Thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness: Dynamics of spontaneous secretion and effects of growth hormone-secretagogues

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 599-612

  Van Den Berghe, Greet ^a   De Zegher, Francis ^a   Veldhuis, Johannes D ^b   Wouters, Pieter ^a   Gouwy, Stefaan ^a   Stockman, Willem ^a   Weekers, Frank ^a   Schetz, Miet ^a   Lauwers, Peter ^a   Bouillon, Roger ^a   Bowers, Cyril Y ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3,3',5' TRIIODOTHYRONINE; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR DERIVATIVE; LIOTHYRONINE; PLACEBO; PROLACTIN; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SOMATOMEDIN C; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BOLUS INJECTION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPERMETABOLISM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS THYROID SYSTEM; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLACTIN RELEASE; PULSATILE HORMONE RELEASE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; THYROID HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; THYROTROPIN RELEASE;

EID: 9844253883     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.3371118.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Arem, R., Wiener, G.J., Kaplan, S.G., Kim, H.S., Reichlin, S. & Kaplan, M.M. (1993) Reduced tissue thyroid hormone levels in fatal illness. Metabolism, 42, 1102-1108.
2. Beck-Peccoz, P. & Persani, L. (1994) Variable biological activity of thyroid stimulating hormone. European Journal of Endocrinology, 131, 331-340.
3. Bowers, C.Y., Momany, F.A., Reynolds, G.A. & Hong, A. (1984) On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone. Endocrinology, 114, 1537-1545.
4. Bowers, C.Y., Sartor, A.O., Reynolds, G.A. & Badger, T.M. (1991) On the actions of the growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide, GHRP. Endocrinology, 128, 2027-2035.
5. Brabant, G., Prank, K., Hoang-Vu, C., Hesch, R.D. & von zur Mühlen, A. (1991) Hypothalamic regulation of pulsatile thyrotropin secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 72, 145-150.
6. Burger, A., Suter, P., Nicod, P., Vallotton, M.B., Vagenakis, A. & Braverman, L. (1976) Reduced active thyroid hormone levels in acute illness. Lancet, 1, 653-655.
7. Carlin, K. & Carlin, S. (1993) Possible ethnology for euthyroid sick syndrome. Medical Hypotheses, 40, 38-43.
8. Caron, P.S., Nieman, L.K., Rose, S.R. & Nisula, B.C. (1986) Deficient nocturnal surge of thyrotropin in central hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 62, 960-964.
9. Chopra, L.J. (1997) Euthyroid sick syndrome: is it a misnomer? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 329-334.
10. Custro, N., Scafidi, V., Gallo, S. & Notarbartolo, A. (1994) Deficient pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in the low-thyroid-hormone state of severe non-thyroidal illness. European Journal of Endocrinology, 130, 132-136.
11. Damas, P., Reuter, A., Gysen, P., Demonty, J., Lamy, M. & Franchimont, P. (1989) Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans. Critical Care Medicine, 17, 975-978.
12. Devins, S.S., Miller, A., Herndon, B.L., O'Toole, L. & Reisz, G. (1992) Effects of dopamine on T-lymphocyte proliferative responses and serum prolactin concentrations in critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine, 263, 9682-9685.
13. Docter, R., Krenning, E.P., de Jong, M. & Henneman, G. (1993) The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism. Clinical Endocrinology, 39, 499-518.
14. Elia, M. (1995) Changing concepts of nutrient requirements in disease: implications for artificial nutritional support. Lancet, 345, 1279-1284.
15. Everts, M.E., Visser, T.J., Moerings, E.P., Docter, R., van Toor, H., Tempelaars, A.M., de Jong, M., Krenning, E.P. & Henneman, G. (1994) Uptake of triiodothyroacetic acid and its effect on thyrotropin secretion in cultured anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology, 135, 2700-2707.
16. Ferland, L., Labrie, F., Jobin, M., Arimura, A. & Schally, A. (1976) Physiological role of somatostatin in the control of growth hormone and thyrotropin secretion. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 68, 149-156.
17. Frieboes, R.-M., Murck, H., Maier, P., Schrier, T., Holsboer, F. & Steiger, A. (1995) Growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates sleep, growth hormone, ACTH and cortisol in normal man. Neuroendocrinology, 61, 584-589.
18. Frohman, L.A. & Jansson, J.O. (1986) Growth hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrine Reviews, 7, 223-253.
19. Gala, R.R. (1990) The physiology and mechanisms of the stress induced changes in prolactin secretion in the rat. Life Science, 46, 1407-1420.
20. Gamrin, L., Essén, P., Forsberg, A.M., Hultman, E. & Wernerman, J. (1996) A descriptive study of skeletal muscle metabolism in critically ill patients: free amino acids, energy-rich phosphates, protein, nucleic acids, fat, water, and electrolytes. Critical Care Medicine, 24, 575-583.
