford Press, New York, pp 71-127
111. Marlatt GA (1979) A cognitive-behavioral model of the relapse process. NIDA Res Monogr 25: 191-200
112. Marlatt GA (1990) Cue exposure and relapse prevention in the treatment of addictive behaviors. Addict Behav 15: 395-399
113. Marlatt GA, George WH (1984) Relapse prevention: introduction and overview of the model. Br J Addict 79: 261-273
114. Martinez D, Kim JH, Krystal J, Abi-Dargham A (2007) Imaging the neurochemistry of alcohol and substance abuse. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 17: 539-555
115. Martinotti G, Cloninger CR, Janiri L (2008a) Temperament and character inventory dimensions and anhedonia in detoxified substance-dependent subjects. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 34: 177-183
116. Martinotti G, Di Nicola M, Tedeschi D, Andreoli S, Reina D, Pomponi M, Mazza M, Romanelli R, Moroni N, De Filippis R, Di Giannantonio M, Pozzi G, Bria P, Janiri L (2010) Pregabalin versus naltrexone in alcohol dependence: a randomised, double-blind, comparison trial. J Psychopharmacol 24(9): 1367-1374
117. Martinotti G, Nicola MD, Reina D, Andreoli S, Foca F, Cunniff A, Tonioni F, Bria P, Janiri L (2008b) Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia. Subst Use Misuse 43: 271-284
118. Mason BJ (2005) Acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Expert Opin Pharmacother 6: 2103-2115
119. Mason BJ, Goodman AM, Chabac S, Lehert P (2006) Effect of oral acamprosate on abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: the role of patient motivation. J Psychiatr Res 40: 383-393
120. Mason BJ, Higley AE, Crane NA, Goodell V (2010) Evaluation of craving and sleep in a human laboratory study of acamprosate, naltrexone and placebo in alcohol dependent volunteers 15th Biennial International Society for Biomedical Research on alcoholism conference. France, Paris
121. Mason BJ, Lehert P (2010) The effects of current subsyndromal psychiatric symptoms or past psychopathology on alcohol dependence treatment outcomes and acamprosate efficacy. Am J Addict 19: 147-154
122. Mason BJ, Light JM, Escher T, Drobes DJ (2008) Effect of positive and negative affective stimuli and beverage cues on measures of craving in non treatment-seeking alcoholics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 200: 141-150
123. Mason BJ, Light JM, Williams LD, Drobes DJ (2009) Proof-of-concept human laboratory study for protracted abstinence in alcohol dependence: effects of gabapentin. Addict Biol 14: 73-83
124. Mason BJ, Ritvo EC, Morgan RO, Salvato FR, Goldberg G, Welch B, Mantero-Atienza E (1994) A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral nalmefene HCl for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18: 1162-1167
125. Mason BJ, Salvato FR, Williams LD, Ritvo EC, Cutler RB (1999) A double-blind, placebocontrolled study of oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 719-724
126. McCaul ME, Wand GS, Eissenberg T, Rohde CA, Cheskin LJ (2000) Naltrexone alters subjective and psychomotor responses to alcohol in heavy drinking subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 22: 480-492
127. McGeary JE et al (2006) Genetic moderators of naltrexone's effects on alcohol cue reactivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30(8): 1288-1296
128. Miller PM, Hersen M, Eisler RM, Hilsman G (1974) Effects of social stress on operant drinking of alcoholics and social drinkers. Behav Res Ther 12: 67-72
129. Miranda R Jr, MacKillop J, Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Tidey J, Gwaltney C, Swift R, Ray L, McGeary J (2008) Effects of topiramate on urge to drink and the subjective effects of alcohol: a preliminary laboratory study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 489-497
130. Modesto-Lowe V, Burleson JA, Hersh D, Bauer LO, Kranzler HR (1997) Effects of naltrexone on cue-elicited craving for alcohol and cocaine. Drug Alcohol Depend 49: 9-16
131. Moller C, Wiklund L, Thorsell A, Hyytia P, Heilig M (1997) Decreased measures of experimental anxiety in rats bred for high alcohol preference. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21: 656-660
132. Monti PM, Binkoff JA, Abrams DB, Zwick WR, Nirenberg TD, Liepman MR (1987) Reactivity of alcoholics and nonalcoholics to drinking cues. J Abnorm Psychol 96: 122-126
133. Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Hutchison KE, Swift RM, Mueller TI, Colby SM, Brown RA, Gulliver SB, Gordon A, Abrams DB (1999) Naltrexone's effect on cue-elicited craving among alcoholics in treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23: 1386-1394
134. Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Rubonis AV, Niaura RS, Sirota AD, Colby SM, Abrams DB (1993) Alcohol cue reactivity: effects of detoxification and extended exposure. J Stud Alcohol 54: 235-245
135. Morley KC, Teesson M, Reid SC, Sannibale C, Thomson C, Phung N, Weltman M, Bell JR, Richardson K, Haber PS (2006) Naltrexone versus acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Addiction 101: 1451-1462
136. Morris PL, Hopwood M, Whelan G, Gardiner J, Drummond E (2001) Naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 96: 1565-1573
137. Mossberg D, Liljeberg P, Borg S (1985) Clinical conditions in alcoholics during long-term abstinence: a descriptive, longitudinal treatment study. Alcohol 2: 551-553
138. Myrick H, Anton R, Voronin K, Wang W, Henderson S (2007) A double-blind evaluation of gabapentin on alcohol effects and drinking in a clinical laboratory paradigm. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31: 221-227
139. Myrick H, Anton RF, Li X, Henderson S, Randall PK, Voronin K (2008) Effect of naltrexone and ondansetron on alcohol cue-induced activation of the ventral striatum in alcohol-dependent people. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 466-475
140. Namkoong K, Lee BO, Lee PG, Choi MJ, Lee E (2003) Acamprosate in Korean alcoholdependent patients: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol 38: 135-141
141. Nemeroff CB (1996) The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: new findings and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 1: 336-342
142. Niaura R (2000) Cognitive social learning and related perspectives on drug craving. Addiction 95(Suppl 2): S155-S163
143. Niederhofer H, Staffen W (2003) Acamprosate and its efficacy in treating alcohol dependent adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 12: 144-148
144. O'Connor AB, Lang VJ (2007) Baclofen not comparable to diazepam for alcohol withdrawal. Am J Med 120: e5; author reply e7
145. O'Farrell TJ, Allen JP, Litten RZ (1995) Disulfiram (antabuse) contracts in treatment of alcoholism. NIDA Res Monogr 150: 65-91
146. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B (1992) Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 881-887
147. O'Malley SS, Krishnan-Sarin S, Farren C, Sinha R, Kreek MJ (2002) Naltrexone decreases craving and alcohol self-administration in alcohol-dependent subjects and activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 160: 19-29
148. Ooteman W, Koeter MW, Verheul R, Schippers GM, van den Brink W (2007) The effect of naltrexone and acamprosate on cue-induced craving, autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine reactions to alcohol-related cues in alcoholics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17: 558-566
149. Oslin D, Liberto JG, O'Brien J, Krois S, Norbeck J (1997) Naltrexone as an adjunctive treatment for older patients with alcohol dependence. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 5: 324-332
150. Oslin DW, Lynch KG, Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, Gariti P, Gelfand L, Ten Have T, Wortman S, Dundon W, Dackis C, Volpicelli JR, O'Brien CP (2008) A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of naltrexone in the context of different levels of psychosocial intervention. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 1299-1308
151. Overstreet DH, Knapp DJ, Breese GR (2002) Accentuated decrease in social interaction in rats subjected to repeated ethanol withdrawals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26: 1259-1268
152. Paille FM, Guelfi JD, Perkins AC, Royer RJ, Steru L, Parot P (1995) Double-blind randomized multicentre trial of acamprosate in maintaining abstinence from alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 30: 239-247
153. Palfai T, Davidson D, Swift R (1999) Influence of naltrexone on cue-elicited craving among hazardous drinkers: the moderational role of positive outcome expectancies. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 266-273
