Endocrine and metabolic changes during sepsis: An update

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 96, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1095-1105

  Khardori, Romesh ^a   Castillo, Danielle ^a  

^a EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adrenal insufficiency; Glucocorticoids; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Thyroid dysfunction

Indexed keywords

HYPOPHYSIS HORMONE;

CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INFECTION; METABOLIC DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEPSIS; STRESS; THYROID DISEASE;

DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES; ENDOCRINOLOGY; HORMONES; HUMANS; SEPSIS;

EID: 84868131871     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: 15579859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.09.005     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Sterling D., Eyer J. Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. Handbook of life stress-cognition and health 1988, vol. 34:629-649. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Koenig J.I. Presence of cytokines in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Prog Neuroendocrinoimmunol 1991, 4:143-153.
3. Wong M.L., Bongiorno P.B., Rettori V., et al. Interleukin (IL) 1b, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-10, and IL113 gene expression in the central nervous system and anterior pituitary during systemic inflammation: Pathophysiological implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 93:23-232.
4. McCann S.M., Kimura M., Karanth S., et al. Ann NY Acad. Sci 2000, 917:4-18.
5. Rettori V., Dels W.L., Hiney J.K., et al. An interleukin-1 alpha like neuronal system in the pre-optic-hypothalamic region and its induction by bacterial liposaccharide in concentration which alter pituitary hormone release. Neuroimmunomodulation 1997, 1:251-258.
6. Karanth S., Lyson K., McCann S.M. Role of nitric oxide in interleukin 2 induced corticotrophin-releasing factor release on incubated hypothalami. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:3383-3387.
7. Cooper M.S., Stewart P.M. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:727-734.
8. Hamrahian A.H., Oseri T.S., Arafah B.M. Measurement of serum free cortisol in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1629-1638.
9. Annane D., Maxime V., Ibrahim F., et al. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in severe sepsis and septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174:1319-1326.
10. Perla D., Marmorston J. Suprarenal cortical hormone and salt in treatment of pneumonia and other severe infection. Endocrinology 1940, 27:367-374.
11. Cronin L., Cook D.J., Carlet J., et al. Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a critical appraisal and meta-analysis of literature. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1430-1439.
12. Annane D., Sebille V., Troche G., et al. A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotrophin. JAMA 2000, 283:1038-1045.
13. Annane D., Sebille V., Charpentier C., et al. Effect of treatment with low dose hydrocortisone and fludrocortisones on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002, 288:862-871.
14. The COIITSS Study Investigators Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults-a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010, 303(4):341-348.
15. Venkatesh B., Cohen J. Adrenocortical (dys)function in septic shock-a sick euadrenal state. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 25:719-733.
16. Weber Marketon J.I., Sternberg E.M. The glucocorticoid receptor: a revisited target for toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010, 2:1359-1380.
17. Seilicovich A., Duvilanski B.H., Pisera D., et al. Nitric oxide inhibits hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone release by releasing γ-aminobutyric acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:3421-3424.
18. Faleti A.G., Mastonardi C.A., Lominczi A. Beta-endorphin blocks luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by inhibiting the nitricoxidergic pathway controlling its release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:1722-1726.
19. Kimura M., Yu W.H., Rettori U., et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor suppresses LHRH release by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and stimulation of γ-aminobutyric acid release. Neuroimmunomodulation 1997, 4:237-243.
20. Van den Bergh G.H. The neuroendocrine stress response and modern intensive care: the concept revisited. Burns 1999, 25:7-16.
21. Van den Bergh G.H., Wouters P., Weekers F., et al. Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone releasing peptides and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with protracted illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:788-791.
22. Van den Bergh G., de Zegher F., Veldhuis J.D., et al. Thyrotropin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness: dynamics of spontaneous secretion and effect of growth hormone secretagogues. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997, 47:599-612.
23. Sharshar T., Blanchard A., Paillard M., et al. Circulating vasopressin in septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003, 31(6):1752-1758.
24. Takala J., Roukonen E., Webster N.R., et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:785-792.
25. Jenkins H.R., Hughes I.A., Gray O.P. Cranial diabetes insipidus in early infancy. Arch Dis Child 1988, 63:434-435.
26. Umipierrez G.E., Isaacs S.D., Bazargan N., et al. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:978-982.
27. Krinsley J.S., Fisher M. The diabetes paradox: diabetes is not independently associated with mortality in critically ill patients. Hosp Pract (Minneap) 2012, 40(2):31-35.
28. Cinel I., Opal S.M. Molecular biology of inflammation and sepsis: a primer. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:291-304.
29. Levy B. Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006, 12:315-321.