21. Goldman, J.A., Molitch, M.E., Thorner, M.O., Vale, W., Rivier, J. & Reichlin, S. (1987) Growth hormone and prolactin responses to bolus and sustained infusions of GHRH-1-40-OH in man. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 10, 397-406.
22. Greenspan, S.L., Klibanski, A., Schoenfeld, D. & Ridgway, E.C. (1986) Pulsatile secretion of thyrotropin in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 63, 661-668.
23. Hangaard, J., Andersen, M., Grodum, E., Koldkjaer, O. & Hagen, C. (1996) Pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in patients with Addison's disease during variable glucocorticoid therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81, 2502-2507.
24. Heinen, E., Herrmann, J., Königshausen, Th. & Krüskemper, H.L. (1981) Secondary hypothyroidism in severe non thyroidal illness? Hormonal and Metabolic Research, 13, 284-288.
25. Hirschfeld, U., Moreno-Reyes, R., Akseki, E., L'Hermite-Balériaux, M., Leproult, R., Copinshi, G. & Van Cauter, E. (1996) Progressive elevation of plasma thyrotropin during adaptation to simulated jet-lag: effects of treatment with bright light or Zolpidem. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81, 3270-3277.
26. Howard, A.D., Feighner, S.D., Cully, D.F., Arena. J.P., Liberator, P.A., Rosenblum, C.I., Hamelin, M., Hreniuk, D.L., Palyha, O.C., Anderson, J., Paress, P.S., Diaz, C., Chou, M., Liu, K.K., Kulju McKee, K., Pong, S., Chaung, L., Elbrecht, A., Dashkevicz, M., Heavens, R., Rigby, M., Sirinathsinghji, D.J.S., Dean, D.C., Melillo, D.G., Patchett, A.A., Nargund, R., Griffin, P.R., Demartino, J.A., Gupta, S.K., Schaeffer, J.M., Smith, R.G. & Van der Ploeg, L.H.T. (1996) A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science, 273, 974-977.
27. Imbimbo, B.P., Mant, T., Edwards, M., Amin, D., Dalton, N., Boutignon, F., Lenaerts, V., Wuthrich, P. & Deghenghi, R. (1994) Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in humans; a dose-response study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 46, 421-425.
28. Jackson, I.M.D. (1982) Thyrotropin releasing hormone. New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 145-155.
29. Knaus, W.A., Draper, E.A., Wagner, D.P. & Zimmerman, J.E. (1985) APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Critical Care Medicine, 13, 818-829.
30. Korbonitz, M. & Grossman, A.B. (1995) Growth hormone-releasing peptide and its analogues. Novel stimuli to growth hormone release. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 6, 43-49.
31. Looij, B.J., Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman, A.C., Mudde, A.H., Frölich, M., Piaditis, G.P., Hodgkinson, S.C., McLean, C., Grossman, A., Coy, D.H., Rees, L.H., Lowry, P.J. & Besser, G.M. (1986) The interaction of growth hormone releasing hormone with other hypothalamic hormones on the release of anterior pituitary hormones. Clinical Endocrinology, 24, 149-156.
32. Massoud, A.F., Hindmarsh, P.C., Pringle, P.J. & Brook, C.G.D. (1995) Are the actions of growth hormone-releasing peptides really specific? Abstract P54, Endocrine Society Meeting, Washington.
33. Mitch, W.E. & Goldberg, A.L. (1996) Mechanisms of muscle wasting: the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1897-1905.
34. Mizock, B.A. (1995) Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during stress: a review of the literature. American Journal of Medicine, 98, 75-84.
35. Noel, G.L., Suh, H.K., Stone, S.J.G. & Frantz, A.E. (1972) Human prolactin and growth hormone release during surgery and other conditions of stress. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 35, 840-851.
36. Parker, D.C., Rossman, L.G., Kekary, A.E. & Herschman, J.M. (1987) Effect of 64-hour sleep deprivation on the circadian waveform of thyrotropin (TSH): further evidence of sleep-related inhibition of TSH release. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 64, 157-161.
37. Parker, D.C., Rossman, L.G. & Vanderlaan, E.F. (1973) Relation of sleep-entrained human prolactin release to REM-nonREM cycles. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 38, 646-651.
38. Perrone, M.H. & Hinkle, P.M. (1977) Regulation of pituitary receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone by thyroid hormones. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 253, 5168-5173.
39. Samuels, M.H., Lillehei, K., Kleinschmidt-Demasters, B.K., Stears, J. & Ridgway, E.C. (1990) Patterns of pulsatile pituitary glycoprotein secretion in central hypothyroidism and hypogonadism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 70, 391-395.
40. Sarapura, V.D., Samuels, M.H. & Ridgway, C.E. (1995) Thyroid stimulating hormone. In The Pituitary (Ed. Melmed, S.), pp. 187-229. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
41. Sassin, J.F., Frantz, A.G., Kapen, S. & Weitzman, E.D. (1973) The nocturnal rise of human prolactin is dependent upon sleep. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 37, 436-440.