154. Pelc I, Le Bon O, Verbanck P, Lehert PH, Opsomer L (1992) Calcium-acetylhomotaurinate for maintaining abstinence in weaned alcoholic patients: a placebo-controlled double-blind multicentre study, in novel pharmacological interventions for alcoholism. In: Naranjo CASE (ed) Novel pharmacological interventions for alcoholism. Springer, New York, pp 348-352
155. Pelc I, Verbanck P, Le Bon O, Gavrilovic M, Lion K, Lehert P (1997) Efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. A 90-day placebocontrolled dose-finding study. Br J Psychiatry 171: 73-77
156. Petrakis IL, Poling J, Levinson C, Nich C, Carroll K, Rounsaville B (2005) Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 57: 1128-1137
157. Pitman RK, Orr SP, Forgue DF, de Jong JB, Claiborn JM (1987) Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 970-975
158. Plawecki MH, Decarlo R, Ramchandani VA, O'Connor S (2007) Improved transformation of morphometric measurements for a priori parameter estimation in a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of ethanol. Biomed Signal Process Control 2: 97-110
159. Plawecki MH, Han JJ, Doerschuk PC, Ramchandani VA, O'Connor SJ (2008) Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for ethanol. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 55: 2691-2700
160. Poldrugo F (1997) Acamprosate treatment in a long-term community-based alcohol rehabilitation programme. Addiction 92: 1537-1546
161. Ramchandani VA, O'Connor S (2006) Studying alcohol elimination using the alcohol clamp method. Alcohol Res Health 29: 286-290
162. Rasmussen DD, Mitton DR, Green J, Puchalski S (2001) Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 2. Behavioral changes during prolonged abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25: 999-1005
163. Rassnick S, Heinrichs SC, Britton KT, Koob GF (1993) Microinjection of a corticotropinreleasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res 605: 25-32
164. Ray LA, Hutchison KE (2007) Effects of naltrexone on alcohol sensitivity and genetic moderators of medication response: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 1069-1077
165. Roberto M, Bajo M, Crawford E, Madamba SG, Siggins GR (2006) Chronic ethanol exposure and protracted abstinence alter NMDA receptors in central amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 31: 988-996
166. Roelofs SM (1985) Hyperventilation, anxiety, craving for alcohol: a subacute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol 2: 501-505
167. Roelofs SM, Dikkenberg GM (1987) Hyperventilation and anxiety: alcohol withdrawal symptoms decreasing with prolonged abstinence. Alcohol 4: 215-220
168. Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Hutchison KE, Swift RM, Colby SM, Kaplan GB (2000) Naltrexone's effects on reactivity to alcohol cues among alcoholic men. J Abnorm Psychol 109: 738-742
169. Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Rubonis AV, Sirota AD, Niaura RS, Colby SM, Wunschel SM, Abrams DB (1994) Cue reactivity as a predictor of drinking among male alcoholics. J Consult Clin Psychol 62: 620-626
170. Roussaux JP, Hers D, Ferauge M (1996) Does acamprosate diminish the appetite for alcohol in weaned alcoholics? J Pharm Belg 51: 65-68
171. Rubonis AV, Colby SM, Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Gulliver SB, Sirota AD (1994) Alcohol cue reactivity and mood induction in male and female alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 55: 487-494
172. Sanchis-Segura C, Spanagel R (2006) Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: an overview. Addict Biol 11: 2-38
173. Sass H, Soyka M, Mann K, Zieglgansberger W (1996) Relapse prevention by acamprosate. Results from a placebo-controlled study on alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 673-680
174. Sayette MA, Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Gulliver SB, Colby SM, Sirota AD, Niaura R, Abrams DB (1994) The effects of cue exposure on reaction time in male alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 55: 629-633
175. Schuckit MA, Irwin M, Brown SA (1990) The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 51: 34-41
176. Segal BM, Kushnarev VM, Urakov IG, Misionzhnik EU (1970) Alcoholism and disruption of the activity of deep cerebral structures. Clinical-laboratory research. Q J Stud Alcohol 31: 587-601