30. Taylor J.H., Beilman G.J. Hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit: no longer just a marker of illness severity. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2005, 6:233-245.
31. Turina M., Fry D.E., Polk H.C. Acute hyperglycemia and innate immune systems: clinical, cellular and molecular aspects. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:1624-1633.
32. Mizock B.A. Alterations in fuel metabolism in critical illness hyperglycemia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 15:533-551.
33. Russell J.A. Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1699-1713.
34. Dellinger R.P., Levy M.M., Carlet J.M., et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:296-327.
35. Van den Bergh G., Wouters P., Weekers F., et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001, 345(19):1359-1367.
36. Van den Bergh G., Wilmer A., Hermans G., et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006, 354(5):449-461.
37. Brunkhorst F.M., Engel C., Bloos F., et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:125-139.
38. Finfer S., Chittock D.R., Su S.Y., et al. NICE-SUGAR study investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1283-1297.
39. Wiener R.S., Wiener D.C., Larson R.J. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008, 300:933-944.
40. Griesdale D.E., de Souza R.J., Van Dam R.M., et al. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 2009, 180(8):821-827.
41. Egi M., Belloma R., Stachowski E., et al. Hypoglycemia and outcomes in critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2010, 85(3):217-224.
42. de Azevedo J.R., de Araujo L.O., da Silva W.S. A carbohydrate-restrictive strategy is safer and as efficient as intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2010, 25:84-89.
43. Walschle R.M., Morer O., Hilgers R., et al. The impact of the severity of sepsis on the risk of hypoglycemia and glycaemic variability. Crit Care 2008, 12:R129.
44. Krinsley J.S., Grover A. Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:2262-2267.
45. Vriesendrop T.M., Van Santen S., Devries J.H., et al. Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia in intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:96-101.
46. Farrokhi F., Smiley D., Umpierrez G. Glycemic control in non-diabetic critically ill patients. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 25:813-824.
47. Dungan K., Chapman J., Braithwaite S.S., et al. Glucose measurement confounding issues in setting target for in patient management. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(2):403-409.
48. Fahy B.G., Coursin D.B. Critical glucose control: the devil is in the details. Mayo Clin Proc 2008, 83:394-397.
49. Hirasawa H., Oda S., Nakamura M. Blood glucose control in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. World J Gastroenterol 2009, 15(33):4132-4136.
50. Nakad T., Oda S., Matsuda K., et al. Continuous hemodiafiltration with PMMA hemofilters in the treatment of patients with septic shock. Mol Med 2008, 14:257-263.
51. Novotny N.M., Lahm T., Markel T.A., et al. Beta blockers in sepsis: reexamining the evidence. Shock 2009, 31:113-119.
52. Sakharova O.V., Inzucchi S. Endocrine assessment in critical illness. Crit Care Clin 2007, 23:467-490.
53. Economidou F., Douka E., Taznela M., et al. Thyroid function during critical illness. Hormones 2011, 10(2):117-124.
54. Elkins R. Analytical measurements of free thyroxin. Clin Lab Med 1993, 13:599-630.
55. Mendel C.M., Kunitake S.T., Cavalieri R.R. Mechanism of heparin induced increase in the concentration of free thyroxin in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 65:1259-1264.
56. Wehmann R.E., Gregerman R.I., Burns W.H., et al. Suppression of thyrotropin in low thyroxin state of severe non-thyroidal illness. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:546-552.
57. Faglia G., Ferrari C., Beck-Pecooz P. Reduced plasma thyrotropin response to thyrotropin releasing hormone after dexamethasone administration in normal subjects. Horm Metab Res 1973, 5:289-292.
58. Van den Bergh G., de Zegher F., Lauwers P. Dopamine and sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994, 41:731-737.
59. Papanicolaou D.A. Euthyroid sick syndrome and role of cytokines. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2000, 1:43-48.
60. Lee H.Y., Suhl J., Pekary A.E., et al. Secretion of thyrotropin with reduced concanavalin A-binding activity in patient with severe non-thyroid illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 65:942-945.
61. Warner M.H., Beckett G.F. Mechanism behind non-thyroidal illness syndrome-an update. J Endocrinol 2010, 205:1-13.
62. Adler S.H., Wartofsky L. The non-thyroidal illness syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2007, 36(2):657-672.
63. Luppa P. Serum androgens in intensive care patients: correlations with clinical findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991, 34(4):305-310.
64. Woolf P.D. Transient hypo-gonadotropic hypogonadism caused by critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 60(3):444-450.
65. Kalyani R.R., Gavini S., Dobs A.S. Male hypogonadism in systemic disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2007, 36:333-348.
66. Castellano J.M., Bensten A.H., Romero M., et al. Acute inflammation reduces kisspeptin immunoreactivity at the arcuate nucleus and decreases responsiveness to kisspeptin independently of it anorectic effects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010, 229:E54-E61.
67. Buckley M.S., LeBlanc J.M., Cawley M.J. Electrolyte disturbances associated with commonly prescribed medications in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2010, 38(Suppl 6):S253-S264.
68. Lee J.W. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in critically ill patients. Electrolyte Blood Press 2010, 8:72-81.
69. Limaye C.S., Londhey V.A., Nadkar M.Y., et al. Hypomagnesemia in critically ill medical patients. J Assoc Physicians India 2011, 59:19-22.