42. Spoudeas, H.A., Winrow, A.P., Hindmarsh, P.C. & Brook, C.G.D. (1994) Low-dose growth hormone-releasing hormone test: a dose-response study. European Journal of Endocrinology, 131, 238-245.
43. Stouthard, J.M.L., van der Poll, T., Endert, E., Bakker, P.J.M., Veenhof, C.H.N., Sauerwein, H.P. & Romijn, J.A. (1994) Effects of acute and chronic interleukin-6 administration on the thyroid hormone metabolism in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 79, 1342-1346.
44. Streat, S.J., Beddoe, A.H. & Hill, G.L. (1987) Aggressive nutritional support does not prevent protein loss despite fat gain in septic intensive care patients. Journal of Trauma, 27, 262-266.
45. Taché, Y., Du Ruisseau, P., Taché, J., Selye, H. & Collu, R. (1976) Shift in adenohypophyseal activity during chronic intermittent immobilization of rats. Neuroendocrinology, 22, 325-336.
46. Thorner, M.O., Vance, M.L., Horvath, E. & Kovacs, K. (1992) The anterior pituitary gland. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (eds J.D. Wilson & D.W. Foster), pp. 221-310. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
47. Utiger, R.D. (1980) Decreased extralhyroidal triiodothyronine production in non-thyroidal illness: benefit or harm? American Journal of Medicine, 69, 807-810.
48. Van den Berghe, G., de Zegher, F., Lauwers, P. & Veldhuis, J.D. (1994a) Growth hormone secretion in critical illness: effect of dopamine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 79, 1141-1146.
49. Van den Berghe, G., de Zegher, F. & Lauwers, P. (1994b) Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness. Clinical Endocrinology, 41, 731-737.
50. Van den Berghe, G. & de Zegher, F. (1996) Anterior pituitary function during critical illness and dopamine treatment. Critical Care Medicine, 24, 1580-1590.
51. Van den Berghe, G., de Zegher, F., Bowers, C.Y., Wouters, P., Muller, P., Soetens, F., Vlasselaers, D., Schetz, M., Verwaest, C., Lauwers, P. & Bouillon, R. (1996a) Pituitary responsiveness to growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone, GH-releasing peptide-2 and thyrotrophin releasing hormone in critical illness. Clinical Endocrinology, 45, 341-351.
52. Van den Berghe, G., de Zegher, F., Vlasselaers, D., Schetz, M., Verwaest, C., Ferdinande, P. & Lauwers, P. (1996b) Thyrotropin releasing hormone in critical illness: from a dopamine-dependent test to a strategy for increasing low serum triiodothyronine, prolactin and growth hormone. Critical Care Medicine, 24, 590-595.
53. Van den Berghe, G., de Zegher, F., Veldhuis, J.D., Wouters, P., Awouters, M., Verbruggen, W., Schetz, M., Verwaest, C., Lauwers, P., Bouillon, R. & Bowers, C. Y. (1997) The somatotropic axis in critical illness: effect of continuous GHRH and GHRP-2 infusion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 590-599.
54. van der Poll, T., Romijn, J.A., Wiersinga, W.M. & Sauerwein, H.P. (1990) Tumor Necrosis Factor: a putative mediator of the sick euthyroid syndrome in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 1567-1572.
55. van der Poll, T., van Zee, K., Endert, E., Coyle, S., Stiles, D., Prible, J., Catalane, M.A., Moldawer, L.L. & Lowry, S.F. (1995) Interleukin-1 receptor blockade does not affect endotoxin-induced changes in plasma thyroid hormone and thyrotropin concentration in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 1341-1346.
56. Vanhaelst, L., Van Cauter, E., Degaute, J.P. & Golstein, J. (1972) Circadian variations of serum thyrotropin levels in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 35, 479-482.
57. Veldhuis, J.D., Iranmanesh, A., Johnson, M.L. & Lizarralde, G. (1990) Twenty-four-hour rhythms in plasma concentrations of adenohypophyseal hormones are generated by distinct amplitude and/or frequency modulation of underlying pituitary secretory bursts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 1616-1623.
58. Veldhuis, J.D., Iranmanesh, A., Wilkowski, M.J. & Samojlik, E. (1994) Neuroendocrine alterations in the somatotropic and lactotropic axes in uremic men. European Journal of Endocrinology, 131, 489-498.
59. Veldhuis, J.D. & Johnson, M.L. (1992) Deconvolution analysis of pulsatile hormone data. Methods in Enzymology, 210, 539-575.
60. Veldhuis, J.D. & Johnson, M.L. (1995) Specific methodological approaches to selected contemporary issues in deconvolution analysis of pulsatile neuroendocrine data. Methods in Neurosciences, 28, 25-92.
61. Wartofski, L. & Burman, K.D. (1982) Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the 'euthyroid sick syndrome'. Endocrine Reviews, 3, 164-167.
62. Wilber, J.F. & Utiger, R.D. (1969) The effects of glucocorticoids on thyrotropin secretion. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 48, 2096-2103.