177. Sellers EM, Toneatto T, Romach MK, Somer GR, Sobell LC, Sobell MB (1994) Clinical efficacy of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron in alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18: 879-885
178. Singleton E, Tiffany S, Henningfield J (1994) Development and validation of a new questionnaire to assess craving for alcohol: problems of drug dependence. In: Proceeding of the 56th annual meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD, p 289
179. Sinha R (2009) Modeling stress and drug craving in the laboratory: implications for addiction treatment development. Addict Biol 14: 84-98
180. Sinha R, Fox HC, Hong KA, Bergquist K, Bhagwagar Z, Siedlarz KM (2009) Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 34: 1198-1208
181. Sinha R, Fuse T, Aubin LR, O'Malley SS (2000) Psychological stress, drug-related cues and cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 152: 140-148
182. Soyka M, Koller G, Schmidt P, Lesch OM, Leweke M, Fehr C, Gann H, Mann KF (2008) Cannabinoid receptor 1 blocker rimonabant (SR 141716) for treatment of alcohol dependence: results from a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28: 317-324
183. Staner L, Boeijinga P, Danel T, Gendre I, Muzet M, Landron F, Luthringer R (2006) Effects of acamprosate on sleep during alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind placebo-controlled polysomnographic study in alcohol-dependent subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30: 1492-1499
184. Swift RM (1999) Medications and alcohol craving. Alcohol Res Health 23: 207-213
185. Tempesta E, Janiri L, Bignamini A, Chabac S, Potgieter A (2000) Acamprosate and relapse prevention in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a placebo-controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol 35: 202-209
186. Tiffany ST (1999) Cognitive concepts of craving. Alcohol Res Health 23: 215-224
187. Uhart M, Wand GS (2009) Stress, alcohol and drug interaction: an update of human research. Addict Biol 14: 43-64
188. VolkowN(2004) Imaging the addicted brain: from molecules to behavior. J Nucl Med 45: 13N-24N
189. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP (1992) Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 876-880
190. Volpicelli JR, Rhines KC, Rhines JS, Volpicelli LA, Alterman AI, O'Brien CP (1997) Naltrexone and alcohol dependence. Role of subject compliance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54: 737-742
191. Voltaire-Carlsson A, Hiltunen AJ, Koechling UM, Borg S (1996) Effects of long-term abstinence on psychological functioning: a prospective longitudinal analysis comparing alcoholdependent patients and healthy volunteers. Alcohol 13: 415-421
192. Vuchinich S, Angelelli J, Gatherum A (1996) Context and development in family problem solving with preadolescent children. Child Dev 67: 1276-1288
193. Wand GS, Dobs AS (1991) Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in actively drinking alcoholics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72: 1290-1295
194. Watanabe KI, Ogihara-Hashizume A, Kobayashi Y, Mitsushio H, Komiyama T (2001) Impaired sleep during the post-alcohol withdrawal period in alcoholic patients. Addict Biol 6: 163-169
195. Weinstein A, Feldtkeller B, Feeney A, Lingford-Hughes A, Nutt D (2003) A pilot study on the effects of treatment with acamprosate on craving for alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients. Addict Biol 8: 229-232
196. Whitworth AB, Fischer F, Lesch OM, Nimmerrichter A, Oberbauer H, Platz T, Potgieter A, Walter H, Fleischhacker WW (1996) Comparison of acamprosate and placebo in long-term treatment of alcohol dependence. Lancet 347: 1438-1442
197. Zimmermann US, Mick I, Vitvitskyi V, Plawecki MH, Mann KF, O'Connor S (2008) Development and pilot validation of computer-assisted self-infusion of ethanol (CASE): a new method to study alcohol self-administration in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 1321-1328
198. Zorrilla EP, Valdez GR, Weiss F (2001) Changes in levels of regional CRF-likeimmunoreactivity and plasma corticosterone during protracted drug withdrawal in dependent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 158: 374-381