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Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-9

Clostridium difficile infection: An update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Clostridium difficile infection; Diarrhea

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL VACCINE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXOID VACCINE; FIDAXOMICIN; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LFF 571; METRONIDAZOLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NITAZOXANIDE; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RIFAXIMIN; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84857057604     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: 15317056     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834bc9a9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (157)

References (102)
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    • Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, van Kinschot CM, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in an endemic setting in the Netherlands. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30:587-593. In this study, they look at risk factors for CDI in an endemic setting over 34 months in the Netherlands. This prospective case-control study found that risk factors for CDI in endemic settings differed from those in outbreak situations.
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    • Shakov R, Salazar RS, Kagunye SK, et al. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in the acute care hospital setting. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39:194-198.
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    • Clostridium difficile-related pancolitis in lung-transplanted patients with cystic fibrosis
    • The authors noticed that CF patients, despite their large use of antibiotic are usually at low risk of developing CDI; however, lung transplantation seems to be a risk factor for them. They describe three cases of severe CD colitis in patients with CF following lung transplantation
    • Patriarchi F, Rolla M, Maccioni F, et al. Clostridium difficile-related pancolitis in lung-transplanted patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Transplant 2011; 25:E46-51. The authors noticed that CF patients, despite their large use of antibiotic are usually at low risk of developing CDI; however, lung transplantation seems to be a risk factor for them. They describe three cases of severe CD colitis in patients with CF following lung transplantation.
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    • Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Kim J, Lee KL, Jeong JB, et al. Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3573-3577.
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    • Kim, J.1    Lee, K.L.2    Jeong, J.B.3
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    • Clostridium difficile: Its potential as a source of foodborne disease
    • Excellent discussion on the current state of C. difficile and the relationship to food products and contaminated meat. They address the potential for C. difficile to be a food-borne pathogen
    • Rupnik M, Songer JG. Clostridium difficile: its potential as a source of foodborne disease. Adv Food Nutr Res 2010; 60:53-66. Excellent discussion on the current state of C. difficile and the relationship to food products and contaminated meat. They address the potential for C. difficile to be a food-borne pathogen.
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    • Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children United States 1997-2006
    • Thorough study that examined two large national databases. They calculated rates of CDI and increasing incidence in pediatric patients. The authors suggest that the increasing rates may be secondary to reporting bias for diarrheal illnesses
    • Zilberberg MD, Tillotson GS, McDonald LC. Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997-2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:604-609. Thorough study that examined two large national databases. They calculated rates of CDI and increasing incidence in pediatric patients. The authors suggest that the increasing rates may be secondary to reporting bias for diarrheal illnesses.
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    • Zilberberg, M.D.1    Tillotson, G.S.2    McDonald, L.C.3
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    • Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States
    • Excellent retrospective cohort study of CDI in hospitalized pediatric patients. They showed an increasing trend in cases between 1997 and 2006 contrast to adults, there was no increasing trend in the severity of CDI in children
    • Nylund CM, Goudie A, Garza JM, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011; 165:451-457. Excellent retrospective cohort study of CDI in hospitalized pediatric patients. They showed an increasing trend in cases between 1997 and 2006. In contrast to adults, there was no increasing trend in the severity of CDI in children.
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    • Nylund, C.M.1    Goudie, A.2    Garza, J.M.3
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    • Epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in children
    • Case-control study on CDI in pediatrics. Risk factors discovered included solid organ transplant and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube
    • Sandora TJ, Fung M, Flaherty K, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:580-584. Case-control study on CDI in pediatrics. Risk factors discovered included solid organ transplant and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube.
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    • Prevention and medical management of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Excellent clinical review based on practical clinical question for the management of CDI
    • Shannon-Lowe J, Matherson NJ, Cooke FJ, et al. Prevention and medical management of Clostridium difficile infection. Br Med J 2010; 340:c1296. Excellent clinical review based on practical clinical question for the management of CDI.
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